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EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
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DR. KOLA OLAFINHAN
MANAGING EDITOR
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DR. A. E. TALABI
ASSISTANT EDITOR
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MR. O. T, IBRAHIM
BOARD MEMBER
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PROF. L. EMIOLA
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PROF. E. A. OGUNSAKIN
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DR. A.A. ADESOYE
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DR. O. OBIYEMI
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DR. O. OYERINDE
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PROF. J. A. ADEDEJI
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PROF. F. AMUCHIE
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PROF. C. O. UDOH
CONSULTING EDITORS
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EDITORIAL NOTE
The Ilorin Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation
(IJOPHER), is out with a new look and a new mandate. We dare our contributors
to send scholarly articles to our journal and in return we will produce a quality
journal.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Editorial note
1.
Home-based Approach for Managing the Woman affected by HIV/AIDS:
Implications for Health Education and Promotion.
Ibrahin, A. Njodi & David W. Bwala. & Olaitan, O. ’Lanre
2.
1
Sexual Behaviour and Contraceptive Practices among
Pre-marital Adolescent Students in Ondo Metropolis
J. O. Fawole, C.F Akinnubi (MRS) J.A Adegboyega
3.
Efficacy of Partitioned Pyramidal Structure of Sports Programme for
High Performance in Nigeria - A. I. Kabido
4.
17
Physical Fitness Lifestyle Among Public Servants in Ekiti State, Nigeria
J. A. Adegun
6.
12
Prospects and Problems of Indigenous Soccer Coaches in Nigeria
Toro Abayomi
5.
6
22
Parental practice and Food Preference of Parents and School Children in
Ilorin LGA of Kwara State - Oyerinde, O. O. & Owojaive, Sunday Oni 26
7.
A Comparative Analysis of College Athletes Performance in Two Separate
Muscular Endurance Tests - Ajayi-Vincent O.B
8.
Perceived Consequences of Corporatistic Model of Organisation of Sports
for Sports Development in Nigeria - Mohammed Baba Gambari
9.
32
36
A Comparative Study of Attitudes of Secondary School Teachers Towards
the Teaching of Physical Education in Ilorin East LGA- Bakinde, S. T
4
40
10.
Socio-cultural Perspectives of Sports Participation - S. O. Babatunde
11.
Dietary Attitude of University of Ilorin Athletes
Dominic, O. L. Mrs,) and Onifade, O.A
43
51
12.
Students’ Perception of Examination Malpractice - Nman Aihaji Habeeb 57
13.
Knowledge of AiDS Among Athletes in Ilorin Metropolis - S.O. Oniyangi
14.
Attribution of Maternal Mortality by Women from High and Low
62
Socio-economic Status in Southern States of Nigeria
Daisy Inyingi Dimkpa
15.
68
Oral Hygiene Practices and Prevalence of Dental Caries Among School
Children in Oyo State - Olaitan, O. ‘Lanre
16.
Attitude of College of Education Lecturers to their Professional Roles
and Duties. B. UAkano & A. T Akinsola
17.
74
79
Sexual Harassment Among Athletes in Higher Institutions in Ilorin
Kwara State - Tajudeen Olanrewaju Ibraheem & Bola, O. Ogunsanwo 84
18.
Disabilities in Children: A Perspective — C. O. Adegbite
90
19.
Bicycling: A Sport that Threatens Manhood — B. O. Asagha
96
20.
Physiological Effects of Havard Bench Steps as Regular Aerobic Exercise
Training Program in the Treatment of insulin-dependent Diabetics.
— Gwani, J.A. & Muhammad M. S, & Chado
21.
101
Relationship Between Lifestyles and Health Problems Suffered by the People
of Kaduna State – Shehu Raheem Adaramaja & comfort O. Adegbite 107
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22.
Recruitment of Volunteers as Aids to the Adapted Physical Educators
in Nigeria Schools for the Handicapped - K Lafinhan
23.
Mental Health for Job Demands among Nigerians: The Place of Health
Education and Consultation Programmes — T.I. Izevbigie
24.
115
120
The Interplay of Health Lifestyles in the Control of Osteoposis
- E.O. Agwubike
126
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ORAL HYGIENE PRACTICES AND PREVALENCE OF DENTAL
CARIES AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN OYO STATE
BY
OLAITAN, O. ‘LANRE
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION,
UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, ILORIN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The study investigated the oral hygiene practices and prevalence of dental
caries among school children (6 — 12 years). The study used 246 boys and 231
girls, which were randomly selected from 9 public primary schools in three socioeconomic areas in Oyo State. In all 202 (42.3%) pupils do not brush their teeth,
with significant differences in the different socio-economic areas. The prevalence
of dental caries was 62.1% with no significant sex difference. Health education
programme such as, brushing of teeth twice daily, especially at night before
going to bed to improve oral hygiene practices was therefore recommended.
