UNIT 1
Science of Biology
Sec 1: Characteristics of Living Things
Chapter 1
What is Biology?
Biotic vs. Abiotic
Characteristics of Living Things
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
6.
7.
As a group…
Levels of Organization within an Organism
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
2
UNIT 1
Biological Chemistry
Sec 1: atoms, molecules, bonding, pH, water
Chapter 2
Matter
Atoms
-
protons
-
neutrons
-
electrons
atomic number
6
C
Carbon
12.011
atomic mass
isotopes
element
atoms form compounds and molecules
-
ionic bond
3
-
covalent bond
(example - CH4)
-
polar covalent bond
(example - H2O)
Characteristics of water
-
polar
-non-polar
-
cohesive and adhesive
-
universal solvent
-
ice floats
-
high specific heat
pH scale
4
UNIT 1
Biological Chemistry
Sec 2: carbon, carbohydrates, lipids, protein
Chapter 2
Organic molecules
-
organic vs. inorganic
-
why carbon?
Macromolecule
Polymerization
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates
Functions:
-
monosaccharide
ex: glucose
ex: fructose
5
-
disaccharide
ex: sucrose
ex: lactose
-
polysaccharide
energy:
ex: glycogen
ex: starch
structure:
ex: chitin
ex: cellulose
Lipids
Functions:
Triglyceride
Saturated
unsaturated
6
Protein
Functions:
-
amino acids
-
peptide bonds
-
enzymes
graph of how enzymes work:
7
Lock and key fit:
Enzyme:
Active Site:
Substrate:
Product:
Nucleic acids
Functions:
-
nucleotide
-
DNA vs. RNA
8
Unit 2
Cells outline
Sec 1: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Stucture and function
Chapter 7
Cell theory
1.
2.
3.
Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells –
(ex: bacteria)
-
cell wall
-
plasma or cell membrane
-
cytoplasm
-
chromosome/chromatin
-
ribosome
9
Eukaryotic cells –
Organelles and structures:
-
cell wall
-
plasma or cell membrane
nucleus
chromatin
chromosomes
nucleolus
nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane
-
ribosome
-
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
rough ER
smooth ER
-
Golgi apparatus
10
-
lysosome
-
vacuole
-
chloroplast
-
mitochondrion
11
Unit 2
Cells outline
Sec 2: Movement through the membrane
Chapter 7
Plasma membrane
(the fluid-mosaic model)
label and describe the
following on a membrane:
-
lipid bilayer
-
hydrophilic
-
polar
-
hydrophobic
-
nonpolar
-
protein channel
-
carbohydrate chain
12
Concentration
hypertonic solution
hypotonic solution
isotonic solution
turgor pressure
Passive Transport -
Diffusion
13
Osmosis
Facilitated transport
Active transport:
-
endocytosis
phagocytosis
-
exocytosis
14
Unit 2
Cells
Sec 3: Cell reproduction
Chapter 10
Limit to cell growth-
1. DNA overload
2. exchanging materials
Eukaryotic chromosomes
-
chromatin
-
diploid (2n) cell
-
haploid (n) cell
-
sister chromatids
-
centromere
Eukaryotic cell cycle:
-
interphase
15
Mitosis:
-
prophase
-
metaphase
-
anaphase
-
telophase
cytokinesis
plant cells vs. animal cells
(cell plate)
Uncontrolled cell growth
16
Unit 3
Energy transformation
Sec 1: Photosynthesis
Chapter 8
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Energy:
ATP
Photosynthesis
chemical formula
light absorption
17
Photosynthesis occurs
In the chloroplast
-
thylakoids
-
grana
-
stroma
-
chlorophyll
Step 1: light-dependent reaction
-
photosystem II
-
photosystem I
18
Step 2: Light independent reaction
Summary of Photosynthesis -
19
Unit 3
Energy transformation outline
Sec 2: Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9
Cellular respiration
-
formula for cellular respiration
Glycolysis
reactants:
products:
Anaerobic
Fermentation-
-Alcoholic fermentation
-Lactic acid fermentation
reactants:
products:
20
Aerobic
Krebs Cycle
reactants:
products:
electron transport chain
reactants:
products:
21
Unit 4
Heredity
Sec 1: Meiosis
Chapter 11
Chromosome number
homologous pairs
diploid (2N)
sexual reproduction
gamete
haploid (N)
Meiosis
Phases of meiosis
22
prophase I
crossing over
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I
23
prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II
Gamete formation
male
female
polar bodies
Mitosis vs. meiosis
24
Unit 4
Heredity
Sec 2: Mendel
Chapter 11
Genetics
Gregor Mendel
-
garden pea (why
this was a good choice)
true-breeding
trait
-
Traits that
he observed
Hybrid
Genes
Alleles
25
Dominant
Recessive
How does this occur?
