CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Contents
Introduction………………
4
1. Identify types of drawings and their purpose
Drawing types...........................
Sketches ......................................................................................
Initial Sketches........................................................................
Sketch Plans or ‘Roughs’…………………………………
Pictorial Drawings………………….
Presentation Drawings..................................................................
Construction Drawings...........................................................................
Service Details.......................................................................................
Amendments to Construction Drawings.............................................
5
5
5
5
6
7
8
14
14
2. Apply commonly used symbols and abbreviations
Symbols ....................................................................................................
Standard Electrical Symbols.......................................
Standard Fitting (Plumbing) Symbols...........................
Standard Material Renderings.......................................
Standard line types.......................................................................
Abbreviations and Terms..............................................................
Figure 9 Floor Plan .....................................................................
15
15
16
17
18
19
29
3. Locate and identify key features on a site plan
Identify the building site from location drawings...........................
Identify true north and building orientation from the site plan............
Identify the key features of the site plan..........................................
20
20
21
4. Identify and locate key features on drawings
Identify Key Features on Plans, Elevations and Sections......................
Identify client requested variations............................................
22
23
5. Correctly read and interpret specifications
Specifications…………………………….
24
Identify and Apply Provisional Sum and Prime Cost Sums........................
25
Client Variations to Standard Specifications..................................
26
Interpret essential elements and apply to estimation, planning and supervisory
tasks ..............................................
26
Identification of Building Codes and Standards ................................
28
6. Identify non-structural aspects to the specification
Identify key features of products in the specification............................
30
Page 3 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Introduction
Work in the construction industry requires a sound understanding of various types of
architectural drawings, their purpose and the differing aspects such drawings show.
Architectural drawings are in effect a language: To not be fluent in that language is
akin to travelling through a foreign land totally reliant upon an interpreter, never quite
sure that what you are being told is fact, fiction, or just that which the interpreter
knows will make you feel good….
This text explores the various types of drawings used in construction work, how to
read them, and how to draw out the necessary information from those other
documents that often accompany them. The first section offers an overview of the
various types of drawings, their purpose and the key aspects to be found within them.
The second section covers common abbreviations and symbols used in architectural
drafting and specifications. The third and forth sections look more closely at the
reading of various plans and how to find relevant information within them. The fifth
and sixth sections deal with the interpretation of various aspects of the specifications
document.
As with any language there are standard systems governing its expression. In the
case of architectural drafting these systems are outlined and governed by various
Standards and Codes. In Australia, the recommended standards for technical
drawings are specified in:





A.S. 1100.101 - 1992 Technical drawing - general principals
A.S. 1100.101 - 1994 Amendment
A.S. 1100.301 - 1985 Architectural drawing
A.S. 1100.301 - 1986 Supplementary
H.B. 47 - 1993 Dimensioning and tolerances
AS1100.101 specifies:

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the use of abbreviations
materials, sizes, and layout of drawing sheets
positioning, size and content of Title and Revision blocks
the types and minimum thicknesses of lines to be used
the requirements for distinct uniform letters, numerals and symbols
recommended scales and their application
methods of projection and of indicating the various views of an object
methods of sectioning
recommendations for dimensioning including size & geometric tolerances
conventions used for the representation of components and repetitive features of
components
AS1100 Part 301-1985 and its supplement AS1100.301 Supp 1-1986 relate to
architectural drawing practice before, during and after construction.
Page 4 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
1. Identify types of drawings and their
purpose
This section explores the different types of drawings and their purposes, from
sketches through to full construction drawings. In addition it covers the differing
aspects of construction drawings and what information may be gleamed from them.
Drawing Types
Sketches
Sketches are drawings you will encounter during the design phase of a project.
Typically sketch plans illustrate the general layout, form and aesthetics of a residence,
building and/or site.
Initial Sketches
Initial sketches are drawings used to sketch the site and services, the orientation and
amenity of a proposed development. Such sketches are seldom drawn to scale,
providing only such information as will help a client ‘see’ where the designer is going
with their ideas. They can also help a client see the implications of their own ideas to
a structure.
Sketch Plans or ‘Roughs’
These are generally done to scale and hence offer true proportions for the client,
council or other key stakeholders to consider. These may be ‘pencil and stick’
(drawn by hand) or developed on a computer (Computer Aided Design, otherwise
known as CAD).
