PROJECT REPORT FINAL
Reducing the Impacts of Pesticide Use through
Community Based Pesticide Monitoring in
Kilimanjaro Region
Executed by:
Envirocare
P.O. Box 9824
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania.
1
Funded by:
Pesticide Action Network
UK
-64 Leonard Street, London,
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... 3
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.1 General objective .............................................................................................................. 7
1.1.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 7
1.1.3 Expected outputs .............................................................................................................. 7
1.1.4 Outcomes of the project.................................................................................................... 7
2.0 Activities ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Selection of the study areas ................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Train community representatives on participatory monitoring in Siha and Hai districts .... 7
2.3 Establishment of Community Pesticides Monitoring Teams in the two districts .............. 12
2.4 Documenting life experiences of causes and impact of pesticide use through participatory
sharing ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Document the impact of health hazards among men, women and children in 6 villages
exposed to pesticides in each district....................................................................................... 13
2.6 Document the loss of agro-biodiversity due to the use of chemical inputs ....................... 13
2.7 Share the findings with the rest of community, districts and regional government
authorities to draw their attention towards this alarming situation ......................................... 13
3.0 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Common diseases and types of pesticide used in controlling the pest .............................. 14
4.1.2 Banned or not registered pesticide.................................................................................. 15
4.1.3 Labelling and packaging of pesticide ............................................................................. 15
4.1.4 Mixing of more than one pesticides in a single application ........................................... 16
4.1.5 Decision making over pesticide use ............................................................................... 16
4.1.6 Transport of pesticide ..................................................................................................... 17
4.1.7 Storage Condition of pesticide stocks ............................................................................ 17
4.2 The health hazards among men, women and children in 6 villages exposed to pesticides in
each district.............................................................................................................................. 18
4.2.2 Empty containers disposal .............................................................................................. 19
4.2.3 Use of personal protective equipment ............................................................................ 20
4.3 Document the loss of agro-biodiversity due to use of chemical inputs ............................. 20
4.4 Share the findings with the rest of community, districts and regional government
authorities to draw their attention towards this alarming situation ......................................... 21
5.0 Assessment of the achievement of the expected results and outcomes ............................. 21
5.1 Assessment of the outputs ................................................................................................. 21
5.1.1 Increased awareness on the harmful effects of pesticides .............................................. 21
5.1.2 Impact of health hazards among women and children in villages exposed to pesticide
use in Siha and Hai Districts documented ............................................................................... 21
5.1.3 Community empowered to address their situation themselves and get actively involved
in solving their problems ......................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Assessment of the outcomes of the project ....................................................................... 26
5.2.1 The self-surveillance monitoring and recording of the impacts of pesticide use on health
established ............................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.2 Reduced use of pesticide by farmers in Kilimanjaro region........................................... 26
5.2.3 Government pressured to implement better pesticide regulations and international
conventions on pesticides ........................................................................................................ 26
6.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 26
7.0 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 26
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Acknowledgement
First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Pesticide
Action Network (PAN-UK) for supporting this important work. Special gratitude are
extended to Dr. Eloise Toune for her support from the inception to the end of the
project
We are also grateful to the Siha and Hai Local Government Authorities especially the
District Agriculture and Livestock Officers (DALDO’s), Agricultural Field Officers,
Ward and Village Field Extension Officers for their valuable assistance in all the
District and villages visited
We would like to thank the employers and colleagues of the members for the group
for their patience and willingness to forfeit the services of their officers and office
mates.
Very special thanks go to members of our families for their patience, understanding
and endurance during the three months of our assignment.
Last but not least we would like to acknowledge with heart felt gratitude all members
of the monitoring team in Siha and Hai districts for taking part in this important
exercise
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Abstract
Agriculture is the core of economy and the largest employer in Tanzania. Envirocare
carried out a three months project on reducing the impacts of pesticide use through
community based pesticide monitoring in Kilimanjaro.
Objectives: The general objective of this project was to protect human health, the
environment and prevent any potential adverse effect of pesticide use in Kilimanjaro
region. The specific objectives were to increase awareness among farmers and
agricultural workers of the adverse impacts of pesticides on their health and the
environment, to facilitate the organising of communities to take action to reduce risks
due to pesticide use and to adopt ecological agricultural practices and to document
the practices and impact of pesticide use at the local level.
Expected outputs: Increased awareness on the harmful effects of pesticides, impact
of health hazards among women and children in villages exposed to pesticide use in
Siha and Hai Districts documented, Community empowered to address their situation
themselves and get actively involved in solving their problems
Expected outcomes: The self-surveillance monitoring and recording of the impacts
of pesticide use on health established, reduced use of pesticide by farmers in
Kilimanjaro region and government pressured to implement better pesticide
regulations and international conventions on pesticides.
Activities implemented: The following activities were executed, train community
representatives on participatory monitoring in Siha and Hai districts, establishment of
Community Pesticides Monitoring Teams in the two districts, documenting life
experiences of causes and impact of pesticide use through participatory sharing,
document the impact of health hazards among women and children in 6 villages
exposed to pesticides in each district, documenting the loss of agro-biodiversity due to
the use of chemical inputs and share our findings with the rest of community, districts
and regional government authorities to draw their attention towards this alarming
situation
Methodology: Five hundred farmers were randomly selected from 12 villages in Siha
and Hai districts and semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection
Results: A team of 40 previously trained people, 20 from each district was formed to
lead community members in carrying out the monitoring of pesticides impacts in their
respective villages. Common pesticide used in controlling pests were Dursban,
Selecron, Sumasion, thionex, Blue copper, Bravo, Sumithion and karate. Besides a
heavy and indiscriminate use of pesticide, 20% of the interviewed had the idea of
what pesticides are, and how harmful they can be to them and environment in general.
30% of the respondents claimed not to read labels. Mixing of pesticide was common
in Siha and Hai districts. About 90% of farmers mixed pesticides of varied
formulation in one application. Documentation of the health hazards among men,
women and children in the study area recorded 33 deaths among 500 people, many of
them were children. As far as spillage is concerned, about 60% of the interviewed
farmers revealed that spillages occur mainly due to careless mixing and filling
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procedures especially in instances where farmers do not utilize funnels when
transforming formulations into sprayers. Use of personal protective equipment results
shows that 55% of farmers do not utilize personal protective equipment during
pesticide application. Results for documenting the loss of agro-biodiversity due to
use of chemical inputs revealed that 90% of the respondents were of the opinion that
pesticide use in Hai and Siha district is associated with the disappearance of plants
such as Commelina bengalensis, pollinating insects such as bees and butterflies and
fish.
