1. What is the need for user-defined functions?
(or)
2. (a) Explain different categories of functions in C with simple illustrative
examples?
(b) Write a C program using functions to calculate the factorial of a given
number?
(or)
3. (a) Define actual parameter and formal parameter. What is meant by
global and local variable? Explain with example.
(or)
4. Write briefly about the category of functions in C
Explain about call by value with an example.
Functions:
Defination:A Function is a block of code that has a name and it has a property
that it is reusable i.e. it can be executed from as many different points in a C
Program as required.
A function is a module or block of program code which deals with a
particular task. Structure of a Function
C functions are classified into two categories .They are
1. Library functions or pre-define function.
2. User define functions.
Library functions:
This are predefine functions which have their own functionality and cloud
not be changed by the user.
Example:printf (), scanf (), sqrt () etc...
User define functions:
This are the functions which are defined by the user based up on the his own
requirements.
Example:main ()
Why we use Functions:
Two reasons
1.
Writing functions avoids rewriting the same code again and again.
2.
Another reason to use functions is to reduce program size. Any sequence of
instructions that appears in program more than once is a candidate for being
made into a function.
Function Declaration
Syntax: function name (parameter list)
Argumentsdeclaration;
{
Local variable declaration;
Statements;
Return (expression);
}
It has three main parts
 The name of the function i.e. sum
 The parameters of the function enclosed in parenthesis
 Return value type i.e. int
Example:
int sum(int x, int y)
{
intans = 0; //holds the answer that will be returned
ans = x + y; //calculate the sum
returnans
//return the answer
}
 Any C program contains at least one function.
 If a program contains only one function, it must be main( ).
 In a C program if there are more than one functional present then one of
these functional must be main( ) because program execution always begins
with main( ).
 There is no limit on the number of functions that might be present in a C
program.
 Each function in a program is called in the sequence specified by the
function calls in main( )
 After each function has done its thing, control returns to the main( ), when
main( ) runs out of function calls, the program ends.
Calling function:
The function which is declared, to call another function for the purpose of
performing a required task is called as a Calling function
Called function:
The function which actually performs the prescribed task is called and returns the
value to the calling function is known as the called function.
Actual arguments:
The arguments or information passed from calling function to the called function
are called actual arguments.
Formal arguments:
The arguments on which the called function works with are known as formal
arguments.
Category of functions:
User defined functions are divided in to three different categories. They are as
follows.
(i) Functions with no arguments and no return values.
(ii) Functions with arguments and no return values.
(iii)
Functions with arguments and return values.
Functions with no arguments and no return values:
These are the functions which does not have any arguments
received from the calling function and which does not return any values to the
calling function.
Example :
Main()
{
Printf(“\n I am in main function:”);
Fun();
Getch();
}
Fun()
{
Printf(“\n I am in fun() function:”);
}
Output :
I am in main function:
I am in fun() function.
Functions with arguments and no return values.
These are the functions which obtains the arguments from the calling
function but does not returns any values to the calling function.
Example :
Main()
{
Inta,b;
a=5, b=5;
sum(a,b);
getch();
}
Void sum( int x, int y)
{
Int z;
Z=x+y;
Printf(“\n sum of digits given:%d”,z);
}
Functions with arguments and with return values:
These are the functions which obtains arguments from the
calling function and returns a value to the calling function.
Main()
{
Inta,b,c;
a=5, b=6;
clrscr();
c=add(a,b);
printf(“\n sum of values is:%d”,c);
getch();
}
Intadd(intx,int y)
{
Return x+y; }
Recursive functions:
A function can call itself such a process is called recursion and
those functions are called recursive functions.
Example:
Main()
{
Int n, result;
Printf(“\n enter n value:”);
Scanf(“%d”,&n);
Result=Factorial( n);
Printf(“\n the factorial of %d is:%d”,n,result);
Getch();
}
Int Factorial(n)
{
Int fact;
If(n==1)
Return (1);
Else{
Fact=fact*factorial(n-1)
}
Return fact; }
CALL BY VALUE:
In this method the value of each of the actual arguments in the calling
function is copied into corresponding formal arguments of the called function.
With this method the changes made to the formal arguments in the called function
have no effect on the values of actual argument in the calling function. The
following program illustrates this:
main ( )
{
int a = 10, b=20;
swap (a,b);
printf ("\na = % d b = % d", a,b);
}
swap (int x, int y)
{
int t;
t = x;
x = y;
y = t;
printf ( "\n x = % d y = % d" , x, y);
}
The output of the above program would be; x = 20 y = 10 a =10 b =20
CALL BY REFERENCE
In the second method the addresses of actual arguments in the calling
function are copied in to formal arguments of the called function. This means that
using these addresses we would have an access to the actual arguments and hence
we would be able to manipulate them the following program illustrates this.
main ( )
{
int a = 10, b =20,
swapv (&a, &b);
printf ("\n a = %d b= %d", a, b);
}
swapr (int **, int * y)
{
int t;
t = *x
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
The output of the above program would be a = 20 b =10