中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
MASTER PLAN OF WATER RESOURCES AND WATER
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN KOREA
Gye Woon Choi1 and Sang Jin Ahn2
ABSTRACT: In this paper, the master plans of water resources and water environment management
in Korea are introduced with the general description about topographical and hydrologic characteristics.
Five consecutive long-term master plans of water resources are reviewed based upon the major
features. Four water related categories, which are flood forecasting and river runoff, sediment and scour,
water supply and drainage, and eco-hydraulics and stream restoration are described with historical
progress and general trends in Korea. The water resources researches are classified through analyzing
Journal of KWRA (Korea Water Resourced Association) and the 21st frontiers R&D program, which is
planned to overcome the water shortage problem through improving the water resources technology, is
introduced based upon the basic concepts and research topics.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Korean Peninsula is about 1,300 km long and 300 km wide, and is located between the West Sea
(Yellow Sea) and East Sea on the eastern corner of the Asian Continent (Fig.1a). The peninsula’s
eastern coast runs directly and fairly smoothly along the skirt of a steep mountain range, while its west
and south coasts are more irregularly shaped and adjoin relatively wide alluvial plains.
In general, the rivers draining to the eastern coast are short and steep. Longer rivers with gentler
gradients, such as the Han, Keum, Nakdong, Seomjin, and Yeongsan Rivers, discharge to the
south or west coasts. Overall, rivers in Korea are relatively short and drainage areas small
compared with continental rivers. For example, the Han River (Fig. 1b), the largest and most
important river in Korea (South Korea), is about 482 km long and has a drainage area of about
32,000 km2.
(a) Korea and its vicinity
(b) The rivers in Korea (South)
Fig.1 Korea and its rivers
1
Academic director, Korea Water Resources Association (KWAR), Professor in University of Incheon, Korea,
2
President, Korea Water Resources Association(KWRA), Professor in Chung Buk National University, Korea,
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
The topography of the mountains along the peninsula’s orographic water divide is in a geologically
mature stage, and features sharp ridges and steep valley flanks. Toward the western part of the
peninsula, however, the topography is in geologically late-mature-to-old stage, and features round
ridge hill masses and wide flat valley plains. The channel slopes are, therefore, relatively steep,
especially in the upstream regions, because of the steep mountains and deep valleys in the
uplands. Wide alluvial plains are developed at the mouths of the large rivers on the west and south
coast. Consequent to these topographic features, most sediment problems occur in the western
and southern parts of the peninsula, including the coastal area.
The yearly distribution of precipitation is determined by westerly and northwesterly dry winds from
the Asian Continent during the winter, and southeasterly wet winds from the Pacific Ocean during
the summer. Because the Korean Peninsula is affected by the Monsoon, rainfall mainly occurs
during summer. About two thirds of the annual precipitation of 1,283 mm occurs during the rainy
season (June through September). About 15% of the annual precipitation falls during the transition
period from April through May, while 20% of the precipitation falls during the remaining six months
from October to next March. Fig 2. (a) illustrates the distribution of the mean annual precipitation
from 1969 to 1998.
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
N
속
1329
인
1119
춘
초
1272
강
강
홍
1342
대관
제
인
천
양
1360
1161
1334
령
천
이
수
제
평
1297
울
척
충
주
1193
천
원
1076
영
아
서
1307
1264
1346
1274
울
천
삼
릉
원
화
1472
천
1230
1212
청
문
주
1239
대
주
부
1201
1334
의
추풍
1357
금산
경
구
덕
1045
1162
은
1208
포
1269
군
령
주
1250
보
1272
진
영
1383
보
산
산
1392
1642
1276
서
영
성
1191 이
여
전
대
1241전
미
령
1125
977
1030
1286
부
거
산
1239
정
임
항
천
1018 합
1335
리
1300
구
1034
울
밀
산청
남
주
1302
1271
1256
1326
안
창
실
진
광
주
1363
함
승
천
1488
산
부
양
1500
원
1488
1265
통
목
여
장
주
1265
해
주
남
주
1113
평
거
1402
1249
산
1498
1411
고
1441
영
1488
울릉
제
1736
해
포
완
수
흥
1418
제
흥
1737
남
성산
도
1804
서귀
대
도
1206
1320
주
포
(a) Mean annual precipitation (mm)
(b) Mean annual rainfall erosivity (MJ/ha)
(MOCT,
2000)
(Park et al, 2000)
Fig.2 Mean annual precipitation and rainfall erosivity
Due to the topographical conditions and occasional torrential rainfalls, the hydrographs of the rivers
in Korea are very sharp, and peak flood discharges are very large compared with continental rivers.
