RESEARCH PROJECT : DR CHRISTA JANSE VAN RENSBURG (Injuries related to cycle setup)
Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1996 to November Week 3 2009>
Search Strategy:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Bicycling/ (3845)
2
exp Neck Injuries/ (2901)
3
exp Back Injuries/ (7877)
4
2 or 3 (10616)
5
(bike fit$ or bike setup or bike set up).tw. (5)
6
(bicycle fit$ or bicycle setup or bicycle set up).tw. (13)
7
5 or 6 (16)
8
from 7 keep 2,4-6,8-9,11-14,16 (11)
9
Equipment Design/ (57392)
10
bicycle$.tw. and 9 (79)
11
Bicycling/in and 10 (11)
12
limit 11 to (english language and humans) (11)
13
from 12 keep 5,7 (2)
14
8 or 13 (13)
15
from 14 keep 1-13 (13)
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Result <1>
Unique Identifier
12860549
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Patterson JM. Jaggars MM. Boyer MI.
Authors Full Name
Patterson, J Megan M. Jaggars, Marissa M. Boyer, Martin I.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Title
Ulnar and median nerve palsy in long-distance cyclists. A prospective study.
Source
American Journal of Sports Medicine. 31(4):585-9, 2003 Jul-Aug.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although case reports have identified the presence of distal ulnar nerve sensory and motor dysfunction in longdistance cyclists, the actual incidence of this condition, referred to as "cyclist's palsy," is unknown. PURPOSE: To determine the
incidence of distal ulnar nerve compression in cyclists. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: Twenty-five road or mountain
bike riders responded to a questionnaire and were then physically examined and interviewed before and after a 600-km bicycle ride.
RESULTS: Twenty-three of the 25 cyclists experienced either motor or sensory symptoms, or both. Motor symptoms alone occurred
in 36% of the hands (11 cyclists) tested; no significant difference in the incidence of motor symptoms was found among cyclists of
various experience levels or based on handlebar types (mountain bike versus road bike). Sensory symptoms alone occurred in 10%
of hands (four cyclists) tested, with the majority of these being in the ulnar distributio!
n. A significantly higher proportion of mountain bike riders had sensory deficits compared with road bike riders; however, there
was no significant difference in the occurrence of sensory deficits based on level of experience. A total of 24% of the hands (eight
cyclists) tested experienced a combination of motor and sensory symptoms. These motor and sensory symptoms were equally
distributed between road bike riders and mountain bike riders and riders of various experience levels. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclist's palsy
occurs at high rates in both experienced and inexperienced cylists. Steps may be taken to decrease the incidence of cyclist's palsy;
these include wearing cycling gloves, ensuring proper bicycle fit, and frequently changing hand position.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article.
Result <2>
Unique Identifier
9676337
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Christiaans HH. Bremner A.
Authors Full Name
Christiaans, H H. Bremner, A.
Institution
Delft University of Technology, School of Industrial Design Engineering, The Netherlands.
Title
Comfort on bicycles and the validity of a commercial bicycle fitting system.
Source
Applied Ergonomics. 29(3):201-11, 1998.
Abstract
Research has been undertaken into the question of comfort on a standard 'utility' bicycle. Most ergonomics studies on bicycles so
far have focused on biomechanical and physiological factors influencing the efficiency of road racing. The actual use of a utility
bicycle has been neglected in this research. One of the reasons, especially in studying sitting comfort on bicycles, is that conclusions
must be based on subjective measurements. In the study described in this paper, the main focus is on the measurement of cyclists'
preferences in a dynamic way, compared to physical data. A pilot study and laboratory experiment were carried out to investigate,
among other aspects of cycling comfort, the validity of existing rules of thumb for bicycle fitting. The data, collected with the aid of
two specially designed ergonomics measuring stations and an 'interactive remote-control bicycle simulator', indicate that these rules
of thumb are questionable. By way of improving the fit bet!
ween cyclist and machine (and assisting bicycle shopkeepers to select the right bicycle for their customers), a commercial bicycle
fitting system has been proposed and developed for production.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <3>
Unique Identifier
8664843
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Sheel AW. Lama I. Potvin P. Coutts KD. McKenzie DC.
Authors Full Name
Sheel, A W. Lama, I. Potvin, P. Coutts, K D. McKenzie, D C.
Institution
Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Centre, Vancouver, BC.
Title
Comparison of aero-bars versus traditional cycling postures on physiological parameters during submaximal cycling.
Source
Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 21(1):16-22, 1996 Feb.
