guide how to use the english
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GUIDE HOW TO USE THE ENGLISH-VISAYAN CEBUANO DICTIONARY MAIN WORDS OR ENTRIES (MGA NAG-UNANG PULONG) by Atty. Cesar P. Kilaton, Jr The main words or entries included in this dictionary are those of English and given meaning in Visayan-Cebuano. English dictionaries also borrow some foreign words. As a matter of fact, some Visayan words are adopted, as water ox or carabao from karabaw, cogon from kugon, lauan from lawaan, etc. Varied are the English dictionaries having been sourced for etymologies, and unavoidably scientific and legal terms are likewise included. Phrasal verbs are likewise inserted usually under the main entries of verbs. batò magày Each main entry has an abbreviation of parts of speech. But the editors of this dictionary did not dare to create and classify the parts of speech of those words which the English did not so classify, as, for example, idioms and some archaic foreign maxims and phrases. malala sulog ACCENTUATION (KALIGDANGAN) The Cebuano language has four (4) kinds of actual marks or diacritical marks. 1. Hantuo [‘] (accute accent) – This mark is slanted forward and placed above the vowel given with stress or emphasis. báhaw bása (read) múmho pínggan dágaw sugílon húlbot tingáli 2. Hanla [`] (grave accent) – This mark is slanted backward and placed above the vowel given with stress or emphasis. buòk putòs lumàd sigày lusòt silà 3. Pahagsa [^] (circumflex accent) – This mark formed like an arrowhead is placed above the vote of the syllable given stress. basâ (wet) bahô lugtî putî bugtô subô hagâ tahô 4. Painat [¯] (prolonged accent) -This mark is used especially on abbreviated, contracted, or apocoped words, such as: - mala sug pulong - pung ulo - u N.B.: Inasmuch as these accents are not found in the keys of a typewriter or even in ordinary personal computers, writers just write their scripts without using them. To understand the words used is just to comprehend the entire sentence, like the words bása (read) and basâ (wet). Ang bata nagbasa og komiks. (reading) Ang manok nabasa sa ulan. (wet) STRESSES IN PRONUNCIATION (MGA PANGHIMUG-AT SA KAPANGLITOKAN) The stresses in pronunciation of the Cebuano language are classified into five (5): 1. Malumoy (penultimate stress). The stress is placed on the second from the last syllable. bahin lamian baid binuhat magbabaol panganod kalipay salimbong 2. Hundak (penultimate with glottal end). The stress is placed on the second from the last syllable with glottal end. baligho huslo bata pagbati bugto pinili kasaba tabako 3. Panumoy (end stress). The stress is placed at the end or on last syllable of the word. baliko palit buhis patay kulong sinako ligis tulod 4. Pahagsa (end stress with glottal end). The stress is placed at the end or on the last syllable with glottal end. bati luko bugha luta kasuko salapi dugo tungha 5. Duhagsa (double stress with glottal end on both syllables or on the second or third and last syllables). The stress is placed on two syllables or at the second or third syllable and on the last syllable. bata-bata suso kipi-kipi taluto lata-lata tiki-tiki without equivalents to provide appropriate meaning. For this reason, the following letters may be loaned: C, CH, F, J, Ll, Ñ, Q, RR, V, X and Z. Scientific symbols in chemistry, physics, biology, etc. remain as they are. H2O (water) NaCl (salt) Ca (calcium) CaC2 (calcium carbide) CaO (lime) Sn (tin) - tubig asin kalsiyum kalburo apog istanyo In the same wise the names of foreign people: Obama Domingo Elizabeth Immanuel Kennedy Thatcher Churchill Einstein Guillermo Jerez Reagan William Similarly the names of places: Australia Brunei Hongkong Israel Malaysia Vietnam Brazil Bulgaria Haiti London Singapore Zambia mumo titi CEBUANO ALPHABET (SINUGBUANONG TITIKANAN) The pronunciation in the Cebuano language is based on the syllabic sound. Thus, each letter has its own syllable. The vowels comprises of A, E, I, O, ug U; and the consonants are B, K, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, W, ug Y. The vowels are each sounded with "-a," like Ba, Ka, Da, etc. However, there are foreign words which are inevitably adopted, especially