NAME ____ANSWER KEY_____________________________
CH. 13/14 STUDY GUIDE
DEFINITIONS:
1. BIODIVERSITY:
2. BIOME:
3. BIOTIC:
4. CARRYING CAPACITY:
5. CHEMOSYNTHESIS:
6. COMMENSALISM:
7. COMPETITION:
8. COMPETITIVE DISPERSION:
9. DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR:
10. DENSITY-INDEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR:
11. DETRITITVORES:
12. ECOSYSTEMS:
13. EMIGRATION:
14. HABITAT:
15. IMMIGRATION:
16. MUTUALISM:
17. KEYSTONE SPECIES:
18. PARASITISM:
19. PIONEER SPECIES:
20. POPULATION:
21. PRIMARY SUCCESSION:
22. SECONDARY SUCCESSION:
CYCLES:
1. Explain the water cycle. A: THE REPEATED MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM THE OCEAN BEING EVAPORATED TO
THE ATMOSPHERE, CONDENSING INTO CLOUDS CREATING PRECIPITATION TO FALL, AND SOME BEING SOAKED
INTO THE GROUND & SOME RUNNING OFF THE GROUND INTO STREAMS WHICH WILL RETURN IT TO THE
OCEAN. REVIEW THE PICTURE IN YOUR TEXTBOOK.
2. Explain the carbon cycle & the places where carbon can be stored. MOVEMENT OF CARBON THROUGH LIVING
& NONLIVING COMPONENTS OF EARTH. CARBON IS STORED IN ATMOSPHERE AS CARBON DIOXIDE, BROUGHT
IN BY PLANTS THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS, EATEN BY OTHER ORGANISMS, DEPOSITED AS DEAD MATERIAL TO
BE STORED AS FOSSIL FUELS, WHICH CAN BE BURNED & RELEASED BACK TO THE ATMOSPHERE. REVIEW THE
PRICTURE IN YOUR TEXTBOOK.
3. Explain the nitrogen cycle & what organisms are involved in the process. NITROGEN IS STORED IN THE
ATMOSPHERE, BUT NEED NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA TO CONVERT IT INTO A USEABLE COMPOUND LIKE
AMMONIA, NITRATE OR NITRITE FOR THE PLANTS TO ABSORB THROUGH THEIR ROOTS. DENITRIFYING
BACTERIA ARE ABLE TO CONVERT THE AMMONIA, NITRATE & NITRITE BACK INTO NITROGEN GAS IN A PROCESS
CALLED DENITRIFICATION.
TROPHIC LEVELS:
1. Explain what trophic level a herbivore would be classified as. 2ND TROPHIC LEVEL Consumer? 1ST LEVEL
CONSUMER
2. What type of organisms provides most of the energy for an ecosystem? AUTOTROPHS/PLANTS/PRODUCER
3. Name a type of heterotroph that can be both a primary & secondary consumer? OMNIVORE
4. How much energy gets transferred from one trophic level to the next? 10%, 90% IS USED BY THE ORGANISM.
PYRAMIDS:
1. Explain pyramid of numbers. EACH TROPHIC LEVEL REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS
CONSUMED BY THE LEVEL ABOVE IT.
2. Explain energy pyramid. EACH LEVEL REPRESENTS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT IS AVAILABLE TO THAT
TROPHIC LEVEL. WITH EACH STEP UP, THERE IS AN ENERGY LOSS OF 90% BEING USED BY THE ORGANISMS
THEMSELVES.
DISPERSIONS:
1. Explain uniform dispersion. ORGANISMS WILL SPACE THEMSELVES EVENLY FROM OTHER ORGANISMS. EX:
SOLITARY ORGANISMS
2. Explain clumped dispersion. ORGANISMS THAT TEND TO LIVE IN HERDS & MOVE ABOUT IN A CERTAIN AREA.
3. Explain random dispersion. ORGANISMS THAT CAN BE DISPERSED BY WIND OR
MOVED BY OTHER ORGANISMS
GRAPHS:
1. What type of graph is seen to the right. EXPONENTIAL
2. Explain the graph to the right. RAPID POPULATION GROWTH DUE TO UNLIMITED RESOURCES. WILL CONTINUE
IN THIS PATTERN UNTIL RESOURCES GET MAXED OUT.
3. What type of graph is seen to the right with an “S” shape? LOGISTIC GROWTH
4. Explain the graph to the right. AT A CERTAIN NUMBER IN THE POPULATION THE
RESOURCES ARE MAXED OUT & THAT WILL BE THE HIGHEST NUMBER THAT THE
ENVIRONMENT/RESOURCES CAN SUPPORT, CALLED THE CARRYING CAPACITY.
SUCCESSION:
1. What is the major difference between primary & secondary succession? PRIMARY SUCCESSION NEEDS TO
BEGIN ON GROUND NEWLY FORMED WITHOUT SOIL OR RECENTLY EXPOSED ROCK. SECONDARY SUCCESSION
WILL OCCUR ONCE SOIL IS INTACT OR PRESENT. REVIEW THE MATERIAL IN THE BOOK ON SUCCESSION & THE
ORDER THAT THE NEW ORGANISMS WILL BECOME ESTABLISHED.
GENERAL QUESTIONS:
1. Write the equation for population density. # OF INDIVIDUALS
AREA