Conclusion and Recommendation: Pesticide use has negatively impacted the
community lives and the agro-biodiversity in Siha and Hai districts. Measures for
reducing pesticide use in the two districts need to be instituted.
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1.0 Introduction
Agriculture is the core of economy and the largest employer in Tanzania. The country
has a population of about 40 million, with its 3% annual growth rate being among the
highest in the world. More than 80% of the population lives and work in rural areas,
with approximately 90% of adult population being farmers who make their living
exclusively cultivating the soil, and only 5% being part-time farmers. Small scale
farms (<40 hectares) produce more than half of the marketed agricultural produce.
Agriculture covers not only primary production, i.e. farming, poultry, fish farming,
livestock breeding, but many other associated operations such as irrigation, pest
management, crop processing, storage and packaging and associated services
including domestic tasks.
In Kilimanjaro region, agriculture employs over 60 per cent of the working
population. Agricultural works involves to a great extent whole families, who perform
a wide variety of tasks, and are exposed to several risk factors including biological,
physical and chemical agents. Pesticide use in the region is indiscriminate especially
in Hai and Siha districts where a majority of vegetable growing farmers are under the
conviction that without them, crop production is not possible. Here, mixing of up to 5
different pesticides in a single spray is a common practice.
In Hai and Siha districts, agriculture is mainly practised by small scale farmers and to
a small extent by the large scale farmers. The small scale farmers produce mainly
vegetables for local and regional markets and coffee for export. The large scale
producers deal with coffee and flower cultivation mainly for export.
As far as pesticide use is concerned, farmers frequently do not follow the dose
recommended on the label. This is because some of them are unable to read and
understand the written instructions on labels and comprehend the meaning of the
colour coding on labels. Hence, farmers apply pesticides based on hearsay hardly
concerning themselves with scout for actual existence of pests. They spray quite
randomly and even while harvesting vegetables for instance.
Furthermore, disposal of empty containers also presents a great challenge as these are
sometimes re-used for storing kerosene or paraffin and local brew and this poses a
direct threat to human health and the environment. Resultantly, farmers are being
poisoned by pesticides although the exact number is difficult to establish because of a
lack of an adequate surveillance system.
A close analysis of the local pesticide retail shops revealed that while operational,
many are not registered. Furthermore, it was uncovered that pesticide retailers lack the
expertise and training in chemical handling, they in general hardly invest in training
of personnel and users in safe use of pesticides. In addition to absence of self
regulatory measures, even more worrying is the common practice of the local
pesticide retailers to repackage pesticides into smaller containers without labels.
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1.1 Objectives
1.1.1 General objective
Protecting human health, the environment and prevent any potential adverse effect of
pesticide use in Kilimanjaro region
1.1.2 Specific objectives
 To increase awareness among farmers and agricultural workers of the adverse
impacts of pesticides on their health and the environment
 To facilitate the organising of communities to take action to reduce risks due
to pesticide use and to adopt ecological agricultural practices
 To document the practices and impact of pesticide use at the local level
1.1.3 Expected outputs
Output 1: Increased awareness on the harmful effects of pesticides
Output 2: impact of health hazards among women and children in villages exposed
to pesticide use in Siha and Hai Districts documented
Output 3: Community empowered to address their situation themselves and get
actively involved in solving their problems
1.1.4 Outcomes of the project
 The self-surveillance monitoring and recording of the impacts of pesticide use
on health established
 Reduced use of pesticide by farmers in Kilimanjaro region
 Government pressured to implement better pesticide regulations and
international conventions on pesticides.
2.0 Activities
2.1 Selection of the study areas
There are over 30 villages each in Hai and Siha district. Since it was not possible to
implement the project in all villages, selection of those villages was done taking into
consideration the intensive vegetable farming taking place in the areas. The districts
are famous in producing vegetables, maize, bananas and coffee which use pesticide in
large quantities. The identified villages were Magadini, Kishisha, Namwai, Mae,
Ngarony in Siha district and Mboreny, Mungushi, Lemira Kati, Kawaya and Foo in
Hai District.
2.2 Train community representatives on participatory monitoring in Siha and
Hai districts
20 community representatives each from Siha and Hai district were selected to
undergo training on participatory monitoring. The selected team comprised of women,
village leaders, primary school teachers and pesticide retailers who are also farmers.
Selection of the team took into consideration their experience on pesticide use,
leadership in their villages, those who have been affected by pesticide use. They were
trained by pesticides and pest control experts from the Tropical Pesticides Research
Institute (TPRI). The training entailed the following: - participatory monitoring as a
promising tool for recording the impacts of pesticides on health, the environment and
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the local economy. Siha and Hai districts being among the districts that are intensively
using the pesticides, it helps raise awareness of the pesticide hazards among end users
and decision makers. It also helps communities get basic knowledge on pesticide
effects and help them have the full use of their right to know about pesticides issues.
Based on a participatory research approach, communities are able to record immediate
adverse health effects after spraying, and to record the more obvious effects on the
environment and biodiversity such as death of worms, bees, butterflies, fish cattle etc.
Thus, community monitoring provides a personal relevance that is the best motivator
to drive change. During the workshop participants had the opportunity to visit
farmers who were affected by pesticide as shown in box 1.
Box 1: Pesticide poisoning
Mr Msuya of Masama East in Hai district has experienced pesticide poisoning. Mr. Msuya used to assist his
parents to spray their coffee farm for a period of not less than eight years. Exposure to pesticide with strong
odour made him develop allergic reaction. Whenever he sprayed such pesticides, he developed sore and
irritating throat, eye itching, headache and strong flu. Consultation with the doctor made him realize that the
problem was caused by exposure to pesticide.
Mr. Msuya also came across pesticide poisoning after eating green vegetables which were sprayed pesticides.