Ratios of maximum discharge to minimum discharge usually range from 100 up to 700. These
ratios far exceed those for the rivers in Europe and United States having the coefficients is usually
less than 100. The large variations in the flow create serious problems for managing Korea’s rivers.
The Korean peninsular has been subject to hydrological extremes since historic times.
Consequently, Koreans have developed prolonged interests in many aspects related water
resources. Those interests induced fifteenth-century Koreans, for example, to invent a rain gage,
which is called Chook Woo Ki. It is known as the first rain gage in the world, and is basically of the
same design as the typical gage used nowadays.
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
Because the flood during the rainy season is very severe and the big efforts to reduce the damage
from the flood had been shown during the past several decades. However, the water shortage
problem as well as the water quality during the dry season is one of the major hydraulics problems
should be solved.
However, the structured solutions for sever flood and droughts is must easily conducted compared
to the past decades. This phenomena is occurred because the past development for water related
projects is conducted without the environmentally sound consideration and the policies for water
resources development may not meet people’s requirement such as the social and physical
condition change.
2. WATER RESOURCES MASTER PLAN PROGRESS IN KOREA
The water resources in Korea were developed based upon the long term plan master plans, which
were originally prepared as the nation’s basis plan for water resources development.
The first long term plan, which was called as “Water resources overall development 10 years’ plan”,
was carried out in 1965 as a ten-year plan from 1966 to 1975. This plan was mainly prepared for
supplying water to meet the economic development. The main projects include the multi purpose
dams as well as the flood control, drought management and energy development at 5 major river
basins, which is shown in Table 1, including Han river, Nak dong river basins. Major multi-purpose
dams in Korea, which were mainly started to construct, based on in this plan are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 Characteristics ion 5 major basins in Korea
Han
Nag Dong
Young San
Sum Jin
Geum River
River
River
River
River
Iden
Area
(Km2)
Length
(Km)
Runoff
(billion m3/year)
Rainfall
(mm/year)
Basin
Average
32,000
23,326
9,810
4,897
1,319
-
482
510
401
166
212
-
19.4
14.0
6.2
2.8
3.8
-
1,286
1,166
1,269
1,319
1,414
1,283
Table 2 Major multi-purpose dams in Korea
Area
Height
Length
Total Storage
Dam name
(Km2)
(m)
(m)
(million m3)
Constructed
So yang
2,703
123
530
2,900
’67-’73
Choong Ju
6,648
98
447
2,750
’78-’86
An Dong
1,584
83
612
1,248
’71-’77
Nam Kang
2,285
21
975
136
’62-’70
Geum River Dae Cheong
4,134
72
495
1,490
’75-’81
Seum Jin
River
763
64
344
466
’60-’65
Han River
Nak Dong
River
Seum Jin
The Second long term plan, which was called as “Water Resources long term master development
plan”, was carried out in 1980 as a 20-year plan from 1981 to 2001. The plan was started with the
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
connection with the second “land overall development plan in Korea” and the plan focused on
protecting the people’s lives and properties from natural and/or man-made disasters. In the
planning stage of this plan, the water demand was drastically increased and the water shortage
with the increased water pollution in the streams and rivers was indicated. Also, the annual
average damages by floods and typhoons reached 43 billion Korean won.
The flood
countermeasures, the wide water supply systems, preparation and revision of the water related
laws and acts are the main items in this plan. Two different countermeasures, which are structural
and non-structural countermeasures, are used for flood protections. The flood warning system,
bank construction were the major structural countermeasures and the restriction of urban
development and/or land use, flood plain usage restriction and so on were used as the
non-structural countermeasures.
The Korea Water Resources Corporation (KOWACO) were
established based upon this plan.