those Likewise business names, trade names and trade marks: Band-Aid Jockey Rolex Bristol Levi’s Sony Coke Colgate Mitsubishi Pentax Volkswagen Xerox The mother-tongue translation of names of places and organizations may still be use. Alemanya Arabigo Ehipto Gresya Aprika Asya Espanya Hapon Hudeya Indiya Ingglatera Italya Pakistan Palestina Pransiya Roma Romanya Rusya Tsina Uropa Istados Unidos o Tinipong Bansa sa Amerika Tinipong Kanasoran (United Nations) ORTOGRAPHY (PANITIKAN) Ortography is part of the study of language which refers to letters and spelling. It emphasizes writing using the correct letters based on standard use and rules of the language. RULES IN THE CEBUANO SPELLING (MGA LAGDA SA SINUGBUANONG PANITIK) A. VOWELS 1. A -- a. The sound of "a" in Cebuano language is always of short "a", like abaga, bahak, kaha, dalaga, gaba, etc. The long "a" sound in Engligh, such as, mate, pain, wait, etc. cannot be used. Any sound similar to this, the letter "e" or "ey" will be used, like "cake" to "keyk." b. Letter "a" is also used in adopting foreign words without changing the phonetics, such as: abnormal alibi apply natural night club time out - abnormal alibay aplay natural nayt klab taym awot 2. E -- a. Letter “e” is used in adopting foreign words without changing the spelling. alegre bote estomago gabinete almagre entrante estropa ignorante imperdible interes lote peste presidente rebelde imposible libre memorandum petsa primera referendum b. Letter "e" is also used in syllables to retain the source of the foreign words where the spelling of the consonants is changed or consonants not found in the Cebuano alphabet. calambre camote coche fecha fuerte leche insurgente inteligente - kalambre kamote kotse petsa puwerte letse insurhent intelihente c. Letter "e” is likewise used to retain the source of foreign words (English, Spanish, etc.) which has an "e" equivalent in English and Spanish. defensa defense economia economy ejercisio exercise eleccion election elefante elephant elegante elegant elemento element energia energy especial special experimento experiment depensa ekonomiya ehersisyo eleksiyon elepante elegante elemento enerhiya espesyal eksperimento Exceptions: 1) If the Spanish word has no spelling equivalent to English, letter "e" may be changed to "i." ataque avance cabeza es poco capella estaca capellan estacion - ataki abansi kabisa ispoko kapilya istaka kapilyan istasyon empacho estar empaque estatua empella estilo escandalo estorbo escultor estructura cajeta caldero cantena combate enano espejo flete mantel mantener relevo salvaje serrado tendera tenedor - impatso istar impaki istatuwa impilya istilo iskandalo istorbo iskultor istruktura kahita kaldiro kantina kombati inano ispiho plite mantil mantinil relibo salbahis sirado tindera tinidor kamote kape higante tental - actress - baki kitiw iti pinili - babaye - aktres keyk kendi koordinetor deyt leyt manedyer baylihan bigotilyo bati hilit lili singgit kiki ihi ngilit titi pangadye butete sikwate b. Letter “i” is also used in foreign words for “ue”, “ui”, o “uie.” e. If the rootword of a foreign word starts or ends with a syllable with "e" and added with an affixes o another word, "e" may be changed with "i." bayle bigote bahi gahi itik sinipit Exception: There are native words where "e" is used instead of "i." d. If the English word to be used in the local language has a long "a" phonetic sound, such letter may be changed to "e" or "ey." cake candy coordinator date late manager kamotihan kapihan higantihon maninintal 3. I -- a. Letter “i” is used in all native words: 2) If the Spanish word uses "i" but with English equivalent in "e", the latter letter may be used: actriz - ataque empaque guerra guerrilla guia guisado guisar higuera queibrar quilate quinque quiosco - ataki impaki giyera girilya giya gisado gisal igira kibra kilates kingki kiyosko c. Letter “i” is likewise used in adopted English words with double "e" (ee). jamboree jeep referee - dyambori dyip reperi d. Letter “i” is likewise used in adopted words ending in "y" pronounced as short "i." allergy sexy sorry X-ray - alerdyi seksi sori Iksri e. Letter "i" is also used changing letter "e" of Spanish words