One day he bought green vegetables from the nearby local market and prepared a meal. In about 45 minutes
after eating the meal, they started complaining about stomach problems and diarrhoea. After receiving
treatment, he made follow-up of where the vegetables came from and realised that they were sprayed with
pesticide in that very morning before they were brought to the market.
Another farmer who was affected by pesticide poisoning is Mr. Abimael Ndosa of Mungushi village in Hai
District. Pesticide poisoning happened when Mr. Ndosa entered the store where maize treated with insecticide
was stored. He did not have protective gears when he entered the store and unfortunately the dust of treated
maize with insecticide entered his left eye. He experienced severe pains which made him consult a doctor at
the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC). Unfortunately, the illness did not respond to treatment and
finally he lost his eye.
Plate1: Mr. Abimael Ndosa who lost his left eye
Another farmer who was affected by pesticide poisoning is Mrs Prisca of Mae village. She was affected after
passing through a coffee farm sprayed with pesticide presumed to be blue copper. The pesticide contacted her
left arm and she developed skin irritation and scars. She consulted a medical doctor at the KCMC but up to the
time the interview was conducted, the illness had not yet responds to treatment.
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Plate 2: Mrs Prisca arm which was affected by pesticide
Participants were made aware of the steps involved in carrying out participatory
community monitoring which include:(i) Identifying the community who you want to start monitoring
Participants were made aware on how to identify the community they would like to
start the monitoring. They were informed that close involvement of the community at
all stages of planning is essential.
(ii) Train of facilitators
The participants were made aware that before involving the selected members of the
community in carrying out monitoring, they should train them on the whole concept
of participatory community monitoring. The aim was to build their own capacity and
help them lead others in the monitoring process. They were equipped with
information on participatory monitoring and how to mobilise community to take part
in monitoring the pesticides hazards to human being and the environment.
(iii) Monitoring stage
With guidance from the project management team, the selected community
representatives (facilitators) developed the monitoring tools i.e. questionnaires and
monitoring charts which included testing them. Draft of the developed monitoring
tools was then edited by project manager to ensure that upon their administration all
necessary information is collected. The developed tools were tested to 10 farmers out
of those who were trained so as to add any left out information or to delete irrelevant
ones.
(iv) Feedback
Facilitators were trained on how to write a simple report so as to be shared by their
fellows in the village in public meeting.
During the training, participants were made aware of the benefits of participatory
community monitoring in pesticide management which included:(i) Better knowledge of pesticide effects at community level
Participants were made aware that, in addition to cases of acute poisoning, pesticides
have several other health impacts on communities. The quantity of pesticides used in
Siha and Hai districts is not known. Most of the farmers do not use protective
equipment; pesticides are stored inside of habitations and among food reserves, where
they can contaminate food. It provides more knowledge about the quality of pesticides
used, the conditions of their use and disposal.
(ii) Raising awareness of pesticides effects in communities among policy makers
Participants were made aware that the problems related to pesticide use in the two
districts are under-documented and the authorities in charge of public health and
pesticide management are not aware of this and therefore do not see the necessity to
address these issues. They focus mainly on the intervention in agriculture
development and poverty alleviation. Therefore, involving community in monitoring,
by documenting pesticide effects, it informs the authorities on the relation between
poverty, health, rural income through agriculture on one hand and pesticide issues on
9
the other. This proves to them the necessity of addressing the pesticide issue in the
promotion of human health and free and safe environment.
(iii) Training on pesticide management laws
Participants were made aware that the law responsible for control of pesticide use is
the Plant Protection Act of 1999. This law regulates the registration and the field test
procedures, importation of pesticides, laboratory test of the pesticides, issue of permit
to sale pesticides and inspection of pesticides
(iv) Storage of pesticides
Participants were made aware of the importance of proper storage of pesticides
because they are harmful to human health and the environment. They were informed
that pesticides should be stored in a special room for pesticide storage and locked.
They should not be stored together with food items. They should be stored in the
original containers and should not be transferred to un-labelled containers like the
plastic bags, drinking water bottles or other containers for food storage. They should
be stored in a moisture free environment and should not be exposed to solar radiation.
They were also informed of the safety, spillage and arrangement of pesticide store.
(v) Application of pesticides
Participants were made aware that pesticides are harmful to the un-intended living
organisms and the environment; therefore, cares must be taken when applying them.
The aim of applying pesticides is to kill, control or to prevent pest infestation. They
were also made aware of weather condition and application of pesticide. It is
important to take into consideration of wind, temperature, moisture and rainfall.
(vi) Labelling of pesticide
Participants were made aware that pesticide label provides valuable information about
proper handling and use of the pesticide, potential risks the pesticide may pose, and
instructions on how to minimize or avoid those risks. Every pesticide applicator has
the responsibility to read and follow the label information so no harm will result from
misuse or mishandling of pesticides. They were also made aware that before they buy
a pesticide, they should read the pesticide label to determine: if the pesticide will
control the pest or pests, if the pesticide can be applied safely and legally under the
application conditions, where the pesticide can and cannot be applied, the necessary
application and safety equipment, the amount of pesticide needed for the application
(buy only the amount needed and relevant restrictions for use of the pesticide. They
should compare different pesticide labels, because often several different products
will control the same pest. A comparison of the labels and product prices will help
select the product that controls the pest and is less toxic and/or less expensive.
They were also made aware that before mixing the pesticide, they should read the
label to determine:




Protective equipment they should use.
Compatibility of the pesticide with other products or additives.
Amount of the pesticide to use.
Mixing procedure.
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They were also made aware that before you apply the pesticide, read the label to
determine:




Safety measures you should follow.
Procedures to follow to minimize potential harm to people, animals, plants or
the environment.
How to apply the pesticide.
When to apply the pesticide (including the limitations about re-entering a
treated area and the minimum number of days that must elapse after the
application before vegetables, fruits, or other crops can be harvested).
They were also made aware that before storing or disposing of the pesticide or
pesticide container, they should read the label to determine:




Where and how to store the pesticide.
Pesticide Label Information
How to decontaminate and dispose of the pesticide container.
Where and how to dispose of surplus pesticides.
(vii) Disposal of Pesticides and Pesticide Containers
Participants were made aware that improper disposal of pesticides and their containers
may pose a potential hazard to both humans and the environment. However, if a few
basic guidelines are followed, the possibility for problems can be greatly reduced.