Page 5 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Pictorial Drawings
The previous examples of sketches show what may loosely described as a basic
form of ‘Orthographic’ projection. Orthographic drawings give the familiar ‘plan’
(birds eye or top view), and ‘elevations’ (side views). Orthographic drawings offer
the viewer a flat plane depiction of a subject which, whilst useful for describing true
lengths and proportions, is a actually not how we ‘see’ an object with our eyes.
What we
‘see’
What we draw
‘orthographically’
In addition, orthographic drawings generally offer only one side, face or ‘plane’ of a
structure at a time (i.e.: plane, side elevation, front elevation etc.).
Pictorial drawings attempt to overcome this issue by various means. Isometric
and Oblique styles give views of three faces within the one view, with Oblique
drawings shortening the lengths of the receding side to give more ‘realistic’
representation of the object.
30o
45o
30o
Oblique
Isometric
Perspective drawing is a more advanced form of pictorial drawing that provides
very close approximation of how an observer really sees an object. There are
various forms of perspective drawing. In its simplest form, the viewer sees things
vanish back to one point only. In its most realistic form, things vanish back to
three points.
Generally drawings are worked to two vanishing points on the
‘horizon’ as shown on the next page.
Page 6 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Plan
Drawing Plane
Vanishing
Point (VP)
Vanishing
Point (VP)
Horizon Line
Ground Line
Spectator
Position (SP)
Two Point Perspective
More information on pictorial and orthographic drawing may be found at:
http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series9/905/2_draw/draw_t3/htm
/draw3_2_1.htm and http://www.khulsey.com/perspective_basics.html
Presentation Drawings
Architects often present artistically ‘rendered’ sketch plans or presentation drawings,
to clients. This is in order to assess ideas and concepts expressed in the plans in a
more contextually inclusive manner. These drawings are designed to help non
technical people understand what the project will look like when complete, and where
it will be situated. As shown below, pictorial techniques are used in to advantage.
Wright Frank Lloyd : Falling Water Mill
Page 7 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Construction Drawings
These are the ‘Plans’ as most people would understand them to be. Construction
drawings may also be known as ‘working drawings’ ‘architectural drawings’ or
‘Blueprints’. They are a set of detailed technical drawings providing all parties with the
requisite information to quote, approve and or construct the building or structure.
Construction drawings use a standard layout of plans, elevations and detail sections
defined in AS1100.101 and are generally drawn to scale of 1:100. Specific aspects of
a set of such plans will be at larger or smaller scales depending upon the detail
required: I.e. Site plans may be at 1:500, whilst details might be as large as 1:5.
Construction Plans:

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








document the final design in complete detail, including all dimensions.
provide an on-site construction manual, which, combined with the specification,
contain all construction information during the construction phase
allow builders, contractors and trades people to accurately perform their tasks
allow structural, electrical, hydraulic and mechanical engineers to assess
relevant aspects of the design
allow off site component manufacturers to build components to the correct size
and specification
provide evidence of compliance with statutory regulations
provide evidence in disputes
submitted to relevant authorities for licenses and statutory approval
show service details such as wiring, piping, ducts and waste disposal
show roadways, pathways, parking areas, boundaries and landscaping
are distributed to tendering builders and subcontractors.
A set of construction plans will consist of all or some of the following aspects:
 site plan and or location plan
 floor plan
 elevations
 sections
 footing plan
 bracing plan
 door and window schedules
 material and finishes schedule
 details (enlargements)
 overlay (new works to existing)
Page 8 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Site and Location Plans
The location plan offers generally a larger picture of the surrounding area. Streets,
lane ways or other information that ‘locate’ the site of works (such as the specific lot
location) within a new suburban development for example, or perhaps that part of a
large industrial or educational facility. The Location is usually drawn to a small scale
such as 1:1000
Example Location Plan of TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus
The purpose of the site plan is to make clear the location of the structure with regard
to boundary lines, the contour or ‘lay’ of the land, and any existing structures,
easements and or services immediate to the new works. Scale at 1:200 – 1:500
Tann
e ry L
20 3
pro
70 97
0
105°
32'
x 1
03
00
24
080
Ap
5
x 76
00
31
Appro
° 53
'
ane
Ex
Ga isting
rag
e & Self
She
d
5
Ex
Co isting
nta
ine Self
dU
nit
19
530
114
°
93
0
13
1°
16
'
14'
186° 20'
41 340
27 160
Notes:
1. Block dimensions based upon Certificate of
Title.