Gamete
Zygote
Probability
Punnett square
Monohybrid cross
26
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Beyond Mendel
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
27
Multiple alleles
Sex-linked traits
28
Unit 4
Heredity
Sec 3: Human genetics
Chapter 14
Human chromosomes
karyotype
sex chromosomes
autosomes
pedigree chart
Genetic disorders:
Autosomal recessive disorders
albinism
cystic fibrosis
phenylketonuria (PKU)
29
Tay-Sachs disease
Autosomal dominant disorders
Huntington’s disease
Autosomal codominant disorders
sickle cell disease
Sex-linked disorders
colorblindness
hemophilia
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Nondisjunction disorders
Down syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Klinefelter’s syndrome
30
Unit 5
Molecular genetics
Sec 1: DNA Structure and Replication
Chapter 12
Chargaff’s rule
Franklin
Watson and Crick
double helix
nucleotide
DNA and chromosomes
31
Chromosome structure
DNA replication
Helicase
DNA Polymerase
Ligase
32
Unit 5
Molecular genetics
Sec 2: Protein synthesis
Chapter 12
Protein synthesis
transcription
Messenger RNA
RNA polymerase
33
Translation
Codon
34
Mutations
Chromosomal mutation
Frame shift mutation
Point mutation
35
Unit 5
Molecular genetics
Sec 3: Genetic engineering
Chapter 13
Selective breeding
hybridization
inbreeding
Increasing variation
polyploid
genetic engineering
1. DNA extraction
2. Cutting DNA
restriction enzymes
36
3. separating DNA
gel electrophoresis
4. PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
Recombinant DNA
transforming bacteria
37
Transgenic organisms
transgenic animals
transgenic plants
Cloning
Gene Therapy
38
Unit 6
Evolution
Sec 1: Darwin’s theory of evolution
Chapter 15
Theory
Evolution
Gradualism
Pre-Darwin:
An ancient, changing earth
-
Hutton and Lyell
Lamark’s theory of evolution
Thomas Malthus (population growth)
39
Darwin’s observations
-
patterns of diversity
-
living organisms and fossils
-
the Galapagos Islands
Darwin presents his case:
On the Origin of Species
Natural variation
Artificial selection
Natural selection
-
struggle for existence
40
-
fitness
-
adaptation
-
survival of the fittest
Evidence of Evolution
fossil record
geographic distribution of species
homologous body structures
similarities in early development
common genes
41
Unit 6
Evolution
Sec 2: Evolution of populations
Chapter 16
Gene pool
-
allele frequency
Sources of genetic variation
-
mutations
-
gene shuffling
single gene trait
polygenic trait
42
In genetic terms, evolution is …
natural selection on
single-gene traits
natural selection on
polygenic traits
-
directional selection
-
stabilizing selection
-
disruptive selection
43
Genetic drift
-
founder effect
Hardy-Weinberg principle
Genetic equilibrium
-
random mating
-
large population
-
no movement in or out of the population
-
no mutations
-
no natural selection
speciation
-
reproductive isolation
-
endemic species
44
Unit 7
Ecology
Section 1: The Biosphere
Chapter 3
Ecology
Levels of Organization
-
organism
-
species
-
population
-
community
-
ecosystem
-
biome
-
biosphere
Energy Flow:
Sunlight
Autotroph
45
Importance of Producers
Chemoautotrophs
Heterotrophs
-
herbivores
-
carnivores
-
omnivores
-
detritivores
Feeding relationships
Food chain
Food web
trophic levels
Energy pyramid
46
Unit 7
Ecology
Section 2 Shaping an Ecosystem
Chapter 4
Ecosystems
Biotic factors
Abiotic factors
survival and growth
Habitat
Niche
47
Community Interactions
Competition
Predation
Symbiosis
-
mutualism
-
commensalism
-
parasitism
48
Unit 7
Ecology
Sec 3: Population Dynamics
Chapter 5
Characteristics of Populations
-geographic distribution (range)
-population density
-growth rate
Population size
Immigration
Emigration
Exponential Growth
-characteristics
49
Logistical Growth
-limit to resources
carrying capacity
Limiting Factor
Density-dependent factors
Ex:
Density-independent factors
Ex:
50
Unit 7
Ecology
Sec 4: Biodiversity
Chapter 6
What is biodiversity?
ecosystem diversity
species diversity
genetic diversity
Benefits of biodiversity
Threats to Biodiversity
habitat fragmentation
demand for wildlife products
51
pollution
biological magnification
introduced species
invasive species
Conservation
strategies
challenges
52
Unit 8
Taxonomy and classification
Sec 1: taxonomy and classification
Chapter 18
Why classify?
-
taxonomy
Scientific name
-
binomial nomenclature
Classification
King Philip came over from great Spain
-
kingdom
-
phylum
-
class
-
order
-
family
-
genus
-
species
53
Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plant
Animal
54
Unit 8
Taxonomy and classification
Sec 2: Bacteria and viruses
Chapter 19
Viruses
-
nonliving
-
covering
-
inner core
.
-
bacteriophage
reproduction
-
lytic cycle:
-
lysogenic cycle
55
-
retrovirus
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Identifying Bacteria
-
shape
bacilli
cocci
spirilla
-
cell wall
Gram-positive
Gram-negative
-
movement
flagella
56
Obtaining energy
-
photoautotrophs
-
chemoautotrophs
-
heterotrophs
decomposers
Oxygen?
-
obligate aerobes
-
obligate anaerobes
-
facultative anaerobes
Reproduction
-
binary fission
-
conjugation
-
endospore
57