(i)
Avoid leftover diluted pesticides by mixing only the amount needed for
the current job or day.
(ii)
Follow all label instructions for the disposal of pesticides and their
containers. NEVER reuse a container unless it is a designated refillable
pesticide container.
(iii)
The best way to dispose of small amounts of excess pesticide is to apply it
according to label directions. If this is not possible, excess pesticides may
be able to be returned to the pesticide manufacturer.
(iv)
Triple rinse or pressure rinse empty pesticide containers then dispose of
them using any one of the following methods : Landfill - Properly rinsed containers can be disposed of at permitted
landfills.
 Burn - Small quantities of properly rinsed combustible (paper, not
plastic) containers can be burned on open fields by the pesticide user.
 Bury - Small quantities of properly rinsed containers can be buried in
open fields by the pesticide user
(v)
When disposing of pesticides or their containers, make sure that the
method does not cause or allow the contamination of water, the
environment, or human or animal food.
(vi)
Never to reuse a pesticide container. Even after proper rinsing, containers
still contain residues of the pesticide. To discourage reuse, puncture plastic
or metal containers after rinsing.
(vii) If there is any doubt about how to handle pesticides or pesticide
containers, contact your chemical dealer or agricultural extension agent.
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Plate 3: Mrs Macha explaining the participants on how to dispose pesticides and the containers
2.3 Establishment of Community Pesticides Monitoring Teams in the two
districts
A team of 40 previously trained people, 20 from each district was formed to lead
community members in carrying out the monitoring of pesticides impacts in their
respective villages. They were equipped with skills and information on how to engage
their communities in carrying out the monitoring. They were made aware that
Envirocare is there just to lead but not to own the process. The selected team was
supported with some money to cater for transport for the entire period of monitoring.
They were made aware of the criteria for selecting the respondents which included:The selected farmers for monitoring should be those practising either coffee or
vegetable farming. The reason behind this was that vegetables and coffee farming
require frequent pesticide spraying. Another criterion for selecting the respondents
was his/her willingness to take part in monitoring exercise.
2.4 Documenting life experiences of causes and impact of pesticide use through
participatory sharing
The established monitoring teams documented the life experiences of causes and
impact of pesticides. The selected teams lead the exercise of administering
questionnaires to 500 farmers (300 men and 200 women) in their respective villages.
Questionnaire administrators collected information regarding:- types of pesticide
used, banned or not registered pesticide, packaging and labelling of pesticides, the
pesticide users in the community and decision making over use and purchase; sale,
transport, mixing and spraying of pesticides, reported pesticide poisoning incidents
and deaths. All collected information was returned to Envirocare for analysis.
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2.5 Document the impact of health hazards among men, women and children in 6
villages exposed to pesticides in each district
The established Community Pesticides Monitoring Teams monitored the effect of
pesticide use to 500 farmers (300 men, 200 women). The team monitored the impacts
of exposure to different pesticides used by farmers. They monitored the impacts of
pesticide use in relation to vomiting, dizziness, headache, skin irritation, nosebleed,
difficult in breathing, tightness of chest, backache, tremors, eye irritation, death, and
miscarriage for pregnant women. This exercise was executed for a period of two
months.
2.6 Document the loss of agro-biodiversity due to the use of chemical inputs
The established Community Pesticides Monitoring Teams administered questionnaire
to collect information on the loss of agro-biodiversity due to the use of chemical inputs
districts. The teams collected information from the respondents on their experience of
pesticide use in relation to extinction of bees, butterfly, plants, fish, and black ants.
NB: In all documentaries the collective wisdom of the community were relied on in
determining whether or not the chemicals they have been exposed to without their
consent posed hazards to their health and their environment.
2.7 Share the findings with the rest of community, districts and regional
government authorities to draw their attention towards this alarming situation
The monitoring teams shared the findings with their communities at their respective
village assemblies. Thereafter, Envirocare organized a workshop where the
monitoring teams, representatives from the local government authority and region
were invited to share the monitoring findings and to draw their attentions towards the
alarming situation in their districts. In this workshop 54 participants were invited
whereby 20 were from the established
monitoring team, 17 from the
community, 7 from the village
government
8 from
the
local
government and 2 from the regional
government.
The workshop was
organized at VETA Boma Ng’ombe
area on 18th November 2009. The
workshop recommended that thionex
should be removed from the market
circulation because of its negative
impacts to the farmers’ health.
Plate 4: Workshop participants
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3.0 Methodology
Participatory approach: The project worked with local communities on the premise that
problems related to pesticide use in the two districts are under-documented and the
authorities in charge of public health and pesticide management are not aware of this
and therefore do not see the necessity to address these issues. They focus mainly on
the intervention in agriculture development and poverty alleviation. Therefore,
involving community in monitoring, by documenting pesticide effects, it informs the
authorities on the relation between poverty, health, rural income through agriculture
on one hand and pesticide issues on the other. This proves to them the necessity of
addressing the pesticide issue in the promotion of human health and free and safe
environment. Envirocare in collaboration with the beneficiaries planned, worked together in
achieving the project goal
Training and capacity building approach: Training and capacity building at different levels
was the bulk of the project action and continued throughout the project. Envirocare made use
of facilitation materials (hard copies) provided by the facilitators from the Tropical Pesticides
Research Institute (TPRI) such as training manuals and posters. These materials were used as
guidelines both in theory and practice. Trainees were equipped with necessary materials,
knowledge and skills to train others in their respective communities. Particular effort were put
on the raising of awareness of training on pesticide management laws, storage of
pesticides, application of pesticides, labelling of pesticide, disposal of pesticides and
pesticide containers. . During the courses local people from different villages had the
chance to meet each other and to exchange experiences on natural resources management.
Gender: A gender perspective was incorporated that encompasses the different roles of
women and men in livelihood dynamics with respects to pesticide use and management in
Siha and Hai districts.
4.0 Results and discussion
4.1 Common diseases and types of pesticide used in controlling the pest
Common pesticides used in the two districts are as shown in the Table 1.
