INDEX
Abelian (commutative) group, 142;
non- (see non-Abelian group)
abstract (mathematical) space, 183
accelerator. See particle accelerator
alpha () radiation, 187
Ambler, Ernest, 312
amplitude (of waves), 26
Anderson, Carl, 14, 73, 99
Anderson, Philip W., 295, 367n9.4
angular momentum, 70-71, 176-77, 194,
207; conservation of (see
conservation, of angular momentum);
quantization of, 177-81; and atomic
nuclei, 178; units of, 70, 177
antifundamental representation of
SU(3), 200-201
antimatter, 14, 73-77, 102, 122-24;
and stability, 128
antiproton, 14, 117
associative law, 141
asymptotic freedom, 266-67, 274-75
atomic spectra, 23-24, 31
B0 quantum, 284-86, 288-89, 300, 31519, 369n9.14; and parity violation,
316
B Factory experiments, 16
background fields, 294-97
bare electron charge, 82, 263, 341
Barkov, Lev, 286
baryon, 132, 134-5, 267; , , , and
, 134, 192-94; +, 204
Berners-Lee, Tim, 337
beta decay, 14, 99, 253, 367n9.1; of
cobalt-60, 312, 368n9.9
blackbody, 356n3.6; radiation, 31
Bohr, Neils, 51
Bose, Satyendra Nath, 71
boson, 71, 178; and supersymmetry,
347
bottom (b) quark, 117, 129
broken symmetry. See hidden symmetry
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 15,
100, 105, 204
Bryn Mawr College, 170
bubble chamber, 93
Budker Institute, 286
Cartesian coordinate system, 154, 176
Casimir effect, 86
Casimir, Hendrik, 86
causal connection, 218
CDF experiment, 117
CERN, 14, 103, 112, 120, 252, 273,
320, 327-28, 337
Chadwick, James, 187, 364n7.8
Chamberlain, Owen, 14
charged current interaction, 108-9,
115-16, 251
charmed (c) quark, 105-16; decay 126,
129
cheating term, 223-24, 239-43, 25556, 270, 277
classical theories, 51
clock arithmetic, 146
closure (of groups), 141
cobalt-60, 312
color charge, 13, 57, 122, 130-32,
266-69, 355n2.4; and representations
of SU(3), 269
color space, 268
commutation (of groups). See Abelian
complex: dimension 150-53, 161-67;
exponential 359n4.11; multiplication,
362n6.4; number 150-51, 209-10,
358n4.10 (size of, 151, 209-10)
Compton, Arthur, 33, 68
Compton scattering, 68
conduction electrons, 292, 360n4.15
conductor, electrical 292, 360n4.15
confinement, 130
conjugate quantities, 43
conservation: of angular momentum,
176-66, 207; of electric charge, 230,
248; of energy, 20, 44, 48, 72, 99,
126-28, 170, 173, 215, 219, 249,
357n3.11, 359n4.12, 359n4.13; of
momentum, 172-74; of nuclear isospin,
192-94
conserved quantity, 170-74
continuous group. See group,
continuous
cosmology, 133
Coulomb, Charles, 51
Coulomb’s law, 171, 176
coupling, 57; space-time property of,
57, 69; running, 86-87, 275, 342-47;
strength, 57, 66, 69, 228, 317, 343
Cowan, Clyde, 100
CP violation. See matter/antimatter
asymmetry
Cronin, James, 15
D0 experiment, 117
Davis, Ray Jr., 105
Davisson, Clinton, 35
de Broglie, Louis-Victor, 34, 50
de Broglie relation, 34, 37, 288-89
derivative, 46, 214-16, 219-22, 239,
270
detector, 337
determinism, 42
deuterium, 188
differential cross section, 64
differential equation, 46
Dirac, Paul, 51, 73, 358n4.9
Dirac equation, 73-77, 186
discrete symmetry. See symmetry,
discrete
Doublet, weak isospin. See
generational doublet
effective mass, 292-94
eightfold way, 94-98, 135-37, 140,
195-204, 267, 339
Einstein, Albert, 2, 3, 7, 15, 17,
19-22, 32, 34, 71
electric charge 9, 11, 30, 52-53,
121; and coupling strength, 228; and
the gauge principle, 227, 342;
relative strength of, 287-88; and
weak hypercharge, 290
electrical conductor. See conductor,
electrical
electromagnetic: field, 30, 51-53,
54, 57; force, 6, 7-9, 16, 57, 62,
66, 136, 227, 339 (range of, 9, 289,
293); interaction (see
electromegnatic force); interaction
and the gauge principle, 224-28, 342;