The third long term plan, which was called as “Water resources long-term master plan”, was carried
out in 1990 as a 20-year plan from 1991 to 2011. The plan was prepared with five basic objectives
such as sufficient water supply, flood disaster protection, establishment of new water related
community, hydropower generation and integrated water resources management. The
countermeasures for flood control were continued and the water was supplied based upon the four
major watershed area. The construction of new water treatment plants, raw water protection
(based upon the water pollution), instream flow preparation (based upon the water quantity) and
the others were initiated in this plan.
The fourth long term plan, which was called as “Water resources long-term master plan”, was
carried out in 1996 as a 15-year plan from 1997 to 2011. This plan was prepared as the revision of
the third long term plan to meet sustainable water resources concepts. In this plan the water
demand management, the diversified water resources development, alternative water resources
development and the others were included. It was indicated that the concepts to supply the water is
changed from water consumers to water supply potentials. Also, drinking water treatment concepts
having high quality were started based upon this plan.
Table 3. Min items in 2000 long term master plan
Main items
○Construction of multi-purpose dams
-12 small or middle scale dams
-environmentally sound dam construction
Continuous water
-reduction of water quality problem in the dam
resources development
○Industrial water supply system
-40-50 new wide-area water supplying system
-water supplying rate increment (84%-95% until 2011)
○Desalination of sea water in small islands
Diversification of the ○Systematic development and effective management of groundwater
Water Sources
-groundwater law revision for reducing improper consumption
-basin plan for groundwater management
○Channel repairing rate increase (100% until 2005)
Flood control and river
○Environmentally sound channel maintenance
environment
-Channel restoration
maintenance
-continuous monitoring
The fifth long term plan, which was called as “Water resources long-term master plan”, was carried
Area
out in 2000 as a 25-year plan from 2001 to 2025. In this plan, the importance of the water
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
environment was recognized. Stream and river restoration, and the efficient water treatment
system are included in this plan. Table 3 shows the main items in the fifth long-term master plan.
Table 3. Min items in 2000 long term master plan(continued)
Main items
○Increment of existing dam capability and linking with the water supply
system
○Accuracy increment of D/B hydrologic data
-master plan of hydrologic data collection
Effective use of water
-real-time management system
resources and demand ○Rehabilitation of old water supply system
control
-D/B and GIS application
-web based information
-integrated information system
Area
3. FLOOD FORECASTING AND RIVER RUNOFF
Since the computerized flood forecasting system in Korea was introduced in 1974 at the Han River
Flood Control Center (FCC), which in known as the key role in flood forecast and control in Korea
as well as the Han River. Several different types of rainfall-runoff model have been used for the
various water resources management practices. The typical ones are: Kajiyama formula, and
TANK model for the water resources planning and design; HEC-1, HEC-2, SSAPR, SWM, SWMM,
Storage Function Method (SFM) for the flood analysis. The lumped conceptual model developed by
Kimura (1961) has been used to predict the floods in the main FCCs (Be et al 2000).
This model is based on the conservation of mass with relationship that storage of a conceptual
reservoir is a nonlinear function of outflow. This method has an advantage that the computation
procedures are relatively simple, but has a disadvantage that it can only compute the flows for a
single event. Several scientists were tried to test more complicated physically-based models such
as HEC-1 model and SSARR model on the Han River basin, Keum River basin and so on. They
temporally concluded that those models are inadequate to use on the basin due to the complication
of model parameters and lacks of hydrological and geologic data, and decided that the storage
function methods for both watershed and channel routing are used (MOC, 1987). In addition, it has
Fig 3.Flood Forecasting and Warning system in Korea
no chance to make river flow predictions using the rainfalls predicted from atmospheric numerical
models until the beginning of 21 century.
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
However, the efforts to develop the model for the more accurate forecasting are given in these days.
These efforts include the application of hydrodynamic models such as MARK Models as well as the
development of a new model, which can be applied more suitable in the certain basin such as the
Han River basin. Fig. 3 indicates the typical forecasting and warning system applied in the Han
River basin.
4. SEDIMENTATION AND SCOUR
During the past couple of decades, many dams have been constructed in Korea for multi-purpose
projects: supply water to Korea’s rapidly increasing urban and industrial areas, flood protection,
and hydropower. The largest dam in Korea constructed in recent times is Soyang Dam, which in
located in the Han River. Its total storage capacity is about 2.9billion m3. By intercepting dams
including Soyang Dam have caused riverbed degradation along downstream reaches of rivers.
