Livia Chan
AP US History – Period 3
March 7, 2011
Chapter 28: America in a World at War (p.740-746)
Containing Jap. – (p.740) U.S., Brit, and Dutch surrendered slowly in Philippines and Guam in
early 1942  Midway plan: Gen Douglas MacArthur moved N. from Australia to Philippines
and Admiral Chester Nimitz moved west from Hawaii to Jap. islands (both head to Jap.); by
1943, Jap. advance was stopped and U.S. took offensive for 1st time
Holding of Germans- (p.740-742) more difficult b/c U.S. had to help Brit. and “Free French” in
west and Soviet Union in East; planned to invade France  Soviet Union wanted early b/c was
suffering most of Germ. attacks but Brit. wanted to start in S. Africa  followed Brit. plan
which turned out to be really effective in forcing Germans to leave N. Africa by 1943 but
delayed invasion of France; 1943 Soviet Union able to stop German offensive  plan to attack
Italy (success)  delay France invasion again and gave Russians chance to move into east Eur.
Official Anti-Semitism- (p.743) despite protests from public, U.S. refused to help bomb
concentration camps, destroy RR heading there, and had extremely limited Jewish admittance to
U.S. (used only about 10% visas allowed); claimed only way to help Jews = end war
War-Induced Economic Recovery- (p.744) WWII helped end Great Depression: stopped
unemployment, deflation, and industrial sluggishness problems (b/c more $ being pumped into
economy through fed. spending); fed. budget, gross national product, and income increased; less
consumer goods b/c demand for arms, savings helped after war
Union Gains- (p.745) restrictions in order to limit production stops: Little Steel formula (limit of
15% wage increase during war), “no-strike” pledge (still other unorganized strikes occurred);
gains: “maintenance-of-membership” (workers in defense plants = automatically part of unions);
increased union membership by almost 3 mill.
Office of Price Admin.- (p.745) created to enforce Anti-Inflation Act (gave admin. authority to
freeze prices, wages, rents)  made inflation less serious problem but there were complaints
over rationing and control of wages/prices  black marketing and overcharging happened
War Production Board- (p.746) created to mobilize economy for war but didn’t have as much
authority as War Industries Board (WWI)  couldn’t fully control military purchases, didn’t
satisfy small businesses  authority moved to Office of War Mobilization but didn’t change
much; still met almost all war needs
March 9, 2011
Chapter 28: America in a World at War (p.746-756)
National Defense Research Committee- (p.746) 1940 created for military research and
development in WWII; govt. funded $100 mill+, much more than previous 40 years combined
Radar and Sonar- (p.746) new technological innovations in radar/sonar helped defend Amer. and
helped attack German U-boats
Ultra- (p.748) Brit. secret project of intellectuals who used new forms of tech. to attack Axis (ex:
stole/captured German/Jap devices); able to decipher thousands of German messages  planned
ahead and caught Axis by surprise
Magic- (p.748) U.S. equivalent to Brit. Ultra; could effectively read many Jap. coded messages
but failed to decipher it in Pearl Harbor
Fair Employment Practices Commission- (p.748) FEPC, created in order to appease black
laborers  investigated discrimination against blacks in war industries; had limited powers and
effectiveness but was a rare success for blacks
Congress of Racial Equality- (p.748) CORE, helped fight discrimination against blacks in new
way – sit-ins and other demonstrations in segregated places; inspired civil rights mvmt
African Amer. and WWII- (p.749) military leaders let more blacks enter Marines/Armed Forces
to increase manpower; despite integration of blacks and whites and more blacks being allowed in
military, there were still some protests against discrimination
“Code-Talkers”- (p.749) about 25,000 Native Amer. worked for military in WWII; did combat
and worked in communications b/c enemy couldn’t understand native lang.