Table 1: Types of pesticide used to control pests and diseases
Plants/animal
Types of pests
Types of diseases
Type of pesticide used
Coffee
Bungua, kimatira,
vidugamba,
kidomozi, black
aphids, berry
borer, red ants,
stem borer
Caterpillar,
American Boll
Worm
American Boll
Worms, cut
worms and
beetles, white
Leafrust, CBD,
berry bore
Dursban, Selecron,
Sumasion, thionex, Blue
copper, Bravo, Sumithion,
karate
Leaf rust
Selecron, Dursban,
gramaxion
Leaf rust
Dursban, Selecron, Ivory,
Karate, Thionex,
gramaxion
Maize
Beans
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Tomatoes
flies, weeds
White flies, stalk
borers, ants, fruit
borer, aphids
Leaf rust, fruit bore
Thionex, karate, abamectin,
bravo, ivory 72&80,
selecron, belaton, ninja and
verticoco
Most of the listed above are highly toxic and are sold freely in shops that are not yet
registered, in Siha and Hai districts.
Besides a heavy and indiscriminate use of pesticide,
20% of the interviewed had the idea of what pesticides
are, and how harmful they can be to them and
environment in general. Most of the shops visited were
selling their pesticides without the material safety date
sheets. These sheets are important because they have
detailed information on particular pesticides.
Therefore farmers rely only on the shallow
information provided on the labels which most of them
are in foreign languages.
Plate 5: A non registered pesticide shop in Siha district
4.1.2 Banned or not registered pesticide
During the survey, the researchers found pesticides that are banned in other countries
but were being used by the farmers. They included didmac, endosulfan and thionex.
Some of the pesticides were registered for controlling cashew nuts pests but were
found being used in vegetable pests e.g. Ninja. The pesticides expert expressed their
concerns that the dosage used to control pests in cashew nuts is different from that
used in vegetables. There is therefore likely possibility of overdosing.
4.1.3 Labelling and packaging of pesticide
The pesticide label guide farmers on how to use pesticides safely and effectively. It
contains pertinent information that farmers should read and understand before they
use a pesticide product. 70% of respondents claimed that they do read product labels
while 30% of respondents were not reading labels. The 73% of respondents claimed
to follow instructions and guidelines on labels while 27% of respondents did not
follow instructions and guidelines on labels.
Although 70% of respondents claimed that they do read labels while 73% of
respondents claimed to follow instructions there is strong conviction among the
monitoring team that farmers are generally especially in vegetable growing areas do
not follow the pesticide mixing ratios, handling and application guidelines. Farmer-tofarmer consultation “experience” on pesticide application is highly employed due to
lack of information.
According to the monitoring team’s observation a 45% of small scale farmers in Hai
and Siha districts are unable to afford to buy pesticide products in their original
containers that have complete labeling with information in English or Kiswahili.
15
The monitoring team found that the purchased pesticide in smaller quantities that are
more affordable with empty “mineral water bottles” utilized as containers. In this
case, farmers rarely have access to advice and information on pesticide product usage
that is available from product labels; material safety data sheets (MSDS) or published
guidelines and thus rarely read and follow the instructions.
In other cases even when labels are complete, due to language barrier or inability to
read (illiteracy) farmers are frequently unable to read and understand the written
instructions on product labels much less comprehend the meaning of the color coding
on labels and are unlikely to be trained in its interpretation and use.
Failure to read and refer to instructions means farmers frequently do not follow the
recommended dosage on labels which many a time compromises the effectiveness of
pesticides. To counter this, many farmers embark on intensive and indiscriminately
pesticide use which poses a substantial risk to human health, the environment, water
sources and soils.
4.1.4 Mixing of more than one pesticides in a single application
Mixing of more than one pesticide in a single application is common in most of the
interviewed small scale farmers. Results shows that 90% of farmers mixed pesticides
of varied formulation in one application where as 10% of farmers did not mix.
The practice of mixing more than one pesticide is prevalent among vegetable farmers
with many reportedly mixing a minimum of 2 and up to 5 different pesticides per
application. In all cases there complete disregard of the specific instructions on the
product labels. Commonly fungicides (Thiovit, Ivory) are mixed with insecticides
(Selecron, Dursban) plus Booster while some farmers reported mixing Thiodan and
Thionex which are pesticides possessing similar active ingredients.
Reasons forwarded from this particular practice is
that they need stronger mixtures that will effectively
eradicate pesticides and aside from this, farmers are
convinced it is time saving to spray in one go.
Although there are no conclusive findings on the
reactions or effects of such mixtures, the risk of
contaminating the environment through polluting
water, soils and exposing farming communities to
hazardous chemicals is high.
Plate 6: Mixing of more than one pesticide by Mr Ositadeus
4.1.5 Decision making over pesticide use
About 90% of the respondents said that their decision making over use of pesticide
and purchase depend on the type of infestation and the strength of that particular
16
pesticide in eradicating pests and the purchasing power of the farmer where as 10%
responded to be using depend on the recommendation made by the agricultural
extension officers.
4.1.6 Transport of pesticide
Transport of pesticides were observed being done using motor bikes, bicycle and
carrying them on head. Mixing of pesticides was observed to take place mainly in the
farm, close to water sources.
Plate 7: Transport of pesticide in West Kilimanjaro
4.1.7 Storage Condition of pesticide stocks
In the survey conducted generally farmers interviewed do not pose safe places to store
pesticides and spraying equipments. Survey findings revealed that: 30% of farmers stated having storage facilities

50% of farmers store pesticide inside their houses

20% of farmers burying underground for safe keeping
In the absence of secure storage 50% of farmers store pesticides, spraying equipment
inside their houses specifically under their beds, in living rooms or hanging on the
walls. Storage inside the house put many farmers at a risk of acute and chronic
exposures to harmful chemicals with adverse health consequences.
Secondly, even among the 30% who are reported to have storage facilities, it was
observed that these facilities are not solely for the storage of pesticides but rather
serve as general store rooms and here the possibility of cross-contamination was
found to be very high.
The 20% of respondents buried their pesticides underground to prevent possible
poisoning especially for children. However, there could be a possibility of
17
environmental contamination if leakages happen. The team observed that for
pesticides products that require specific storage conditions because of their physical
and chemical properties, burying in the ground exposes products to great temperature
fluctuations and other damaging conditions, which is likely to accelerate the
deterioration of the pesticides as well as their containers and consequently result in
accumulation of obsolete stocks.