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the difference in energy expenditure between traditional cycling handlebars and
aero-bars during outdoor submaximal cycling. Eleven trained cyclists (age = 29.3 +/- 1.9 years, weight = 69.4 +/- 3.8 kg, VO2max
= 58.1 +/- 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) were randomly assigned a sequence of three hand positions: brake hoods (BH), drop-bars (DB), and
aero-bars (AB). Subjects cycled at 30 km.h-1 in one position for 5 minutes, then recovered until HR fell below 120 bpm. This was
then repeated for the other hand positions. All cycling was completed on a standard racing bike fitted with aero-bars. Tire pressure
was held constant for all trials. A portable telemetric system (Cosmed K-2) was used to measure VO2, VE and heart rate (HR)
during the trials. No statistical differences were observed between AB and DB. Significant differences (p < .05) were found between
BH (VE = 66.1 +/- 2.7 L.min-1; HR = 152 +/- 4 bpm; VO2 = 1.56 +/- .15 L.min-1) and !
AB (VE = 61.3 +/- 2.8 L.min-1; HR = 146 +/- 4 bpm; VO2 = 1.31 +/- .10 L.min-1). AB provides an energy savings over the
traditional BH cycling posture.
Publication Type
Clinical Trial. Comparative Study. Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial.
Result <4>
Unique Identifier
16003043
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Silberman MR. Webner D. Collina S. Shiple BJ.
Authors Full Name
Silberman, Marc R. Webner, David. Collina, Steven. Shiple, Brian J.
Institution
New Jersey Sports Medicine and Performance Center LLC, Gillette, NJ 07933, USA. drbicycle@njsportsmed.com
Title
Road bicycle fit.
Source
Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 15(4):271-6, 2005 Jul.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <5>
Unique Identifier
17883970
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Asplund C. Barkdull T. Weiss BD.
Authors Full Name
Asplund, Chad. Barkdull, Thad. Weiss, Barry D.
Institution
Family Medicine Residency Program, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, 300 East Hospital Road, Augusta, GA 30905,
USA. chad.asplund@us.army.mil
Title
Genitourinary problems in bicyclists. [Review] [41 refs]
Source
Current Sports Medicine Reports. 6(5):333-9, 2007 Oct.
Abstract
Genitourinary complaints are common in cyclists. Bicycle fit, improper saddle type, and individual anatomic factors are important
evaluation criteria to consider when diagnosing symptoms and determining treatment options. By learning how to recognize and
treat contributing factors, as well as learning a few simple bike-fitting techniques, physicians can treat and prevent many common
problems associated with bicycling. [References: 41]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <6>
Unique Identifier
16144585
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Asplund C. Webb C. Barkdull T.
Authors Full Name
Asplund, Chad. Webb, Charles. Barkdull, Thad.
Institution
Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA 30905-5650, USA. chad.asplund@us.army.mil
Title
Neck and back pain in bicycling.
Source
Current Sports Medicine Reports. 4(5):271-4, 2005 Oct.
Abstract
Neck and back pain are among the most common overuse injuries in cyclists. Bicycle fit, improper equipment, training errors, and
individual anatomic factors are important evaluation considerations. By learning how to recognize and treat contributing factors, as
well as learning a few simple bike-fitting techniques, physicians can treat and prevent many common problems of this popular
activity.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <7>
Unique Identifier
19427244
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Lim CS. Gohel MS. Shepherd AC. Davies AH.
Authors Full Name
Lim, C S. Gohel, M S. Shepherd, A C. Davies, A H.
Institution
Imperial Vascular Unit, 4 North, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom. cslim@doctors.org.uk
Title
Iliac artery compression in cyclists: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment.[see comment]. [Review] [58 refs]
Comments
Comment in: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 Aug;38(2):187; PMID: 19482492
Source
European Journal of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery. 38(2):180-6, 2009 Aug.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To review the mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment options for symptomatic iliac artery compression in cyclists.
METHODS: Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Google were searched using combinations of the terms 'iliac artery disease', 'iliac artery
compression', 'iliac artery stenosis', 'cyclists' and 'athletes'. RESULTS: Tethering of the iliac artery by the psoas arterial branch and
fibrous tissue, and muscular hypertrophy predispose the vessel to kinking and compression during cycling. Symptoms may only be
present on maximal exercise in the cycling position. Provocative exercise tests using a cycling ergometer with ankle brachial
pressure index measuring has a sensitivity of 85% to detect arterial insufficiency. Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly being
used as the investigation of choice to confirm the diagnosis, although digital subtraction angiography and colour duplex
ultrasonography may also help. Conservative measures including adjustments to the cycling !
posture and bicycle setup should be recommended to all patients. The evidence for surgical and endovascular treatments is limited
and the use of prosthetic graft should be avoided. CONCLUSIONS: Iliac artery compression should be recognised as an important
differential diagnosis in competitive cyclist presenting with lower limb symptoms. Although the optimal treatment strategy remains
unclear, early diagnosis may reduce unnecessary investigations, and enable the cyclist to make appropriate adjustments and
decisions in treatment management. [References: 58]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <8>
Unique Identifier
10073627
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Green BN. Johnson CD. Maloney A.