with English translation starting with "s": escala escandalo escriba escribiente escritura escultura estaca estatuwa scale; stopover scandal scribe scribe script sculpture stake statue iskala iskandalo iskriba iskribiyente iskritura iskultura istaka istatuwa 4. O -- a. Letter “o” is used in the last syllaboe of the native word: balod dako lukot nahot bato guso luog pusod bukong hilo maot sungsong kuko libot nasod takong Exception: If the borrowed word ends in "u" or has "u" in the last syllable, the Cebuano word also uses "u" in its last syllable or its last letter. album bonus krus menu asul baul (chest, trunk) birtud kawkus korum kopun espiritu isyu memorandum reperendum segun tribu b. Letter “o” is retained if "o" is used in the first syllable of foreign or borrowed word. aporo bola bolkan bolsa bomba (bomb) botante boto(vote) komusta kosina kota (quota) koto (limit) dosis mota obra ostiya pobre polis politika pondo porma sobre solitaryo tokador tomar tonto toril tornilyo toro torpedo torta tortilyas tostado Exception: If the foreign word, espcially Spanish, has similar English equivalent, the vowel of the first syllable may be "u" instead of "o." bomba pump bumba boton corriente kortina cruz droga fondo sorpresa sostener sostento sospecha button butones current kuryente curtain kurtina crux (also cross) krus drug druga fund pundo surprise surprisa sustain sustener support sustento suspect suspetsa k. Letter “o” is retained on affixed root words: abo bungtod buot handom hayop igso libot lungsod sangpot sugo tinuod tuno - abohan kabungtoran kabuotan handomanan kahayopan igsoon kalibotan kalungsoran sangpotanan sulugoon matinuoron tinunoan 5. U -- a. Letter “u” is used in the first syllable of the words with phonetic sound "o" or of words with similar phonetic sound. bituon bungtod dalunggan hinuon mug-ot taudtaod ugat buang bug-at buhat bungi buot kuto dugho haruhay hinunoa lahutay lungag lungis salumsom salagunting tarurot tuhoy tumong turutot ungot upaw yungit b. There are some loaned words where "u" is used instead of "o." colchon corazonada golpe horma hormiga polvo polvora polvoron - kutson kursonada gulpi hulma hulmigas pulbos pulbora pulboron postizo romper - pustiso rumpi c. “U” is used on repeated syllable. buhat puhonan buhis sulat hukngay tudlo hukom tuon - magbubuhat magpupuhonan magbubuhis magsusulat maghuhukngay magtutudlo maghuhukom magtutuon d. "U" is used in apocopes having two or more syllables without the use of an aportrophe. bulong kulong dulog dulot gulot hulog pulong sulod sulog sulong tulod tulog - bung kung dug dut gut hug pung sud sug sung tud tug 6. U and O -- a. The sequence of "u" and "o" is used when the word has two separate phonetic sound of "o". bituon kaguol matuod puol tinuod tuok guod suod tuod guot suol tuon b. The sequence of “u” and “o” is likewise used in words with syllables of the same phonetic sound. bugsok kulon lusok bulong dulog putot butong bus-ok gutom lugod tukmod tusok Exception: When the word is a noun, it need not be changed, as title of nobility, name of person, place, or thing. Ginoo Looc Sogod Marioone Booc Bonbon Pook Poog Colon Bontoc Maribojoc Pollock c. "U” and “o” are also for rootwords used repeatedly with two syllables. bukbok bunbon dukdok hulhol hushos luklok pukpok sumsom suksok tuktok tugtog tungtong d. “U” and “o” are likewise used in repeated rootwoods showing repeated action, names of plants, insects, or animals, similar or imitated things, etc. Hyphen need not be used. buot dila duog gahi guot hubo hubog humok lukso pugong putol tuyok tulog udto - buotbuot diladila duogduog gahigahi guotguot hubohubo huboghubog humokhumok luksolukso pugongpugong putolputol tuyoktuyok tulogtulog udtoudto N.B: Hyphen may only be used when the word becomes confusing. pat-ak tam-is ulhos pat-akpat-ak tam-istam-is ulhosulhos pat-ak-pat-ak tam-is-tam-is ulhos-ulhos e. The sequence of “u” and “o” is used on repeated word having two or more syllables, but not rootwood, which refers to a noun. balungbalong (shanty) bukubuko (back) bukungbukong (kneecap) dakudako (foreman) habuhabo (drizzle) luyuluyo (assistant) pakupako(latisimus dorsis) palupalo(washbat) bahugbahog (battle) lamuklamok (brawl)