interaction and Abelian gauge
structure, 258
electron microscopy, 36
electron neutrino. See neutrino,
electron
electron-volt (eV), 21, 356n3.3
electroweak: force, 7; theory, 54;
scale, 335, 350; unification, 285
Elegant Universe, The, 355n2.1,
360n4.16
energy conservation. See conservation
of energy
exchange forces, 55-57
exercise rotations, 154-56
experimental uncertainty, 369n9.15
exponential notation, 353
Faraday, Michael, 70, 218, 357n4.1
Fermi, Enrico, 49, 71, 100
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
(Fermilab), 103, 116-117, 119, 324,
328
fermion, 71, 119, 178; and
supersymmetry, 347
Feynman, Richard, 3, 51, 59, 74, 80,
358n4.5
Feynman diagrams, 59-65, 262
fields, 51-54, 357n4.1
Finnegan’s Wake, 95, 200
Fitch, Val, 15
flavor: changing, 128; lepton 117;
physics, 117; quark, 117, 355n2.4;
space, 202-3
force field. See fields
fourth generation, 104
frequency (of waves), 26
Friedman, Jerome, 97
Fritzsch, Harald, 266
fundamental representation of SU(3),
200-201, 366n8.8
funding for particle physics
research, 4
GF, 318
gs (strong interaction coupling
strength), 266, 270-71, 275
Gamow, George, 356n3.4
Gargamelle experiment, 112, 252
Garwin experiment, 314-15
Garwin, Richard, 314
gauge field, 269-71
gauge freedom, 226
gauge principle, 222-28, 277
gauge theory, 26, 30, 84, 208-282,
328-29; and massive gauge fields,
290-91
Gell-Mann, Murray, 94, 195, 200, 266
general relativity, 22, 170, 348,
355n2.3
generation, 101, 110-15, 118, 340
generational doublet, 243, 278
generational pattern, 108, 110-15,
341-42
generator. See Lie group, generators
of
GeV, 356n3.2
GIM mechanism, 113-14
Glashow, Sheldon, 107, 286
Glashow-Salam-Weinberg (Standard)
Model of electroweak interactions,
285
global invariance. See symmetry,
global
gluon, 120, 121-22, 125, 271-73, 295,
343
grand unification, 7, 87; scale, 350
gravitational: charge (see mass and
gravitational charge); field, 51;
force, 6, 10-11, 14 (range of, 11;
relative strength of, 288)
graviton, 120
Greene, Brian, 355n2.1, 360n4.16
Gross, David, 266
group: Abelian (see Abelian group);
axioms, 141-43; continuous, 148;
identity element, 142; infinite, 147;
inverse, 143; operation, 140; theory,
95, 140-47
gyromagnetic ratio, 88
hadron, 131
handedness. See parity and spin
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 3644, 56, 64, 67, 79, 359n4.12,
370n10.5; statement of, 42
Heisenberg, Werner, 23, 36, 50, 189,
195
hidden symmetry, 4, 297-99, 301-2
Higgs: boson 121, 124, 303-5, 325-28,
329-332, 347 (and supersymmetry,
348); doublet, 300-306; field 3, 29497, 300-306, 317, 329, 339, 351;
mechanism, 330-31; potential 302-3,
317, 329-30; vacuum expectation
value, 329
Higgs, Peter, 295, 352
high-energy electron-positron linear
collider. See Linear Collider
Hofstadter, Robert, 36, 97
HTML, 337
Hunting of the Quark, The, 360n5.2
hypercharge: strong, 198; weak, 28990, 300
i (square root of –1), 150-51
identity element. See group, identity
element
Illiopoulis, John, 113
imaginary number, 151
infinite group. See group, infinite
interaction, 70; strength (see
coupling strength)
interference: of waves, 25, 35, 38;
quantum- mechanical,
internal symmetry space, 194, 204-7,
244, 253, 261, 277; of color 269
intrinsic parity. See parity,
intrinsic
invariance. See symmetry
inverse element. See group, inverse
inverse square force, 9, 11, 52
isospin: doublet (see generational
doublet); nuclear (see nuclear
isospin); weak (see weak isospin)
isospin space: and local phase
invariance, 239; nuclear, 191-95,
202, 234-37, 281; weak, 243-44, 278
(and the Higgs doublet, 300-301)
isotope, 188
J/ particle, 105-8, 116; decay 126