Extreme floods usually result in the riverbed elevation changes in large scale. When they occur with
the tidal current in the river mouth, changes in the riverbed elevation are of a great scale with mostly
riverbed aggradation. The typical aggradations is shown in the Han River which is the most
important one in Korea in terms of the water supply source, flood control and river environment. It
flows across the metropolitan Seoul in its downstream reach and merges with the Imjin River before
it finally merges into the West Sea in the west of the Korean Peninsula. There is a submerged weir,
across the Han River, just downstream Haengju Bridge, a boundary between Seoul and a local
province. During the last decade, the riverbed in the far downstream of the Han River, has been
dramatically changed to the extents of up to a 10m deposition. These changes only occurred less
than in ten years. Bed sediment is composed mostly of fine sand and silt, which can be easily
suspended with a small current such as tides.
Some possible causes for this dramatic aggradation and degradation of the riverbed can be
considered. They are 1) an extraordinary amount of sediment inflow from the upstream reach
during the last decade; 2) diurnal tidal currents with fine sediment suspension; 3) an extraordinary
sediment inflow from the Imjin River accumulated in the confluence of the two rivers and caused an
abundant sediment source to be transported and deposited in the Han River reach; and 4) some
combinations of the above possibilities. At present, KICT (Korean Institute of Construction
Technology) are conducting a research project, with a field measurement and 2-D flow and
sediment models, in order to find causes and practical measures to alleviate the riverbed elevation
change in the reach.
During the last several decades in Korea, more than 100 bridges, mostly small ones, have
collapsed or been badly damaged by scour. All of the bridge-scour cases that occurred during the
last several decades are related to undermining of spread footings and abutments, which are
common for small bridges in Korea.
Scour-related research in Korea is quite young, most of it having been performed only in the last
decade. The research has entailed experimental study of the scour mechanisms (Seo et al., 1998;
Choi et al., 1998), scour protection methods (Lee et al., 1995, Yoon et al., 1995), and field
investigation.
Many municipalities in Korea withdraw drinking water from rivers, some of which have unstable
channels and sandbars. According to one study (Woo et al., 1997), 38% of 84 water intakes
investigated have a significant sediment problem. Sediment deposition around the water intakes in
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
the alluvial channels occurs for various reasons. The most common causes are changes in the
thalweg alignment, rather than a change in the entire channel section.
Since the last two decades, as significant socio-economic development progressed in Korea, many
golf courses and ski slopes have been constructed on mountains and hills. Those developments
have changed the local geomorphology and removed existing vegetation from watersheds. During
the wet and flood season, large amounts of topsoil have been eroded and transported to the
agricultural and residential areas in the lower-lying downstream areas. In 1990 for instance, a
debris flow originating from a construction site for golf courses in Yongin, south of Seoul, brought a
great damage to downstream areas.
To prevent or reduce damages attributable to local floods and accelerated soil erosion at
construction sites, requirements for Natural Disaster Impact Assessment analyses were enacted in
1996 under Korea’s revised Natural Disaster Reduction Act. The primary purposes of assessment
analyses are to estimate, in advance, the effect of proposed developments on the flood, soil
erosion and sediment-control capability of a development area, and ultimately to mitigate potential
damage incurred by the development.
In Korea, large-scale erosion and sedimentation problems are not common due to relatively
favorable geologic, topographic and vegetative conditions. Nevertheless, problems of erosion and
sedimentation do occur locally. They include localized incidents of bridge scour, sediment
deposition on urbanized floodplains, sedimentation around municipal water intakes in alluvial
channels, sediment problems at nuclear-power plants, accelerated watershed erosion at
construction sites, and riverbed changes resulting from dams or gravel mining. A single most
important issue of sedimentation problem in Korea would be that of riverbed aggradation and
degradation, that occurs either locally or wholly in the alluvial rivers.
Engineers concerned with river engineering in Korea place great emphasis on the need for more
reliable methods for predicting sediment transport and local scour. Most formulas presently in use
seem to lack reliability and consistency. Without doubt, they need extensive calibration to local
conditions.