4.2 The health hazards among men, women and children in 6 villages exposed to
pesticides in each district
The documented health hazards among men, women and children in Siha and Hai
districts are as shown in Table 2. Total number of deaths and implicated pesticides 33,
total number of children affected are 14. However, it was difficult to exactly tell
which pesticide was responsible for the deaths. The circumstances lead to those
deaths was constant exposure to the pesticides, eating of sprayed vegetables, cancer
linked to long-term exposure to pesticide.
Table 2: health hazards of pesticide use in Siha and Hai Districts
Pesticide Implicated
Men
Women
Children Total
Thiodan/Thionex
Selecron
Karate
Sumithion
Novathion
Gramaxion
Dursban
Didmac
Ninja
3
3
24
4
2
17
1
-
24
4
17
8
27
-
4
13
14
4
1
16
1
31
20
55
16
2
1
60
1
1
The pesticide carries severe risks to human health. The above table shows that most of
the women were affected because of passing in farms sprayed with pesticides or
eating vegetables sprayed with pesticides. Children had Skin irritation, dizziness and
headache after passing in the field sprayed with pesticides. They also suffered from
stomach problems after drinking water using containers previously stored with
pesticides. Other problems arose after eating vegetables sprayed with pesticides.
Women had stomach problems caused by drinking contaminated water, throat ache,
vomiting and itchiness. Others included cancer linked to long time exposure to pesticides.
Men had the following problems: - skin irritation caused by contact with the pesticide,
dizziness, eye problem, headaches, breathing problem, body itchiness and swelling.
Another problem was cancer linked to long time spraying of pesticide.
4.2.1 Spillages and leakages
About 60% of the interviewed farmers revealed that spillages occur mainly due to
careless mixing and filling procedures especially in instances where farmers do not
utilize funnels when transforming formulations into sprayers and due to improper
storage where pesticide are stored along with other farming equipments leading to
container damage.
18
20% of the respondents were of the opinion that spillages and leakages also occurred
in retailer farmers during repackaging of pesticide products in small more affordable
quantities for resale to fellow farmers. As manufacturers supply pesticides in
relatively larger volumes that many end users (farmers) with low purchasing power
are unable to afford, this necessitates the re-packaging of larger quantities for resale in
smaller quantities. Much of this product repacking among rural farmers is done with
no protective clothing and in unsafe conditions likely to lead to product
contamination, spillages and leakages.
In some cases, spillages and
leakages were as a result of
faulty
sprayers.
Farmers
interviewed
expressed
discontent on the quality of
sprayers (knapsacks) on the
market with
a majority
reporting that many are faulty
and prone to leakages during
spraying resulting in a waste of
pesticides. Perhaps of greater
concern is the fact that faulty
sprayers are exposing farmers
to health risks.
Plate 8: Pesticides spillage at Mr. Ositadeus shirt in Sanya Juu area
4.2.2 Empty containers disposal
The survey revealed that empty pesticide containers are inappropriately disposed off
with farmers practicing the following disposal methods;
 40 % Burry in the field, near the source of water and in their homestead as the
most common means of empty containers disposal.

25% Burn associated waste such as plastic containers in open spaces near their
houses or in the field

35% Throw away associated waste into the environment specifically in the
field, in pit latrines, in water furrows, nearby small bushes; domestic garbage
dumps. It was noted that waste is inappropriately disposed off sometimes
within the reach of children the most vulnerable
20% of the interviewed farmers were reusing empty containers for various domestic
purposes or for repacking of pesticides.
It was noted that many farmers engage in such
polluting practices largely due to lack of awareness on
the negative impact and dangers of pesticides on the
environment and human health.
Secondly, the interviewed farmers stated that improper
disposal of pesticide empty containers was due to lack
19
technical support from suppliers/retailers of pesticides and the absence of established
service to collect and safely dispose of used containers.
4.2.3 Use of personal protective equipment
Use of appropriate protective equipments during pesticide application was recorded
among the respondents.
Results show that 55% of farmers do not utilize personal protective equipment during
pesticide application. The interviewed farmers said that they were handling pesticides
with bare hands even when mixing and while cleaning spraying equipments. Most of
them do not wear masks and stand the risk of inhalation while others conduct the
spraying in the field in their bare feet.
About 45% of respondents indicated using some form of protective gears (20%
gloves, 10% goggles, 5% dust mask, 5% overall and 5% gumboots) but even then the
consistent and proper use of personal protective equipments among respondents is
questionable.
However, although the prohibitive high cost of protective gears was repeatedly
sighted as the key factor hindering access, one cannot negate the role of lack of
awareness on the dangers of chemical pesticides. A majority of farmers have had no
training or orientation on safe handling of pesticides and thus give little regard to
health and safety precautions resulting into increased personal exposure to dangerous
chemicals
4.3 Document the loss of agro-biodiversity due to use of chemical inputs
The established monitoring team interviewed 500 farmers on the loss of agrobiodiversity due to use of chemical inputs. 90% of the respondents were of the
opinion that pesticide use in Hai and Siha district is associated with the disappearance
of the following:Plants
Commelina bengalensis is a drought resistant plant that for a long time has been used
as a fodder crop in Kilimanjaro region. Heavy application of herbicides Roundup has
made them almost extinct in Hai and Siha districts.
Insects
Bees and butterflies are pollinators that play a big role in pollinating plants in
Kilimanjaro region. Indiscriminate application of pesticides in Hai and Siha district
has resulted in decrease of bees and butterflies population. The beekeepers that used
to hang hives on their premises are now forced to walk for long distance up the
Mountain Kilimanjaro Forest Reserve to hang them. Heavy application of pesticides
also is threatening the existence of termites and worms which play a big role in
degrading the crop residues in the field.
20
Fish
Heavy application of pesticides in the two districts was reported as a source of the
extinction of some species and also a decline in fish catch in many rivers in Hai and
Hai districts. For example, in Mae village, the Salmon fish have disappeared due to
pollution of their breeding grounds.
4.4 Share the findings with the rest of community, districts and regional
government authorities to draw their attention towards this alarming situation
The workshop organized to share the findings with the local and regional government
authorities made them aware that there are pesticides that are more toxic and harmful
for farmers’ health. The monitoring team listed Thionex, Dursban, Cobox, Sumithion,
Karate, Selecron, Dimethiate and Ivory. The government officials were shocked by
the findings and acknowledged Envirocare for the well done job and they urged all
stakeholders to work together towards reducing pesticide use in Kilimanjaro region.