jet, 120, 366n8.9
Joule, James Prescott, 357n3.11
Joyce, James, 95
kaon, 15, 136-7
Kendall, Henry, 97
KEK, 16
KeV, 356n3.2
kinetic energy, 19-20, 34, 44, 279
Klein-Gordon equation, 72, 77
Kobayashi, Makoto, 102, 360n5.4
Koshiba, Masatoshi, 105
Lamb, Willis, 94, 98
Lamoreaux, Steve, 86
Large Electron-Positron (LEP)
Accelerator, 273, 320, 327
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 328,
331-32, 335, 349-50
Lawrence, E. O., 349
Lazuras, 339
Lederman, Leon, 100, 116, 368n9.11
Lee, T. D., 309
left handed particle, 309
lepton, 14, 98-105, 125; flavor (see
flavor, lepton); mass and hidden
symmetry, 305-6
Lie algebra, 158-61, 165, 195, 240,
265; and the strength of
interactions, 343; and the strong
nuclear interaction, 272-74; and the
weak nuclear interaction, 259-60
Lie group, 95, 140, 147-68, 212-13,
234, 339; and the gauge principle,
238-43; generators of, 154-57, 175,
195, 239, 255; and Noether’s theorem,
174-6, and quantum-mechanical phase,
231-38; representations of, 96, 196
Lie, Sophus, 95, 140
lifetime tag, 130
Linear Collider, 330-32, 335-36, 34950, 369n10.3
Liquid Neutrino Scintillation
Detector (LSND) experiment, 104
local invariance. See symmetry, local
localization, 37-39
magnetic field, 88
Maiani, Luciano, 113
Maskawa, Toshihide, 102, 460n5.4
mass: effective (see effective mass);
gravitational charge and, 10-11, 46,
51, 57, 124-25; gauge theory and,
290-91; Higgs field and, 299-306;
illusion of, 306; shell, 57; weak
force and, 121
mass-energy, 19-21
mathematical group. See group
matter/antimatter asymmetry, 15, 1023, 137, 340
Maxwell, James Clerk, 6, 30, 51
Mayer, Julius Robert, 357n3.9
Melissinos, Adrian, 85
meson, 131, 135-37, 267; K (see
kaon);  (see pion)
MeV, 356n3.2
Michelson, Albert Abraham, 18, 19
Mills, R. L., 216
minimal interaction vertex, 65-70,
229, 247, 256-57, 261, 270-72, 278,
343; gluon-only or triple-gluon, 272;
Higgs-W and Higgs-Z, 201; strength
(see coupling, strength); space-time
property of (see coupling, space-time
property of)
mirror nucleus, 188
mirror reflection, 175, 363n7.3 (see
also parity violation)
mixing: leptonic, 361n5.5; quark,
113-14, 116, 124, 128
Mod(4), 144
momentum, 34, 44; units of, 37
Mr. Tompkins in Wonderland, 356n3.4
multiplets, 203
muon, 99, 119, 244; decay, 126, 249;
lifetime, 246
muon neutrino. See neutrino, muon
Nambu, Yoichiro, 266, 294
Neddermeyer, Seth, 99
negative energy solutions, 73-75
Neutral current interaction. See
neutral weak interaction
neutral weak interaction, 110, 25154; and gauge theory, 248; and
neutrino scattering, 112, 252
neutrino, 14, 16, 17, 100-105, 108,
125; electron, 100, 109, 118, 124;
interactions, 111-5; mass 104-5, 124;
muon 100, 124, 108-9, 111, 116, 244;
oscillation, 104-5, 124, 361n5.5;
tau, 103, 116, 124
neutron: lifetime, 133, 361n5.9;
quark content, 133
Newton, Isaac, 51, 139, 339, 358n4.9
Nobel Prize, 4, 15, 17, 33, 35, 36,
68, 69, 74, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 105,
107, 108, 120, 133, 204, 286, 315,
317, 334, 364n7.8
Noether, Emmy, 169-70
Noether’s theorem, 170-74, 187, 191,
206, 228, 246, 281
non-Abelian group, 158, 240, 254; and
gauge theory, 254-61; implications
for physical processes, 256-60, 34243; and SU(3), 272
November Revolution, 105
nuclear beta decay. See beta decay
nuclear isospin, 137, 187-195, 232,
364n7.9; conservation of, 192;
definition of, 189; of proton and
neutron, 189; space (see isospin
space)
nucleon, 12, 188
parity, 175, 306-9, 367n9.7;
conservation, 308-9; even and odd,
307; intrinsic, 198-99; inversion,
175, 363n7.3; and spin, 309-15;
violation, 309-16, 365n8.5 (maximal,
314-15)
particle, exchange forces (see
exchange forces); jet (see jet);