Authors Full Name
Green, B N. Johnson, C D. Maloney, A.
Institution
Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Palmer College of Chiropractic West, San Jose, California 94580, USA.
Title
Effects of altering cycling technique on gluteus medius syndrome.
Source
Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics. 22(2):108-13, 1999 Feb.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We discuss how altering the cycling technique of a cyclist receiving periodic chiropractic care helped in the
management of gluteus medius syndrome. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 24-year-old male amateur cyclist had numbness and tingling
localized to a small region on the superior portion of the right buttock. The area involved demonstrated paresthesia to light touch
sensory evaluation. The cyclist had received chiropractic adjustments 2 days before the onset of the symptoms. One week earlier,
the patient began riding a new bicycle with different gearing than his previous one. Manual-resisted muscle testing created soreness
in the lumbosacral area and buttocks. Trigger points were identified in the right gluteus medius. Standing lumbar spine flexion was
70 degrees, limited by tight hamstrings. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: Because the patient was already receiving periodic
chiropractic care, no passive therapy was used. Patient education regarding the difference in gear sele!
ction in bicycles of a higher quality was provided. He was instructed to train in lower gears than he had previously used and to
maintain a cadence of 70 to 90 revolutions of the pedals per minute. After 2 days, the paresthesia on the right buttock resolved.
The trigger points were only mildly tender with minimal residual soreness of the involved muscles. CONCLUSION: Management of
gluteus medius syndrome by altering the cadence and gear development for a bicyclist is discussed. Either frank or cumulative
injury to the gluteus medius muscle is the typical etiologic factor for this syndrome. Repetitive strain of the patient's gluteus medius
muscle as a result of poor cycling technique appeared to be the cause here. Knowledge of bicycle fitting, training techniques, and
bicycle mechanics appeared necessary to resolve the problem.
Publication Type
Case Reports. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <9>
Unique Identifier
18063715
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Wanich T. Hodgkins C. Columbier JA. Muraski E. Kennedy JG.
Authors Full Name
Wanich, Tony. Hodgkins, Christopher. Columbier, Jean-Allain. Muraski, Erika. Kennedy, John G.
Institution
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Title
Cycling injuries of the lower extremity. [Review] [32 refs]
Source
Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 15(12):748-56, 2007 Dec.
Abstract
Cycling is an increasingly popular recreational and competitive activity, and cycling-related injuries are becoming more common.
Many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. These include knee pain, patellar quadriceps tendinitis,
iliotibial band syndrome, hip pain, medial tibial stress syndrome, stress fracture, compartment syndrome, numbness of the foot, and
metatarsalgia. Injury is caused by a combination of inadequate preparation, inappropriate equipment, poor technique, and overuse.
Nonsurgical management may include rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injection, ice, a reduction in training
intensity, orthotics, night splints, and physical therapy. Injury prevention should be the focus, with particular attention to bicycle fit
and alignment, appropriate equipment, proper rider position and pedaling mechanics, and appropriate training. [References: 32]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <10>
Unique Identifier
18046192
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Sauer JL. Potter JJ. Weisshaar CL. Ploeg HL. Thelen DG.
Authors Full Name
Sauer, Julie L. Potter, James J. Weisshaar, Christine L. Ploeg, Heidi-Lynn. Thelen, Darryl G.
Institution
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Title
Biodynamics. Influence of gender, power, and hand position on pelvic motion during seated cycling.
Source
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 39(12):2204-11, 2007 Dec.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: An understanding of normal pelvic motion during seated cycling is relevant to saddle design and
bicycle fitting. In this study, we investigated the effects of gender, power, and hand position on pelvic motion throughout a pedal
stroke. We also investigated whether anthropometric factors could explain any interindividual differences observed. METHODS:
Twelve experienced male and 14 experienced female cyclists participated. Each subject was custom fitted to a stationary bicycle
and then rode the bicycle at three power outputs (100, 150, and 200 W), with their hands in the tops and drops position. The
kinematics of a triad of motion-capture markers, located on posterior pelvic landmarks, were used to characterize pelvic motion.
