Anatomy Chapter 3 -Histology
Upon completion of this chapter, you should know the following:
-The four types of tissues in the body
-General characteristics of Epithelial tissue
-Epithelial membranes (mucous, serous, cutaneous) and location of each
-Specific types of “covering & lining” epithelium in the body, including how they derive their name,
physical characteristics, locations, basic functions
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous (keratinized (dry)/non-keratinized (moist))
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (PSCC)
Transitional
-Exocrine vs. endocrine glands
-Mode of secretion of exocrine glands (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine), types of secretions, basic
structure of glands
-General characteristics of Connective tissue including cell types, fiber types, ground substance
-Specific characteristics, locations & functions of the following connective tissues:
A. Embryonic CT’s – comprised of mesenchymal cells
1. Mesenchyme
B. CT “Proper” – comprised of fibroblasts primarily (with one exception) in syrupy ground
substance containing hyaluronic acid
1. Loose CT’s
a. Areolar
b. Adipose
c. Reticular
2. Dense CT’s
a. Dense regular (collagenous)
b. Dense irregular
c. Elastic
C. Supporting CT’s
1. Cartilage – comprised of chondrocytes in lacunae, in thick ground substance
containing chondroitin sulfate
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic
2. Bone (osseous) tissue – comprised of osteocytes in lacunae, in calcified matrix
a. Compact (dense)
b. Cancellous (spongy)
- Characteristics of muscle tissue
- Functions of muscle tissue
-Types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth/visceral) – location, functions & histological
characteristics of each
-General characteristics of neural tissue – neurons and neuroglia
Summary of Epithelial & Connective Tissues
Tissue Type
Epithelial tissues
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified
squamous
Transitional
Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
(PSCC)
Connective
tissues
Mesenchyme
Areolar CT
Adipose Tissue
Reticular CT
Dense regular CT
Dense irregular CT
Elastic CT
Description
Location
Function
One layer of flat epithelial cells
bound to CT
Lines heart (endocardium) &
blood vessels (endothelium),
alveoli of lungs, lines body
cavities (pleura, pericardium,
peritoneum
Kidney tubules, thyroid gland,
pancreas, salivary glands
Lines GI tract from stomach to
rectum, gallbladder, fallopian
tubes (ciliated)
Diffusion, osmosis,
filtration, absorption,
reduce friction
through serous
secretion
Secretion, absorption
One layer of relatively “cube”
shaped epithelial cells bound to CT
One layer of tall, “column”- like cells
bound to CT; may be modified with
microvilli, goblet cells &/or cilia
Multilayered epithelial tissue with the
apical cells flattened, only basal
cells in direct contact with basement
membrane
Multilayered epithelial tissue with the
apical cells varying in their shape
from flat to rounded or cuboidal,
depending on amount of distension
on tissue
One layer of different sized
columnar cells that appear to be
stratified, all cells contact basement
membrane, apical surface is ciliated
“non-keratinized” – lines mouth,
tongue, esophagus, vagina
“keratinized” – surface of skin
Mesenchymal cells in a thick fluid
ground substance with some
collagen & reticular fibers
Loosely woven arrangement of
fibers (collagen, elastic & reticular)
embedded in a “syrupy” ground
substance of hyaluronic acid,
surrounding fibroblasts,
macrophages, WBC’s & some
adipocytes; highly vascularized
Modified areolar tissue comprised
primarily of adipocytes with little
surrounding matrix
Scattered fibroblasts with
interconnecting short reticular fibers
creating a loose “meshwork” to
support cells within organs
Densely packed collagen fibers
arranged in parallel bundles, few
fibroblasts, little ground substance,
not well vascularized
Densely packed collagen fibers
randomly arranged in various
directions, few fibroblasts & ground
substance
Densely packed elastic fibers
Secretion,
absorption,
protection, transport
of ova & sperm
(ciliated)
Protection
Lines urinary bladder , ureters
Allows for organ
distension
Lines most of respiratory tract,
portions of male reproductive
tract
Movement of mucus
by ciliary action,
secretion