2. Contours indicative only.
3. No established trees need to be removed for
this project.
4. Shadow lines not provided due to lack of
relevance
(extreme distances between project and
neighbouring dwellings).
5. Storm water and drainage to existing
outflows (where not directed by proposed
storage tanks as shown).
186° 20'
Proposed Water
Tanks
31
57 430
0
276° 20'
Page 9 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Floor Plan
A Floor Plan is a horizontal cross section thought a building viewed from above. The
purpose of a Floor plan is to detail all horizontal construction dimensions and the
general layout of rooms and the like.
•
•
•
•
•
•
the size and shape of the building, cupboards, halls and spaces
thickness of all walls
size and name of all rooms
size of verandas, patios, porches
position of fixtures such as baths, showers, toilets and basins
the roof outline
There is a lot of informative on floor plans and are usually drawn to a scale of at least
1:100.
Note: Dimensions to all construction drawings in Australia are in millimetres.
22000
8110
180
180
3400
300
11390
100
3800
180
3850
600
180
2500
110
2400
110
2000
110
1500
180
4800
1300
600
600
600
180
Bath
Deck
Ensuite
5225
Study
Kitchen
C
Dining
110
3725
Living
Strutting Beam Over
Laundry
Strutting Beam Over
180
B
C
180
1475
Verandah
Verandah
Deck
2180
600
180
WC
600
100
110
B
1220
Hall
Hall
9120
D
Entry
Tie Beam
Over
D
1000 110 2130
300 1200
9490
5230
180
1550
300
110 1600 140 340
Deck
Master
Bedroom
9490
2895
2980
3800
3880
Bed 2
180
Bed 3
Verandah
3895
300
180
600
A
2100
1920
A
8275
600 180
2325
180
1780
1510
180
3800
100
6485
1475
600
8755
110
23080
2500
Elevations
Elevations show the side views of a building or structure and therefore show heights
or vertical distances: hence their name ‘elevations’.
In construction drawings, exterior elevations are drawn, showing the finished
appearance. Each elevation is named according to the direction it faces i.e. NORTH,
SOUTH, EAST, or WEST elevation. The elevations may show a lot of detail, but
seldom much detail offered in the measurements.
Only height (elevation)
measurements are offered along with ground lines and finished floor and ceiling lines.
Original Roof and Wall Lines
U.S. Ceiling Main
FFL Upper Levels
G.L.
G.L.
FFL Lower Levels
South Elevation
Page 10 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Sections
Sections or ‘cross sections’, are drawings used to show detail with greater accuracy
by using larger scales. Sectional elevations are cross-sections that cut vertically
through a building. The position of sectional elevations are shown on the floor plan by
broken lines including arrow heads indicating the direction in which the section is
viewed, and an alpha or numeric code by way of identification: I.e. A-A (see previous
page – floor plan, and example section A-A below).
The sectional elevation shows such information as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
height of floor above ground level (G.L.)
ceiling height
joinery line/height
handrail height if applicable
depth of footings
Sill or head heights to windows
Custom Orb ColorBond
Cladding on 64mm Metal
Top Hats.
2/170 x 35 F17 HWD
Ridge Beam
(Laminated)
R3.5 Polyester or Pure
Wool Batts to Ceiling
Including Lounge
Cathedral (No Fibre
Glass to be Used)
Cathedral Ceiling to Lounge
13mm Plasterboard on Metal Battens
To Match Existing (Approx 25°)
120 x 45 F17 HWD Rafters to Lounge
Trusses at 900 c/c to Manufaturer's specifications
100 x 75 F17 HWD Post
Supporting Ridge Beam
2/240 x 35 F17 HWD
Strutting Beam
(Laminated)
R2.0 Polyester or Pure
Wool Batts to all
External Walls (No Fibre
Glass to be Used)
3000
Rendered 75mm Hebel
Power Panel Fixed to
90mm MGP12 Stud
Walls using 25mm Top
Hats as per
Manufactures
Specifications.