Native Amer. and WWI- (p.749) worked in war plants/army b/c lmtd govt. assistance  contact
w/ whites = assimilation; after war, many jobs were stopped  returned to reservations
Mexican Amer. and WWII- (p.749) worked in factories b/c wartime labor shortage (kicked out
during Depression by whites)  increase tensions b/w whites and Mex. Amer; zoot-suit riots
were staged by white tailors, attacking Mex. b/c style of clothing challenged traditional wear
Women and WWII- (p.750) dramatic increase in female employment (mostly married/older than
working women in past); mostly clerical work (clerks, secretaries, typists, etc.); in industries
given work relatable to housework; created distinct female community w/ many absent men
Children and WWII- (p.750) often neglected by working mothers, increased crime, and increase
teen prostitution, worked  decrease in high-schoolers
Beginning of “Baby Boom”- (p.751) increase marriages (at lower ages) but increase divorces too;
increase marriages = increase birth rates = postwar baby boom
Economic Good Times- (p.751) increased consumerism (mostly to learn about war – movies,
mags, radios); dance halls and bands attracted soldiers who were going to leave it all behind
Fighting for Future Prosperity- (p.752) soldiers felt like they were fighting for comfortable future
rather than defending U.S.  idealized and romanticized home
USO- (p.753) recruited women to be hostesses to maintain military morale – danced and chat w/
lonely men; wanted/promoted “healthy” heterosexual relationships
Ethnic Distinctions blurred- (p.754) during war there was less ethnic hostility than WWI –
enemy wasn’t Germans/Italians, it was simply the awful political system that was controlling the
Even though there
nation (heroic soldiers from diff. ethnic BG’s also contributed)
wasn’t much
evidence to prove
that the Jap. were Anti-Japanese Prejudice- (p.754) along w/ other Asians, were more prone to discrimination than
actually spying, it
whites; even though citizens, weren’t considered “ real” Amer.  Jap-Amer. communities
was easier to
became more closed in which reinforced idea of devious/cruel and isolated people; were accused
blame Pearl
Harbor on
of helping Japan in war (esp. in west)  viewed as threat to nation
someone else. It’s
similar to the way
Germans blamed War Relocation Authority- (p.755) WPA; created to isolate Jap. from rest of nation b/c suspicion
their economic of spying; put in relocation/internment camps which were basically like prisons in mts/desert 
troubles on the
some sent to work as agr. laborers; wasn’t much opposition b/c other Amer. more concerned
Jews (and other
about taking over Jap-Amer.’s abandoned property; by 1943, some Jap. in east able to leave
groups).
Korematsu v. U.S. - (p.755) 1944 Jap. relocation declared constitutional but for nonloyal citizens
(up to interpretation)  by 1945 able to go back to west but couldn’t retrieve lost property
Despite all the
deaths and
Chinese Exclusion Acts Repealed- (p.756) 1943 repealed to improve relations w/ China; only
deadlier weapons
allowed 105/yr but many came b/c provision that covered war brides/fiancées (1st 3 yrs = 4,000
(nuclear), WWII
could have been Chinese immigrants); Chinese in U.S. allowed to be citizens
considered a good
thing: it ended the
Decline in Hostility Towards Chinese- (p.756) positive images were presented by govt. to
Great Depression,
increase hostility toward Japs, contributed to war efforts by working in war plants
finally got
Chinese
Exclusion Acts
Dismantling New Deal- (p.756) as U.S. entered WWII, focus became to win war rather than
repealed, and
reform, liberals found it hard to enact/protect programs b/c increase in conservatives
inspired new
technological
advancements.
March 10, 2011
Chapter 28: America in a World at War (p.756-764)
Strategic Bombing- (p.757) Allies bombed major German cities, destroying ¾ of Dresden and
killing thousands of people; forced German air force (Luftwaffe) to relocate and air battles w/
Allies which weakened it
D-Day- (p.758) June 6, 1944; Eisenhower bombarded Normandy coast w/ troops and supplies
and pushed German forces away b/c manpower and equipment
Battle of the Bulge- (p.758) Germany made last attempt to resist Allies (formed bulge in Amer.
forces to defend); ended German resistance in west
Germany Defeated- (p.759) May 8, 1945; after Hitler suicide, surrendered b/c lost on both fronts
Battle of Leyte Gulf- (p.759) largest naval battle in hist.; Japan’s navy was seriously damaged
and was basically unable to cont. major naval war
Battle of Iwo Jima- (p.759) costliest single battle of Marine Corps hist. at Jap. island; over
20,000 casualties for marines
Okinawa- (p.759) showed desperation of Jap. to resist Allies – 100,000 Jap. died from kamikaze
(suicide) plane attacks on Allies (50,000 Allies casualties)
Enrico Fermi- (p.760) Italian scientist who discovered radioactivity of uranium  news was sent
to U.S. by Niels Bohr; experiments were created to develop powerful weapon using uranium
Manhattan Project- (p.761) secret scientific/technological project conducted by U.S. govt. which
The development researched/experimented on ways to develop atomic weapon before Germany did – WWII ended
of the atomic
bomb helped the before able to test first weapon; Trinity was the first plutonium-fueled bomb that was tested
U.S. to become
one of the most Debating the Bomb’s Use- (p.761) Harry S. Truman (president after FDR’s death) decided to use
feared nations
(militarily) in the bomb against Japan but there are debates about his decision; some viewed it as unnecessary b/c
world, a status U.S. agreed to survival of Jap. emperor anyways (even though refused in beginning), Japanese
which is still
would probably have surrendered soon, and resulted in extreme devastation in Japan; others
maintained today.
In addition, the argue there was no other option w/out having to invade Japan w/ lots of casualties
Cold War, (esp.
against Soviet
Hiroshima- (p.762) August 6, 1945 atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan; resulted in
Union) also
thousands of Jap. deaths and future birth defects due to exposure to radiation
resulted in the
creation of atomic
bombs.
Nagasaki- (p.763) August 9, 1945 another bomb dropped on Japan b/c Jap. govt. was unable to
reach agreement on surrender (Soviet Union declared war on Japan day before)  August 14,
Jap. emperor announced surrender