Only found in developing embryo
Precursor to all
connective tissues
Widely distributed throughout
body surrounding organs, BV’s,
nerves, joints; found in upper part
of dermis of the skin
Support, strength,
elasticity, cushioning
Subcutaneous layer of skin,
around kidneys, behind eyeballs
in orbit, marrow of long bones
Lymph nodes, spleen, liver,
kidney, bone marrow
Cushioning,
protection, energy
reserve, insulation
Creates supportive
“stroma” (framework)
within organs
Tendons, ligaments
Attachment
Lower (deeper) layer of dermis,
periosteum, perichondrium, joint
capsule, surrounding skeletal
muscles, capsules around come
organs
Within wall of aorta & other large
Protection,
attachment, support,
reduce friction
between muscles
Allows for elasticity &
interspersed with some collagen
fibers, few fibroblasts
arteries, within some spinal
ligaments (ligamentum flavum &
ligamentum nuchae, underlying
transitional epithelium
Ends of long bones (articular
cartilage), rib (costal) cartilage,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
embryonic skeleton
Support, some
flexibility, provides
smooth movement at
joints
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral
disc, menisci of knees
Support, fusion,
shock absorption
External ear, epiglottis,
Eustachian tubes
Flexible support,
maintains shape
At epiphyses of long bones, in
short bones, flat bones & irregular
bones to varying degrees
Support, protection,
mineral storage
Osteocytes within lacunae in
calcified matrix; surrounded by
periosteum; matrix arranged in
Osteons/Haversian systems
comprised of concentric lamellae of
matrix which surround central
canals, osteocytes located within
lacunae in lamellae & are
interconnected through canaliculi
At diaphysis of long bones,
surrounding spongy bone in
short, flat & irregular bones
Support, protection,
mineral storage
Elongated, cylindrical cells that lie
adjacent to each other, striated in
appearance, multinucleate
Combined with connective
tissues & neural tissue in skeletal
muscles
Short, branched cells, striated,
single nucleus, cells are
interconnected by intercalated discs
Myocardium of heart wall
Smooth (visceral)
muscle tissue
Short, spindle-shaped cells, nonstriated, single nucleus
Within walls of blood vessels and
organs of digestive, respiratory,
urinary & reproductive systems
Neural (nervous)
Tissue
Comprised of neurons (larger, more
obvious) with their cell body and
processes (axons/dendrites)
extending from them; and the more
numerous, smaller neuroglia (glial
cells)
Primarily in brain and spinal cord
Movement of
skeleton, support,
protection,
generation of heat;
voluntary contraction
Create force to
propel blood;
involuntary
contraction
Moves (through
involuntary
contraction) food,
urine, & reproductive
tract secretions,
regulates diameter of
airways & blood
vessels
Neurons – transmit,
process, and store
“information”;
neuroglia provide
support & protection
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Spongy
(cancellous) bone
tissue
Compact (dense)
bone tissue
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle
tissue
Cardiac muscle
tissue
Chondrocytes within lacunae in a
firm ground substance of chondroitin
sulfate; no visible fibers apparent in
glossy looking matrix; most locations
surrounded by perichondrium
Chondrocytes in lacuae surrounded
by dense bundles of collagenous
fibers with little ground substance,
has no perichondrium
Chondrocytes in lacunae
surrounded by a network of elastic
fibers & moderate ground
substance, has perichondrium
Osteocytes within lacunae in a
calcified matrix (“osteoid” + Ca+2
salts); matrix arranged in trabeculae
pattern with marrow cavites
between
recoil while still being
supportive
Epithelial Tissue
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
S. Squamous epith.
Str. Squamous (dry) Keratinized epith.
Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar (PSCC) epith.
S. Cuboidal epith.
Str. Squamous (wet) Non-Keratinized epith.
S. Columnar epith.
Transitional epithelium
Connective Tissue
CT “Proper”
Embryonic
Mesenchyme
Cartilage
Bone
Loose
Dense
Hyaline cartilage
Compact (Dense)
bone
Areolar CT
Dense Regular CT
(Collagenous)
Elastic cartilage
Spongy bone
(Cancellous)
Adipose CT
Elastic CT
Fibrocartilage
Reticular CT
Dense Irregular CT
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Neural Tissue