FFL Upper Levels
850
19mm Spotted
Gum/Merbu or
'Modwood' Decking to
Duragal Subfloor
To Match Existing (Approx 3150)
Fire Rated Ducting and In-Line Fan Unit
(Hot Air to Bed/Study/Bath Rooms)
Raking Eave
Terminated at Chimney
FFL Lower Levels
FFL Lower Levels
Carter Holt Harvey 19mm Yellow Tougne 'R' Floor.
19mm T&G Blackbutt Solid Timber Flooring Over
on Duragal Subfloor System
19 mm Yellow Tougne
'R' Floor as Wall Backing
to Subfloor Area of
Lounge Wall.
R1.5 Polyester or Pure
Wool Batts to all
Internal Walls (No Fibre
Glass to be Used)
Fan-Less Ducting
(Cold Air from Bed/Study/Bath Rooms to
Slow Combustion Heater Area)
Section A-A
Bracing Plans
This is effectively another floor plan, though generally with less detail. It is used to
show the type, length and position of bracing units. It is generally accompanied by a
bracing schedule and the calculations by which bracing requirements were
determined.
B1i
B2p
B1f
WC
Kitchen
2 x B1s
Strutting Beam Over
B2v
3
Laundry
Combination Beam Over
B1e
2 x B1t
Dining
B1a
Verandah
4 x B2r
Deck
Master
Bedroom
B1g
Living
B1c
B1b
Verandah
B1d
Deck
2
4
Direction 4
Brace Type
Restraint Offered
Length
Location
B
9.6 kN/m
1800
u
B
4.8 kN/m
900
v
1
B1hHall
Design Wind Classification
Region A
Terrain Category TC2
Topographic Classification T2
Sheilding PS
Wind Classification N3
Ensuite
Tie Beam
Over
2x B2u
Hall
Entry
2 x B2q
Bath
B2n
Study
Lintel Over
Deck
Bracing Requirements
B1k
Strutting Beam Over
Bed 2
4 x B2m
Bed 3
Verandah
4 x B2o
B2l
B1j
Structure
Roof: Composite Design
Pitch 25°
- New:
Lounge - Rafters at 900 c/c with
Cathedral Ceiling Lining Under, Sheet
Clad on Metal Battens over.
All Other Areas - Trusses at 900 c/c,
Sheet Clad on Metal Battens.
- Existing: Traditionally Pitched Rafters
at 900 c/c.
Walls: Composite Design
- New: 90mm Timber Stud Clad with
Hebal 70mm 'Power Panel' on Metal
Battens
- Existing: 180mm Solid Masony
Floor: Composite Design
- New: Duragal Subfloor System (Gal
Stumps, Bearers & Joists) with 19mm
Yellow Tongue 'R' Floor Sheet Topped
with 19mm Black Butt End Matched
T&G HWD Flooring.
- Existing: Traditional Concrete
Stumps with HWD Bearers & Joists
Topped with19mm Black Butt T&G
HWD Flooring
Areas
Direction 1
32m² + 8m² (Upper
Lounge Wall consideration)
Force = 1.4
Restraint required = 56.0 kN
Restraint provided = 58.4 kN
(Nominal bracing and that offered by
existing structure not considered)
Direction 2
54m² + 8.2m² ( Upper
Lounge Wall consideration)
Force = 1.3
Restraint required = 80.9 kN
Restraint provided = 81.6 kN
(Nominal bracing not considered)
Direction 3
18m²
Force = 1.2
Restraint required = 21.6 kN
Restraint provided = 19.2 kN
(Bracing Provided By Existing Structure
Considered - New Structure Imposes
No Additional Area to Existing and is
Within 5.1m).
Direction 4
12m²
Force = 1.1
Restraint required = 13.2 kN
Restraint provided = 14.4 kN
(Nominal bracing not considered)
TOTAL = 14.4 kN/m
Page 11 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Overlay Plans
Another form of simplified floor plan that shows how the new works will ‘overlay’ or
attach to, an existing building. This form of plan is requisite to renovation and
extension works.
Existing Play Room, Laundry, Bathroom and WC Removed
Including Concrete Slab. Ground Line Lowered to
Improve Ventilation to Both New Works and Existing
Retained Structure.