stability of, 125-28; zoo 96, 130-38
particle accelerator, 21, 36, 93;
applications of, 337;
complementarity, 105, 324
Particle Data Group, 135, 361n5.10
particle physics detectors. See
detectors
Pauli, Wolfgang, 99, 358n4.9
Perl, Martin, 99
PETRA, 120
phase: and Lie groups, 231-8;
quantum-mechanical, 29-30, 209-212,
245, 255, 276, 358n4.6; of waves, 25,
26-29, 356n3.5
photoelectric effect, 32-33
photon, 33, 48, 54, 119, 121, 125,
228-90; and Abelian gauge groups,
257; and effective mass, 293-96; and
laser beams, 359n4.14; and parity
violation, 316; and screening, 29396; in the Standard Model, 284-86
Physical Review, 107, 116, 217, 283,
315
pion, 119, 134-35, 191-94, 267;
nuclear isospin of, 192, 364n7.11
Planck, Max, 31-32
Planck’s: constant(h), 24;
hypothesis, 31-32
polarizability, 8
Politzer, H. David, 266
positron, 14, 74-77
potential energy, 44-45, 219, 279;
function, 45, 54, 214, 224-6
precession, 89
preons, 98
Prescott, Charles, 286
Proca equation, 77
projection, 179-80
proton; lifetime, 133; quark content,
133
pseudoscalar: meson octet, 135-37,
198-200; particle, 199
Pythagorean theorem, 364n8.1
quantization, 23, 31, 47-48; of
angular momentum (see angular
momentum, quantization of); of fields
54, 70
quantum: chromodynamics (QCD), 54,
232, 242 (gauge theory of, 265-75);
electrodynamics (QED), 54, 69, 84,
228-31; electromagnetic field, 55,
57, 228; gravitational field 120;
gravity 54, 120; light, 32-33, 48;
mechanics, 3, 23-49, 64, 181, 218
(and causation 279-81); number, 23,
178; strong field, 120; weak field,
57, 119 (and weak isospin charge,
256)
quark, 9, 12, 36, 93-98, 125, 200,
267, 340; bottom (see bottom quark);
charmed (see charmed quark); color
(see color charge); flavor (see
flavor, quark); mass and hidden
symmetry, 305-6; mixing (see mixing,
quark); origin of term, 360n5.1;
strange (see strange quark); top (see
top quark)
R(2) (group of rotations in two real
dimensions), 148-50, 185
R(2)R(2)R(2), 161
R(3) (group of rotations in three
real dimensions), 153-58, 195-97,
234, 239-40, 254-55, 362n6.6, 362n6.8
R(4) (group of rotations in four real
dimensions), 168
radio waves: screening of, 292
rate of change. See derivative
rational number, 147
real number, 147
reflection. See parity
Reines, Fred, 100
relativity. See special relativity or
general relativity
renormalization, 80-84; and gauge
theory, 261-65, 291; and the Standard
Model, 317, 331
Richter, Burton, 106
right handed particle, 309
Riordan, Michael, 360n5.2
Rubbia, Carlo, 120
running coupling. See coupling,
running
Rutherford, Ernest, 187, 364n7.8
Salam, Abdus, 107, 286, 295
scalar particle, 199
XXXSchrodinger, Erwin, 23, 44, 50
XXXSchrodinger equation,
174; free-particle, 220,
and the gauge principle,
global phase invariance,
statement of, 46
44-49, 54,
222, 238;
222-28; and
213-16;
Schwartz, Mel, 100
screening, 292-94
XXXSegre, Emilio, 14
SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center), 16, 36, 85, 96, 103, 105,
286, 320, 370n10.4
space-time: diagram, 59; and global
invariance, 217; property (see
coupling, space-time property of)
SPEAR, 105
special relativity, 3, 19-22, 50, 56,
218
spectral lines. See atomic spectra
spin, 57, 70-71, 177-87; and parity
(see parity and spin); projection,
180; as quantum number, 178; space
185-87, 194, 205, 281
spin-offs, 336-38
spontaneously broken symmetry. See
hidden symmetry
spontaneously hidden symmetry. See
hidden symmetry
stability of particles. See particle
stability
static quark model. See eightfold way
Steinberger, Jack, 100
strange quark, 96, 109-16, 198, 200
strangeness changing interaction,
109-15
string theory, 355n2.1