INTRODUCTION
Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic sugar-dependent infectious
disease, affecting calcified tissue of the tooth and causing demineralization of the
inorganic portion with subsequent destruction of the organic substance
(McDonald, Stookey & Avery, 2004). Treating carious tooth does not mean the
tooth will return to its original state. Adekele (1998) opined that dental caries is a
progressive, irreversible bacterial damage to the teeth in the mouth.
It is generally believed that three factors play a role in the development of
dental caries; they are the host, the agent and the environments. Fejerskov
(2003) believed that these factors interact to produce a variety of dental
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diseases at varying rates and intensities. The factors contributing to these
variations could either be cultural, genetic, or environmental in nature. Dental
caries has a worldwide distribution, regardless of sex, age and socio economic
level.
Sheiham (2002) & WHO (2004) opined that dental caries is increasing
over time, especially since the relatively recent economic growth, which has
resulted in an increased consumption of refined sugar. It is higher in many
developed countries than in other developing countries (Tamari, 1994). Lack of
awareness of about oral hygiene practices has also contributed to the increase in
dental caries (WHO, 2004).
The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral hygiene practices
and the prevalence of dental caries, and the various social and behavioural
factors related to these problems among school children in Oyo State.
Hypothesis
Ho1: There is no significant difference in the toothbrushing behaviours among
the school children in three socio-economic areas of Oyo State.
Ho2: There is no significant difference in the dental caries among the school
children in three socio-economic areas of Oyo State.
Ho3: There is no significant difference in the educational status of the parents
of the school children in three socio-economic areas of Oyo State.
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METHODOLOGY
This cross-sectional survey was conducted between April 4th, 2004 and
June 3rd 2004. Using a multistage sampling technique, the public primary
schools were listed as found in different areas of the state used according to
different socio economic levels:
• higher social areas (area one, Agodi GRA in Ihadan North LGA)
• middle social areas (area two, Taki in Ogbomoso North LGA)
• lower social areas (area three, ljaiye-Orile in Akinyele LGA).
Simple random sampling technique was adopted to choose the schools and
classes. Two schools were selected in area one, because of the limited
number of schools there, while the study covered four schools in areas
two, and three in area three, because of the large number of schools
there. The sample was selected by cluster sampling in area one (i.e all the
pupils in primary three classes were taken), and systematic sampling in
the second and third areas (i.e only some of the pupils were taken)
because of the large number of classes, in order to ensure a stratified
sample with regards to the class, area and sex.
The diagnostic criteria of WHO regarding oral health surveys was used
(WHO, 2004). The detail of aim and type of the study was explained to the
headteachers and teachers of the schools, then classes and pupils were chosen
as described before. The pupils were informed about the nature and purpose of
the study. The researcher interviewed each child and the two-trained research
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assistants, using a specially prepared validated and pretested questionnaire This
was followed by an oral examination under good illumination. Other demographic
data of the pupils were obtained from the pupils’ files available in schools.
The pupils were divided into two subjective groups namely; the tooth
brushing group and the non-tooth brushing group according to their tooth
brushing behaviour. The tooth brushing group was further subdivided into three
subjective subgroups as follow first those who regularly brushed their teeth at
night to keep the teeth clean from food debris during night hours, second group
are those who brushed their teeth in the morning only for cosmetic reasons
rather than decreasing the teeth and third group are those who brushed at other
times.
RESULTS
In all, 477 pupils were examined for dental caries and oral hygiene
practices. 246 boys and 231 girls, similar levels of pupils were taken from each
area, since all the pupils used were in primary three (see table I).
The differences in the educational status of parents in the three areas
were statistically significant (at P < 0.00), which is clearly indicative of the
difference in socio economic levels in the different areas of the study (see
table 2).
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Area
One (high socioeconomic level)
Two (middle socioeconomic level)
Three (low socioeconomic level
Total
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Boys
Girls
Total
83
77
78
75
85
79
246
231
160
33.5
153
321
164
34.4
477
100
Tooth Brushing Behaviour
No
33
20.6
60
39.0
109
66.5
202
42.3
Night
42
26.3
19
14.1
7
4.3
68
14.3
Morning
33
20.6
31
20.3
23
14.0
87
18.2
Other
55
34.4
44
28.3
24
14.6
123
25.8
Dental Caries
No
65
35
61
39.9
55
33.5
181
37.9
Table 2: Chi-Square(X2) results on toothbrusbing behaviours, dental caries and
educational status of parents
N=477
Variable
Calc. x2 value
df
Crt. Value
Decision on Ho
Toothbrushing behaviour
118.6
6
18.5
Highly significant @
P < 0.005
Dental caries
3.412
2
5.99
Not significant @
P < 0.005
Parents education status
97.8
6
12.59
significant @
P < 0.005
Number of children
Figure 1: Presence of dental caries according to toothbrushing status
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Yes
95
59.4
92
60.1
109
66.5
296
62.1
Table 1 revealed that 202 (42.3%) pupils did not brush their teeth. In
area one, (20.6%) pupils did not brush their teeth, whereas in area two 60
(39.0%) did not brush their teeth, and area three had highest number of non —
toothbrushers with 109 (66.5 AU types of tooth brushing behaviour were in
descending order according to the so status of each area.