Existing Study Removed including Removal
of Original Verandah Roof and Pillars to this
Area
Bed 3
Verandah
Bed 2
Bath
Deck
Ensuite
Study
Deck
Master
Bedroom
Hall
Hall
Entry
Laundry
Living
Kitchen
Dining
WC
Verandah
Verandah
Internal Wall Removed:
Replace with 2/190 x 45
Compound Beam
(Strutting/Hanging) Over
Deck
Existing Double Hung
Window Relocated to
East of Chimney.
Replaced With External
Door.
External Wall and Hip of
Roof Removed:
Trussed Roof Over
Existing Verandah Roof
Removed.
Note: Pillars to be Retained
Details
Detail drawings are enlargements of key areas of a building. In drawing them, the
designer gets a clearer picture in their own mind of how a structure might need to
be built. In reading them, the builder and client get a clearer picture of areas of
work which are perhaps different to normal building practice, or particular to this
specific structure.
Examples include:
 Tie down
 Fixing details
 Key load bearing points
 Architectural features
 New material fixing requirements
 How to tie in with the existing structure.
Rendered 75mm Hebel Power Panel Fixed to
90mm MGP12 Stud Walls using 25mm Top Hats
as per Manufactures Specifications.
90mm MGP12 Pine Framing to AS1684
R2.0 Poly or Pure Wool Insulation (No Fibre
Glass to be used)
10mm Gyprock Sheeting.
Rendered Hebel or Styrofoam Moulding
Screwed and Glued to Hebel Power Panel.
19mm T&G Blackbutt Solid Timber Flooring
or Ceramic Tiles (i.e. Wet Areas).
10mm AbleFlex Expansion Joint.
Carter Holt Harvey 19mm Yellow Tougne 'R'
Floor.
100 x 50 x 1.6 Duragal Joists at 450c/c
All Ends to be Plastic Capped
Continuous Alcor or equivalent
Flashing Behind Sarking and Under
AbleFlex Expansion Joint.
100 x 50 x 2.0 Duragal Bearers Located as
per Footing Plan. All Ends to be Plastic
Capped.
Min 150mm*
Min 75mm
'Rock Faced' 100 series (90mm)
Concrete Blocks Contiouous Beneath
Hebel Power Panel.
Continuous Galvanised Ant Cap with
DampProof Flashing Under.
'Rock Faced' 200 series (190mm) Concrete
Blocks Contiouous with Strip Footing.
100 series (90mm) Concrete Block Piers Tied to Strip
Footing at Each Bearer End Support Location or at Max
1800c/c for Bearers Running Parallel to Wall.
Min 6000mm2/m Ventilation
Provided at Evenly Spaced
Intervals Through Dwarf Wall.
(Climate Zone 3).
600 X 400 Continuous
Concrete Strip Footing to
Perimeter of New Works.
Min 20MPa Concrete
* Beyond 2.0m from External Wall or Top of
Slope, Minimum is 400mm.
12mm Ø Threaded Rod Tied to 12mm Ø Starter Bars to
Each Bearer End Postion or at Max 1800 c/c for Bearers
Running Parallel to Wall
4-L12TM to Top
and Bottom of
Strip Footing
Page 12 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Schedules
Aside from the bracing schedule described earlier, there are a number of other
schedules that may appear on a set of construction drawings. Of these, the most
common are the Door and Window Schedule, and the Materials and Finishes
Schedule
The Door and Window schedule provides information such as the type, dimension
and materials of all windows and doors (internal and external) to the building. This
will include the glazing requirements: i.e. double glazed, solar tint, etc. It is usually
accompanied by a simplified floor plan showing window and door locations.
Door & Window Schedule
Dimensions stated as Nominal only.