RESULTS: The largest angular excursions were observed in the nonsagittal planes, with the pelvis rotating internally (approximately
3 degrees ) and rolling laterally ( approximately 2 degrees ) toward the downstroke. These pelvic !
rotations caused the hip on the downstroke side to translate anteriorly and inferiorly. Compared with males, females exhibited
greater average anterior pelvic tilt in the drops hand position (males: 21 +/- 3 degrees ; females: 24 +/- 4 degrees ; P = 0.036).
Interindividual differences in pelvic motion could not be independently explained by measures of ischial tuberosity width or
hamstring flexibility. However, average anterior pelvic tilt was negatively correlated with lumbar flexibility among the males (r =
0.75; P = 0.024), suggesting that this may be an important factor to consider in bicycle fitting. CONCLUSIONS: We observed
substantial pelvic motion during seated cycling, with experienced female road cyclists exhibiting greater average anterior tilt than
their male counterparts. Pelvic motion seems to arise naturally during seated cycling and should be considered when designing
saddles and establishing bicycle-fitting procedures.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <11>
Unique Identifier
10081053
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Conti-Wyneken AR.
Authors Full Name
Conti-Wyneken, A R.
Institution
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Title
Bicycling injuries. [Review] [16 refs]
Source
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 10(1):67-76, 1999 Feb.
Abstract
The severity of injuries secondary to bicycling range from the pain and nuisance of skin abrasions to life-threatening brain injuries.
For most injuries, the key to treatment and prevention is careful assessment of bike fit and training techniques. In general, the
treatment of musculoskeletal and neuropathic lesions should follow sound, physiatric treatment principles. Clearly, all clinicians who
treat bicyclists have a professional responsibility to educate them on the use of helmets and safe riding rules. [References: 16]
Publication Type
Journal Article. Review.
Result <12>
Unique Identifier
12561398
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Bornman J.
Authors Full Name
Bornman, Johan.
Title
Novel bicycle saddle--readers taken for a ride?[comment].
Comments
Comment on: S Afr Med J. 2002 Apr;92(4):295-8; PMID: 12056361
Source
South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 92(12):928-9; author reply 929-30, 2002 Dec.
Publication Type
Comment. Letter.
Result <13>
Unique Identifier
12056361
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Keytel LR. Noakes TD.
Authors Full Name
Keytel, L R. Noakes, T D.
Institution
Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Medical School, Sports Science Institute of South Africa.
Title
Effects of a novel bicycle saddle on symptoms and comfort in cyclists.[see comment].
Comments
Comment in: S Afr Med J. 2002 Dec;92(12):928-9; author reply 929-30; PMID: 12561398
Source
South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 92(4):295-8, 2002 Apr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: While the bicycle frame and other parts of the bicycle have undergone many improvements, the bicycle saddle has
remained relatively unchanged since it was first designed more than 100 years ago. Given the number and range of cycling injuries
believed to result from the saddle, this is surprising. This study investigated the effects of a novel bicycle saddle on saddle-related
comfort and symptoms during cycling. METHOD: Eleven competitive or recreational cyclists, 6 females and 5 males, performed
three 2-hour stationary cycle rides in the laboratory, using their personal bicycles. Ride 1 was performed using the standard bicycle
saddle and rides 2 and 3 using the novel bicycle saddle. Subjects reported saddle comfort rating scores (SC) while using the
different saddles. Subjects also completed a questionnaire evaluating saddle symptoms (SS) when using either the conventional or
the novel bicycle saddle during daily cycling. RESULTS: The most common saddle-related!
medical complaint with chronic use of the conventional saddle was painful pubic bones, with or without chaffing. Others were
severe chaffing, saddle sores, chaffing and back pain, and painful pubic bones associated with a loss of feeling in the pelvic area.
The mean SS rating score during the 2-hour laboratory ride was significantly less for the novel saddle (11.6 +/- 1.2 versus 19.1 +/3.2 arbitrary units, P < 0.01). Similarly the mean SC score was significantly lower for the novel saddle (36.2 +/- 10.5 v. 54.7 +/11.2 arbitrary units). Values for both SC scores were similar for rides 2 and 3. On completion of the trial all subjects indicated that
they would continue to use the novel saddle in preference to the conventional saddle. Three months later 9 subjects (82%)
reported continued use of this saddle in preference to the conventional saddle. CONCLUSION: These results show conclusively that
this novel bicycle saddle: (i) significantly reduced reported symptoms during!
daily cycling compared with the conventionally designed cycling saddl
e; (ii) significantly improved saddle comfort during 2-hour cycles in the laboratory, such that (iii) when given the option the majority
(82%) of the subjects chose to use this saddle 3 months later. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of the novel saddle were
apparent during its first use, suggesting that the novel saddle is effective because the design is anatomically correct.
Publication Type
Clinical Trial. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.