The most important single issue concerning sediment in Korea is variation in alluvial-riverbed
elevation. Channel alignment usually is not easily changed because the banks of many reaches of
rivers and streams in Korea are fortified with concrete-covered levees. Yet, riverbed changes still
cause numerous problems, such as for flood control, navigation, and the performance of various
hydraulic structures.
Additionally, a topic of growing interest in Korea is “close-to-nature” stream restoration works. In
this regard, considerable effort is going into investigating the hydraulics requirements for aquatic
habitat. For example, considerable attention is being given to the use of low-flow revetments
formed from “eco-materials,” such as live willows and reeds. In designing such systems, it is
important to predict how local changes in sediment conditions will affect riverbed and banks locally.
Dam construction causes changes in river regime in the downstream reach. One of the visible
changes in the downstream is an expansion of vegetation area and corresponding change in the
river morphology. They are dramatically shown when the flow regime is completely changed in the
sandy river reach.
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
5. ECO-HYDRAULICS AND STREAM RESTORATION
The first 5-year economic development plan was conducted during 1962-1966 and several different
phases of the economic development plans were continued until recent years. The urbanization
and industrialization in the urban area were accelerated in these periods. Consequently, the runoff
in the streams and rivers is drastically increased during flood season and the runoff during the dry
season is continuously reduced because of the reduced groundwater recharge and interception by
drainage systems. Because the streams are mainly managed for the purpose of the flood control
without the serious consideration about the flow characteristics during these periods, many
streams in the urban area were changed from meandering and braided channels to straight
channels. Also, the channel banks are covered with concrete blocks and/or concrete products, and
the streams near the urban area were used for the purposes of car parking, recreation, and the
other activities.
Many streams were covered with concrete and utilized as the road for car
transportation.
Recently, the importance about the natural stream is recognizing and the stream restoration
projects are actively being conducted. Also, several hydraulic engineers and the other specialists
in the other divisions initiated the researches related to stream restoration and water quality
improvement. Yang Jae Chon, Suwon Chon, Shin Chon, Osan Chon, An Yang Chon, Mu Sim
Chon and so on are the typical examples of stream restoration. However, because the restoration
works in some streams were conducted without serious discussions and deep researches, the
other artificial landscape concepts instead of the natural stream are adopted. Therefore, the more
deep insight and researches are necessary for the stream restoration and water quality
improvement as well as increment of the water quantity in the stream. Fig. 4, which is obtained in
the case of Yang Jae Chun near Seoul City, indicates the feature of the typical stream restoration.
(a) before stream restoration
(b) after stream restoration
Fig.4 The Example of the stream restoration in Yang Jae Chon
6. WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE
The total capacity of water treatment plant in Korea indicates 27 million m3/day with the supply
service of 87% among total population, about 48 million people. The municipal wastewater
treatment capacity of 17.3 million m3/day as shown in Table 4 is distributed in the whole country.
Most municipal wastewater plants were constructed with the capacity over 50,000 m 3/day located
in the vicinity of downstream in the streams.
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
Table 4. The total capacity of municipal wastewater plants in Korea
Classification
Over 50,000
10,000~50,000m3/day
Below 10,000
3
m /day
m3/day
Capacity
16,113,600
1,037,000
181,945
(Unit:m3/day)
Total
17,332,545
The enhanced plant operation and the increment of the removal efficiencies of organic materials,
nitrogen and phosphorus are the most concerning topics to the waste water the related
researchers and engineers.
At the end of 2000, the total length of the water supply network in Korea is 117,949km and about
50% of the total length was installed after 1991. Three different pipes, which are the iron pipe, cast
iron pipe and plastic pipe, occupy most of the distribution pipe network. The main concerns to the
researchers and engineers in the water supply network are the flow simulation, and leak detection
and maintenance.
Two different municipal wastewater systems, which are combined sewer system and the separate
sewer system, are used in Korea. The combining sewer system is about 64% of the total sewer
system. Table 5. indicates the variation of the total length of the sewer system.