Glazing Design Wind Speed: 41m/s
All doors treated with weather seals all round
W1
1000 x 1600 Timber Awning
1000 x 600 Timber fixed vented & obscure
(Toilet Window)
S
S
1000 x 2400 Timber double hung
W4
S
1500 x 1000 Timber Double Hung
(Repositioned Existing Window)
W5, 6 & 11
S
1500 x 1000 Timber double hung
W7
DG
2100 x 900 Timber Awning
W8
S
2400 x 500 Timber Hopper
W9
GB
W10
GB
1500 x 2000 Glass Block
TDG
1800 x 3100 Timber Gable Hopper
D6 D7 D8
W12
W12
S
2040 x 820 Glazed Timber External
D3
NA
2040 x 820 Flush Panel Cavity Slider
D4 - D9
NA
2040 x 820 Colonial Timber Internal
GD1
S
GD2
DG
2150 x 3100 Glazed Timber Bifold External
GD3
DG
2040 x 1800 Glazed Timber External Door &
Awning Window
GD4
DG
2040 x 1800 Glazed Timber External
GD5
S
2040 x 2400 Glazed Timber French Doors with
Awning Sidelights
GD6
S
2150 x 2500 Glazed Timber French Doors with
Awning Sidelights
GD7
S
2040 x 2400 Solid Timber Entrance Door with
Awning Sidelights
Glass Codes
S
DG
TDG
Single 5mm
Double Glazed min 3-6-3
Toughened Double Glazed
W2
W4
W3
2100 x 700 Glass Block
D1 & 2
Over Head
Gable
D3
D1
S
W2
GD7
D4
Glass
W1
W3
D9
D5
Specification
Item
Repositioned
Existing
2150 x 2000 Glazed Timber External
The Materials and Finishes schedule provides relevant information on such things as
concrete strengths and expected finish, cladding and linings, paint, tiles, framing
timbers, decking at the like.
Materials & Finishes Schedule
Design Wind Speed: 41m/s
Item
Material
External Cladding
Extension: 75mm Rendered Hebel Power Panel
(Existing Mansonry to be rendered to match)
Roof Cladding
Linings (general)
ColorBond Custom Orb.
All Existing Roof Cladding Replaced to Match
Ceilings: 13mm Gyprock to steel battens
Walls: 10mm Gyprock to studs
Roof Structure
Lounge Room Extension:
Rafters 120 x 45 F17 Hwd @ 600 c/c
Ridge 2/170 x 35 F17 Hwd
Elsewhere: Trusses to Manufactures Specifications
Insulation
Roof: Sarking with min R3.5 Polly or Pure Wool Batts
Walls Sarking with min R2.0 Polly or Pure Wool Batts
Internal Walls: Min R1.5 Polly or Pure Wool Batts
General Framing
LOSP HWD or MGP12 Pine to AS1684
Footings
Min 20MPa Concrete to all pads and strip footings
Lintels
Hyspan or Gal lintel to AS1684
Flooring
Black Butt Hwd applied over 'R'-Floor 19mm Yellow
Glenn
P. Costin
Tongue
Sheet
Flooring. Wet Areas Ceramic Tile overPage 13
'R'-Floor
Yellow
Tongue. & Construction
Riverina Institute Albury19mm
Campus
Building
2010 TAFE NSW
Bracing
Ply or Hardboard sheet bracing located as specified and
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Service Details
These drawings are used to show details of services such as electrical wiring,
plumbing, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), and plumbing. The scale
varies depending upon the complexity of that being depicted. These details are
critical to those particular trades involved in the service installation. Generally they
form part of the construction drawings or plans discussed previously.
Amendment Drawings
An Amendment Drawing is used to document revisions to original drawings. The
amendment drawing may replace the entire drawing, or part of a drawing depending
on the scope of the change. The Amendment Drawing may have an Amendment or
Revision Block above the title block or a revision number appended to the drawing
number. The revision block will detail revision dates, sign off, etc. Revisions are
marked on the plan with a triangle pointing to the affected area, with the revision
number, and possibly details of the amendments.
Task:
Look at the plan set provided then:
Explore the Australian Standards applicable to various aspects of plans and
specifications and determine in what ways, if any, that the plans provided do not
adhere to the recommendations in the codes.
Search on the internet, TAFE and or local library, or HIA, MBA or other building
associations you may have connections with. Include the BCA in your research if
you can access it. If possible obtain copies of the standards.
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
2. Apply commonly used symbols and
abbreviations
The previous section’s purpose was to develop a basic understanding of the common
types of drawings and the various aspects of formal construction plans. The purpose
of this section is to explore the ‘written language’ of construction plans: that is, to
interpret and apply the commonly used symbols, abbreviations and terms used in
these drawings. Like any language, by using standardised, common words, symbols,
abbreviations and terms, the risk of misunderstandings are reduced (though not
eliminated).