5.0 Assessment of the achievement of the expected results and outcomes
5.1 Assessment of the outputs
The following outputs were to be achieved:5.1.1 Increased awareness on the harmful effects of pesticides
The first achievement of this project is the establishment of monitoring teams. The
established teams were trained on how to carry out monitoring of pesticide use in their
localities. The teams are permanently established which means that they will continue
recording the impacts of pesticide use in the two districts. Through these teams,
farmers have identified pesticides that are harmful to their health. These include: Dursban, Cobox, Sumithion, Thionex, Karate, Selecron, Dimethiate, Ivory. Reasons
identified by the farmers about their harmfulness were that they cause itching,
swelling, nausea; they have strong smell, increase heart bits to some people. Also,
farmers in the project area and beyond are now aware that mixing several pesticides is
not allowed, using pesticide that is not intended for particular crop pests is wastage of
resources.
5.1.2 Impact of health hazards among women and children in villages exposed to
pesticide use in Siha and Hai Districts documented
Monitoring of pesticide use in Siha and Hai Districts has revealed that women and
children are vulnerable and the impacts are not reported probably due to their
complexity. The health effects of pesticides manifest as similar to those of other
diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea etc. The project has produced a documentary on
pesticide use and their effects to human health and environment. This documentary
can be copied and shared by many stakeholders. In this case the stakeholders will
have the opportunity to see with their own eyes how community members in Siha and
Hai districts were affected by pesticide use.
21
5.1.3 Community empowered to address their situation themselves and get
actively involved in solving their problems
Sharing the results with the villagers made them to react over this alarming situation
of constant pesticide exposures. They therefore came up with a strategic plan to
promote safer use of pesticides in their areas as shown in Table 3. We have to
acknowledge that most of these plans are big for the village communities to afford to
implement. Therefore, they require funding from the government and the donor
community. It was agreed that in order for those plans to be executed effectively,
close collaboration between, community members, local government and the Ministry
of Agriculture is needed.
22
Table 3: Short term strategic plan
Number Objective
Activities
Reduce the impacts of Education for the pesticide users
indiscriminate use of
pesticide from 80% to
65% by April 2010
Write a letter to the Tropical Pesticide
Research Institute (TPRI) requesting them to
carry out inspection of the pesticide found at
the agro-dealers
Formation of farmers groups for easy access
to agricultural extension services
Start record keeping of pesticide use at farm
level
Target group
Farmers
Outcome
Increased knowledge of the
farmers on pesticide
Agro-dealers
Harmful pesticide that
removed from the
agricultural cycle
Farmers
Farmers awareness on
pesticide use increased
Quantity of pesticide use
established at household
level
Reduced use of pesticide in
Siha and Hai districts
Thionex phased out in the
two districts
farmers
Promote organic agriculture
Farmers
Request the Local government to phase out
use of thionex in Hai and Siha districts
Farmers
Mid term strategic plan
Number
Objectives
Reduce the impact of
indiscriminate
pesticide use by 80%
by 2014
Activities
Educational provision
for farmers
Time
2010
Stakeholders
Farmers ,
agricultural
extension officers,
NGOs
Awareness creation to
the agro-dealers
2010
NGOs, agro-dealers
23
Outcomes
- Farmers awareness
on the impacts of
pesticide use enhanced
- Impacts of pesticide
use reduced
- Increased awareness
of the agro-dealers,
Formation of farmers
groups
2011
Establishment of
farmers field schools
2012-2013
Make follow up of the
obsolete pesticide
2010 – 2014
Long term strategic plan
Objectives
Activities
1 Create awareness on Introduce the proper use of pesticide in primary to high
proper use of pesticide learning curriculum
Capacitate cultivators and farm animal keepers in
understanding the right pesticides for the right pests
Use of alternative
Train farmers on how to prepare alternative pesticides
pesticides
Prepare demonstration plots for alternative pesticides
24
Agricultural
extension officers
Community
development
officers
Agricultural
extension officers,
farmers,
researchers, District
Executive Officers
Farmers,
agricultural
extension officers,
researchers
- Reduced cost for
farmers through using
of fake pesticide
Farmers access to
pesticide education
enhanced
Farmers awareness on
correct use of pesticide
use enhanced
Obsolete pesticide
identified, removed
from the market and
disposed
Responsible
Ministry of Science and Vocational Training
Agricultural Extension Officers, Researchers, Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock
Agricultural Extension Officers
Cultivators and Livestock keepers
Agricultural Extension Officers
Monitoring and
inspection of
pesticides
Protective gears
Promote production of
safe and clean crops
growing and alternative pesticide use
Monitoring and inspection of agrochemical shops
Cultivators and Livestock keepers
Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Agricultural extension
Officers, farmers
Carry out assessment of the effectiveness of pesticides
on farms
Campaign on the withdrawal of pesticides that are toxic
and harmful to human health e.g. Thionex (Endosulfan)
Promote making, distribution and use of protective
gears
Train farmers on organic agriculture
Agricultural Extension officers, Researchers and Farmers
Produce crops that meet international standards
Promote research on
biological control
organisms
Identify the biological control organisms of pests
25
Farmers and NGOs working on pesticide issues
Ministry of Agriculture
Agriculture Extension officers and farmers
Agricultural Extension officers, Ministry of agriculture,
Marketing officers, farmers, NGOs
Agricultural Extension officers, Ministry of agriculture,
Marketing officers, farmers, NGOs
Researchers, Ministry of Agriculture, farmers
5.2 Assessment of the outcomes of the project
5.2.1 The self-surveillance monitoring and recording of the impacts of pesticide
use on health established
The established monitoring teams are now working close with the village government
in reporting incidences of pesticide impacts in Hai and Siha districts. Their close
relationships with farmers made enabled them to document health effects of pesticide
use to men, women and children which were shocking. The monitoring team recorded
33 deaths among 500 people, many of them children. This is an explosive finding
which is equivalent to 6000 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants of Siha and Hai districts.