Table 5. The variation of the total length of the sewer system Unit : Km
Classification
‘92
‘93
‘94
‘95
‘96
‘97
‘98
Combined Sewer
32,153 33,259 34,144 35,760 36,591 38,148 40,160
Separate Sewer
13,958 15,466 16,735 17,024 19,239 20,523 22,170
Total
46,111 48,725 50,879 52,784 55,830 58,671 62,330
The water quality improvement and wastewater leakage in the sewer system attract the attentions
from the researchers and engineers in these fields.
7. WATER RESOURCE RELATED RESEARCH IN KOREA
The researches conducted in the field in water resources including hydraulics, hydrology, water
resources planning and management, water supply and drainage and coastal engineering are
Table 6. Papers published in Journal of KWRA during 1968-2002
Classification
Experimental
Analysis
Theoretical and
Statistical Analysis
Numerical Analysis
Total
Rainfall Analysis
14
56
43
113
Overland Runoff
6
58
24
88
Flood forecasting and River Runoff
27
78
93
198
Scour and Sedimentation
29
16
20
65
Reservoir Operation and
Management
20
38
16
74
Water supply and Drainage
8
16
13
37
Water treatment and System
Operation
11
13
4
28
Water Quality
9
24
14
47
Groundwater
9
14
12
35
Coastal Engineering
13
21
17
51
Eco-hydraulics and Stream
Restoration
2
3
3
8
Others
18
15
15
48
Total
166
352
274
792
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
analyzed through reviewing Journal of Korea Water Resources Association(KWRA). KWRA is an
association having about 2,000 members working in the water related areas and focuses on a
better understanding of water flow phenomena, technical improvement using information tools and
models as well as engineering applications. The papers published in Journal of KWRA are
classified in Table 6.
As shown in Table 6, flood forecasting and river runoff simulation are the major research topics in
the field of hydraulics in Korea. About twenty five percent of the total papers published in Journal of
KWRA are related with the flood forecasting and river runoff simulation. Sedimentation and Scour
are the second major topics in the field of hydraulics and is about 8 percent of the total papers. Flow
simulation in water supply and drainage systems are also indicated as the matter of interest in the
field of hydraulics. Recently, the concerns on eco-hydraulics including water quality is greatly
increased. Table 7 indicates the comparison of the papers published in Journal of KWRA in the
periods of 1968-1990, 1990-1999 and 2000-2002.
Table 7. The comparison of research patterns during 1968-2002
Classification
1968 - 1990
1990 - 1999
2000 - 2002
Total
Rainfall Analysis
34
54
25
113
Overland Runoff
14
56
18
88
57
108
34
199
12
37
15
64
12
51
11
74
Water supply and Drainage
6
27
4
37
Water treatment and System
Operation
3
20
5
28
Water Quality
10
21
16
47
Groundwater
6
25
4
35
Coastal Engineering
23
20
8
51
1
3
4
8
2
34
12
48
180
456
156
792
Flood forecasting
Runoff
and
River
Scour and Sedimentation
Reservoir
Operation
Management
Eco-hydraulics
Restoration
and
and
Stream
Others
Total
As Shown in Table 7, the research papers are drastically increased in recent years. Flood
forecasting and river runoff simulation, scour and sedimentation are the topics of constant concerns
in the hydraulics area in Korea. Recently, the concern of eco-hydraulics and stream restoration,
and water quality are greatly increased.
Water shortage problem through improving the water resources technologies. The total amount of
100 billion Korean won (about 83million dollar) is expected to allocate by Korean government
during 10 years. The research will be conducted with three different phases, which are shown in
Table 8.
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
Twenty-two different research topics as shown in Table 9. were selected in the four different major
research fields of integrated management of water resources, surface water, groundwater and
alternative water resources. Korean government also allows some additional researches, which
can be widely applied with the technologies developed by above topics. The Fig. 5 indicates the
schematic diagram of the research purposes and main technologies, which is expected to be
developed in each division.
Table 8. Three difference phases of Frontier R&D Program
Phase
Year
Main Objectives
1st phase
2001-2004
(3years)
to develop the basic elements and the basis of the technology in
the water resource field.
2nd phase
2004-2007
(3years)
to utilize and systemize the developed technologies from the first
phase.