Amongst all, regular night toothbrushers were 68 (14.3%) of the 477
pupils, while 87 (18.2%) brushed in the morning only: 123 (25.8%) brushed at
other times.
Of the 68 regular night toothbrushers, only 6 (8.8%) had brushed for
more the years: the majority 39 (57.4%) had been brushing for less than 2
years.
The prevalence of dental caries in this sample was 62.1% (95.3% CI 58.6
— 65 one or more tooth might be decayed in the same child.
The prevalence and the number of carious teeth were greater in area
three (66. than the others. Areas one and two had a similar overall prevalence of
dental caries (59.4% and 60.1% respectively). The difference was not
statistically significant P> 0.05(see table 2).
However, among the 202 pupils who did not bush their teeth, 67 (33.2%)
had no dental caries, compared with 116 of 278 (4 1.7%) for all those who
brushed. The difference in dental caries between non-toothbrushers and
toothbrushers was statistically significant at P< 0.005(see figure 1 and table 2).
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DISCUSSION
Toothbrushing: This study revealed that the practice of toothbrushing was
not satisfactory among subjects for the reason that a large numbers of pupils
(42,3%) of the sample did not brush their teeth at all. Although area three had
the largest number of the non-toothbrushers.
Toothbrushing behaviour among the pupils was strongly related to the
parental education and their socio economic statuses. This could be attributed to
the awareness created by continuous parental instruction and/or to the imitation
behaviour of these children, as the children of parents in high socio economic
level and those with parents who had higher education brushed their teeth
regularly.
Dental Caries: The prevalence of dental caries in this study was slightly
higher among boys than girls, which differs from. other studies (Legler, Al-Alousi
& Jamison, 1996). Although, the difference was not statistically significant.
Dental caries, was encountered less frequently among the toothbrushing group,
a finding in line with Holt, Joels & Winter (1992) and Legler. et al (1996). The
higher prevalence of dental caries in area three is not in line with the finding of
Olsson (1999) which showed more dental caries in the teeth of children from
high socio economic levels than those with of lower socio economic levels. The
results however, simulate the situation in industrialized countries, where dental
problems, including dental caries, are more common in the lower social classes,
this may probably due to greater use of artificial feeding in infancy, the ability to
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afford sweets and refined sugars, ignorance, and poor oral hygiene practices
(Holt, et al, 1992; WHO, 1997 & Truin et al, 1993).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study shows that dental caries among the school children is
dependent on the toothbrushing behaviour and general oral hygiene practices of
the pupils. It is therefore recommended that parents regardless of their socio
economic levels should emphasize regular toothbrushing habits for their children
in the morning and especially at night before going to bed, so as to make the
mouth be free of the food debris which could cause the tooth to decay. Teachers
are also implored to engage in health education campaign to ensure that children
adhere to the good oral hygiene practices so as to avert this irreversible dental
health problem.
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REFERENCES
Adeleke, W (1998). Care of baby teeth. Lagos: Adadis publishers.
Fejerskov, O. (2003). Concepts of dental caries and their consequences
for understanding the disease. Community Dentistry and Epidemiology, 29, 1522.
Holt, R; Joels, D & Winter, G.B (1992). Caries in preschool children. The
Camden study . British Dental Journal, 153, 107 — 109.
Legler, D.W.; Al-Alousi, W & Jamison, H.C. (1996). Dental caries
prevalence in secondary school children in Iraq. Journal of Dental Research, 67,
1998 — 2004.
McDonald, R.E.; Stookey G.K. & Avery D.R. (2004). Dental caries in he
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Olsson, B. (1999). Dental health situation in privileged children in Addis
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Sheiham, A. (2002). Dental caries in underdeveloped countries. In
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Tamari J.W (1994). An assessment of oral disease among primary school
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24, 407—415. Truin, G.J; Konig, K.C. & Kaisbeek, H. (1993). Trends in dental
caries in the Netherlands. Advances in dental Research, 7. 1, 15 —8.
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WHO (2004). Preventive methods and programmes for oral diseases.
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