strong nuclear force, 6, 11-14, 122,
125, 130, 188, 202, 242, 344; range
of, 13; see also quantum
chromodynamics
strong interaction. See strong
nuclear force
strong force charge. See color charge
SU(2) (group of rotations in two
complex dimensions), 161-67, 185,
195-97, 237, 284-84, 362n6.8; and the
gauge principle, 238-43, 340; and the
Higgs doublet, 300-301; and
renormalization, 265; and
spontaneously hidden symmetry, 301-2;
and the weak interaction, 244-48,
252-53, 254-261, 268, 279
SU(3) (group of rotations in three
complex dimensions), 168, 197-204;
fundamental and antifundamental
representations, 200-201; Lie algebra
of, 272-74; non-Abelian nature, 272;
octet representation, 198-200; and
quantum chromodynamics, 266-275
Superconducting Supercollider (SSC),
335
Super-Kamoiokande experiment, 104,
133
supersymmetry, 54, 347-49, 360n4.16;
and dark matter, 348
symmetry, 170-74, 297-99; discrete,
175, 307; global, 206-7, 213-19, 230
(and space-time, 217-19); group 174;
local, 206-7, 219-22, 239, 245, 255,
269 (and massive gauge quanta, 29091); space (see internal symmetry
space); with respect to rotation,
176-77, 206-7; with respect to
spatial and temporal translation,
171; with respect to SU(3) rotation,
202, 270
synchrotron radiation, 337
tau lepton, 99, 116, 129
tau neutrino. See neutrino, tau
tau/theta (/ paradox), 308-9, 313
Taylor, Richard, 97
TeV, 356n3.2
Tevatron collider, 324, 328
Thomson, Sir J. J., 122
‘t Hooft, Gerardus, 317
Ting, Samuel C. C., 106
top quark, 22, 115-18, 323-24
total cross section, 64
transcendental number, 147
tritium, 188
U(1) (group of rotations in one
complex dimension), 150-153, 234-35,
257, 283-84, 340; invariance under,
235; and renormalization, 265
ultraviolet catastrophe, 31-32
uncertainty. See experimental
uncertainty
uncertainty principle. See Heisenberg
uncertainty principle
unification: electroweak, see
electroweak unification; grand, 34547 (and supersymmetry, 347-49)
upsilon particle, 117
vacuum expectation value. See Higgs,
vacuum expectation value
vacuum fluctuation, 78-81, 131, 26265, 322-25, 341
van der Meer, Simon, 120
Veltman, Martinus J. G., 317
virtual: cloud, 82, 341-43, 347-48;
loop, 322; particle, 57, 67, 79,
359n4.12
W boson, 57, 108, 120, 121, 125, 24851, 252, 284-87, 288-90, 300; and
effective mass, 296-97; exchange (see
charged current interaction); and
hidden symmetry 302; mass and the
Higgs field, 304; scattering of, 256
wave equation. See Dirac equation,
Klein-Gordon equation, Proca
equation, XXXSchrodinger equation
wavefunction, 37, 46-47, 214; complex
numbers and, 209-210; and phase, 209212
wave-particle duality, 33-35, 54, 276
weak hypercharge. See hypercharge,
weak
weak interaction. See weak nuclear
force
weak isospin, 16, 17, 57, 121, 125,
244-46, 255, 288-89; doublet; see
generational doublet; space, see
isospin space, weak; and weak
hypercharge, 290
weak mixing angle (W), 318, 369n9.14
weak neutral: interaction; current.
See neutral weak interaction
weak nuclear force, 6, 14-16, 99,
102, 115, 121, 367n9.1; and flavor
changing, 128; and gauge theory, 24351; and parity violation, 175; range
of, 16, 288; relative strength of,
288, 370n10.5
Weyl, Hermann, 365n8.2
Weinberg, Steven, 107, 283, 286, 295
whole numbers, 141
Wilczek, Frank, 266
Witten, Ed, 95
World Wide Web, 337-38
Wu, C. S., 312
Wu/Ambler experiment, 313-14
Yang, C. N., 216, 309
Z boson, 57, 110, 114, 120, 121, 125,
253, 288-90; decay of 103-4; and
effective mass, 296-97; exchange (see
neutral weak interaction); and hidden
symmetry, 302; mass, 368n9.14; mass
and the Higgs field, 304; and parity
violation, 315-328; in the Standard
Model, 284-85
Zolotorev, Max, 286