3rd phase
2007-2011
(4years)
to integrate every system by using the developed and utilized
technologies from the first and second phases and contribute to
secure water resources by making it common usage.
Intergrated management
Analysis
Preservation
Allocation
Measurment
Conservation
Operation
Simulation
Evaluation
Intergrated management of water resources
Surface water
technology
Ground water
technology
Alternater
Water resources
technology
Fig 5. The Schematic diagram of research development for frontier R&D Program.
Field
Table 9. Research topics in Frontier R&D program
Topics
Technology for Integrated Water Resources Management
Technology for Hydrologic Data Acquisition and Monitoring
Integrated
Management
of Water
Resources
Technology for Effective Use of Temporal and Spatial Data in a River Basin
Water Resources Application of Short- and Long-Term Weather Forecast System
Water Resources Policy for Sustainable Water Resource Development
Technology for Integrated Basin-wide Water Budget Analysis and Water
Resources Planning
Development of Real-time Water Resources Management System
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中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
Technology for Surface water Resources Investigation
Analysis and Modeling for Surface water Hydrological Components
Surface
Water
Analysis and Modeling of River Flow and Bed Changes
Technology for Sustainable Dam Development
Technology for Sustainable River Flow Development
Technology for Site Characterization, Assessment and Exploration Method of
Groundwater Resources
Groundwater Flow Analysis and Modeling
Ground
Water
Assessment of Groundwater Res. Availability Based on Topographic and Geologic
Cha
Technology for Sustainable Groundwater Development and Artificial Recharge
Technology for Pollution Prevention, Protection and Remediation of Groundwater
Resources
Development of Water Reuse Technology
Technology for Leakage Control in Water Distribution and Supply System
Alternative
Water
Resources
Technology for Rainwater Storage and Utilization
Technology for Highly-Efficient and Energy-saving Desalination System
Application for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
8. SUMMARY
The master plans of water resources and water environment management in Korea are introduced
with the general description about topographical and hydrologic characteristics and the following
summaries can be obtained.
First, Five consecutive long-term master plans (1965-2000) of water resources are reviewed. In
this paper, the major features in each long-term master plan are described.
Second, four water related categories in Korea, which are flood, forecasting and river runoff,
sediment and scour, water supply and drainage, and eco-hydraulics and stream restoration are
described about historical progress and general trends.
Third, the water resources researches are analyzed through the Journal of KWRA(Korea Water
Resourced Association). Also, the 21st frontiers R&D program, which was planned to overcome the
water shortage problem through improving the water resources technology, is introduced based
upon the basic concepts and research topics.
REFERENCES
[1] Choi, G. W., Woo, H. S., 2002, “Hydraulic Characteristics and Research Advance in Korea”, First Annual
conference between CSU faculty and Korea Alumni, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Co.
[2 ]Choi, G. W., Ham, C. H., Jun, B. H. and Ahn, S. J. 1998. "Influence of the local scour by interaction between
bridge piers." Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Hydro-Science and-Engineering, Cottbus, Berlin,
Germany.
[3] Deg-Hyo
Bae,
Jun-Seok
Chung,
and
Won-Tae
Kwon,
“A
preliminary
study
for
the
coupled
atmosphere-streamflow modeling in Korea.” International Journal of KWRA.
[4] Kim, Sung, “Introduction of Sustainable water Resources Research Commit“, 21st Frontiers R&D Program.
59
中国水利学会 2002 学术年会特邀报告专辑
MOCT. 2000. The Long-Term Master Plan of Water Resources. Ministry of Construction, Republic of Korea.
[5] Seo, J. P., Yoon, B. and Yeo, W. K. 1998. "Investigation of scour characteristics around pile group with varing
pile spacing." Proceedings of 1998 Annual Conference, Korean Society of Civil Engineers. (in Korean)
Water Resources Operations Center, Korea Water Resources Corporation.
[6] Wischmeier, W. H. and Smith, D. D. 1960. "A universal soil-loss equation to guide conservation farm planning."
7th International Congress of Soil Science, Madison, Wisc.
[7] Yoon, Y. N. and Lee, J. S. 1998. "Estimation of scour depth at bridges and comparative analysis between
estimated and measured scour depth." Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Hydro-Science and
Engineering, Cottbus, Berlin, Germany.
60