5.2.2 Reduced use of pesticide by farmers in Kilimanjaro region
Monitoring and recording the pesticides impacts on health and the environment has
made aware the end users on pesticides hazards. They have obtained basic knowledge
on pesticide effects which has helped them to have the full use of their rights to know
about pesticides issues. Increased awareness by farmers in Hai and Siha districts, have
made them see the need to reduce use of pesticide in their agricultural activities. It
may take time before the significant reduction of pesticide use is seen. This is due to
the fact that majority of farmers in Kilimanjaro region are no longer practising agriculture but agri-business. Continue record keeping of pesticide use by the community
and the local government will enable to notice its reduction.
5.2.3 Government pressured to implement better pesticide regulations and
international conventions on pesticides
There are fake pesticides which were reported by the farmers. The government was
advised to make sure that all fake pesticides are identified and banned. Also farmers
advised the government to phase out use of thionex (endosulfan) because it is very
harmful to human health. The government was advised that, if endosulfan was banned
in other countries why is it being used in Tanzania.
6.0 Conclusion
Empowering communities on their rights to monitor pollution and chemical residues
is critical. Monitoring of pesticides has given the communities in the two districts an
effective ways of demonstrating their concerns about the degradation of their
environment and their health caused by indiscriminate pesticide use.
7.0 Recommendations
It is recommended that
 Inspections on agrochemicals should be carried out regularly in order to
identify the genuine and fake pesticides
 Provision of education to the users on the type of pesticides and their
effectiveness.
 Penalize those who are selling fake pesticides
 Continue capacity building for the established monitoring teams so that they
can continue monitoring the pesticide use in their localities.
26

Pressure the government and industry to establish container take-back schemes
so farmers can dispose of containers without having to burn or bury them,
particularly plastic containers
Annexes
Annex 1: Questionnaire administered to pesticide users
Name ………………………………………………
Village………………………………………
District…………………………………..
Types of
Plants/animal pests
Types of diseases
Type of
pesticide
used
Quantity
Number
sprayed/applied of jerry Repeating
cans
spraying
sprayed
2. Is the pesticide effective upon its application?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Do you sometimes mix more than one pesticide for controlling pests?
i) Yes
ii) No
4. Which pesticides do you mix and how do you mix them?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is the interval between spraying and harvesting of your crops?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Which pesticides affect you more after spraying/applying?
Pesticide
Effects
What do you do after
being affected
27
7. Among the pesticides used which ones are mostly harmful?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8 Why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9 Which pesticide do you think are fake/not effective? Have you ever come across
them?
i) Yes
ii) No
If yes, mention them
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. What can be done about those fake/non-effective pesticides?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Have you ever seen/heard farmers/ community members who have been affected
by the pesticides?
i) Yes ii) No
Children
 How many ………………………..
 Which pesticide affected him/her
………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………
 What happened until he/she got affected
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..
 Is there any reported death case as a result of pesticide use
i) Yes
ii) No
 How many..............................................
Women
 How many ………………………..
 Which pesticide affected her
………………………………………………..
28
………………………………………………………………………………
 What happened until she got affected
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
 Is there any reported death case?
i) Yes
ii) No
 How many?..............................................
Men
 How many ………………………..
 Which pesticide affected him?
………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………
 What happened until she got affected?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
 Is there any reported death case?
i) Yes
ii)No
12. How are the women affected?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13. How are the men affected?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
14. Is there any reported pesticide poisoning?
i) Yes
ii) No
Explain how it happened?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Are there any complains from the consumers regarding food produced using
pesticides
i) Yes
ii) No
16. If yes, what are they complaining about and how many are they?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
17 Do you use personal protective equipment upon spraying?
18 How do you dispose the empty containers?
29
19 How do the spillages and leakages happen during pesticide use
20 Labelling and packaging of pesticide
21 Are there banned or not registered pesticides that are used?
22 Do you mix more than one pesticides in a single application?
23 How do you decide on the pesticide use?
24 How do you transport the pesticide?
25 How do you store the pesticide stocks?
Name……………………………………………………….
Signature……………………………
Date ……………………………
30
Annex 3: Community surveillance monitoring chart
District…………… Village……………………………………….Gender…………………………….
Crop:……………………….., ……………………….., …………………………, ………………………
Type of pesticide
used
Symptoms developed after use
Tick ()
Month 1
Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness
Headache
Skin irritation
Nosebleed
Difficulty in breathing
Tightness of chest
Back ache
Tremors
Eyes irritation
Injuries
Stomach ache and diarrhoea
31
Month 2
Month 3
Annex 3: Participants List
1. Josephine W. Wendo
2. Ernest A. Mpanda
3. Veraufoo E. Mwanga
4. Frida R. Mmari
5. Anaufoo E. Munisi
6. Gladness I. Silaa
7. Robert R. Kihunrwa
8. Godwin A. Munisi
9. Twaha A. Mweta
10. Wilson L. Lukumay
11. Msafiri E. Msuya
12. Jonathan F. Mwanga
13. Mese S. Lema
14. Joyce E. Kimaro
15. Erucanest E. Mwanri
16. Ndesamburo I. Munisi
17. Eliashikindina M. Mmari
18. Wilson M. Meksoi
19. Yosu k. Mmari
20. Rabson C. Ndosa
21. Eliaishi E. Uronu
22. Dickson F. Munuo
23. Herieli A. Kileo
24. Judica J. Munisi
25. Remington G. Maimu
26. Elibariki Mbasha
27. Bashiri S. Tarimo
28. Aletaulwa A. Mmari
29. Jonathan P. Urassa
30. Invocavith P. Urassa
31. Yande A. Kimaro
32. Reuben N. Munuo
33. Andrew M. Masawe
34. Verandumi A. Masawe
35. Keture G. Munissi
36. Patrick Mmbaga
37. Minaeli Ernest
38. Pantaleo Deemay
39. Anankira Siyao
40. Elia M. Laiser
41. William C. Matatio
42. Elineema Kelela
43. Cecilia Matella
44. Anaeli Kimambo
45. Zaina Hassani
46. Michael S. OlomiRanya S. Nkya
47. Agostino m. Somi
48. David E. Leleli
32
49. Tegemea Ndossa
50. Silas I. Mlay
51. Anade K. Mmari
52. Edith Waya
53. Marijani Kizigha
33