Symbols
Symbols are a culturally agreed array of objects, characters, or other concrete figures
that abstractly represent ideas, concepts, or desired responses. I.e.: Road signs
Traffic lights, road signs, First Aid signs etc..
According to AS1100.301, symbols are used in plans where drawing to scale is
impractical. The standard also defines a set of manually drawn feature symbols, but
recognises that there are numerous drawing templates and CAD programs with
differing symbols. Some site plan symbols are defined in AS1100.401.
There are three main types of symbols
•
•
•
Drawing (e.g. material renderings, door or window forms, line types)
Fixture (e.g. Plumbing: sink, basin, toilet etc)
Services (e.g. electrical).
Some Standard Electrical Symbols
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Some Standard Fitting (Plumbing) Symbols
Note: Be aware that whilst some symbols are international, others are nation
specific. Some may even look the same but may actually have opposite
meanings as you move from one country to another. For example:
In contemporary Australian architecture the door
shown would be hinged on the right hand side.
Likewise the window described would be an
awning sash hinged at the top (the symbolism
being reflective of the flap on an envelope).
In the United Kingdom (and Australia until the late
1960’s) these symbols act as arrows pointing to
the side that is hinged. I.e. the door is hinged on
the left, and the window is a hopper sash hinged
at the bottom.
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Some Standard Material Renderings
HWD
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Glenn P. Costin
Some Standard line types
There are three main types of lines use in drawing to aid plan interpretation:
continuos, dashed, and centre lines.
Continuous lines are used to show the main elements of a drawing that may be seen
directly in the specific view shown. AS1100 applies different meanings to different
thicknesses though this is seldom strictly adhered to.
Dashed lines generally used to draw hidden detail, or detail at levels different to the
plan (such as eave lines). They may also be used in overlay plans or footing plans
where existing meets the proposed works.
Centre lines are a form of dashed line, the difference being a repeating pattern of
short dashes (or dots) with long dashes. Centre lines are used for many things
other than marking centres, such as ceiling and floor lines, and section lines as
shown in the figure below.
Continuous
Dashed
Centre
22000
11390
180
180
2500
110
2400
110
2000
110
1500
4800
180
1300
600
600
600
Ensuite
5225
Study
3725
C
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina
2180
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Glenn P. Costin
Deck
Institute
600
180
Living
1475
C
Strutting Beam Over
180
B
1220
B
110
110
Master
Bedroom
9120
Hall
Tie Beam
Over
Deck
180
Bath
Deck
3895
2895
180
A
Strutting Beam Over
ng
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Abbreviations and Terms
Some construction information is presented on drawings as short notes. These
convey details such as alternate dimensions, colour, materials, finishes, and draw
attention to particular construction or design requirements and the like.
Notes may be annotated arrows, or as cross referenced lists. Abbreviations and
standard terms allow notes on drawings to be as concise and clear as possible.
Abbreviations are shortenings of words, usually to save space or effort. The
abbreviation is often achieved by using initials to form an acronym, or by omitting
parts of the word, AS1100.301 defines a list of standardised abbreviations for use in
architectural drawings.
Multiple glossaries of building terms are available on the internet however the student
must take care that they are not only Australian, but are not simply adaptations of
American or English lists (this same issue can come into play when researching
symbols). Some good Australian glossaries may be found at:
http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/heritage/glossary.html#building
http://hsc.csu.edu.au/construction/glossary/3246/common_terms.htm
Some sample abbreviations are described below
Acronym
AL
AS
AUX
B
BRR
BLK
BDYL
BT
BRKT
BK
BV
BWK
BLDG
BL
BM
CBL
CAB
CAN
CI
CW
CEM
CM
CR
CRS
CL
CHY
CCT
CD
COL
C
Term
Aluminium
Australian Standard
Auxiliary
Basin
Bearer
Block
Boundary Line
Bracket
Brick
Brick Veneer
Brick Work
Building
Building Line
Bench Mark
Cable
Cabinet
Canopy
Cast Iron
Cavity Wall
Cement
Cement Mortar
Cement Render
Centres
Centre Line
Chimney
Circuit
Clothes Dryer
Column
Cooker
Acronym
CC
CF
CTR
CORR
D
DAR
DP
DW
FC
FFL
FW
G
GL
HW
HWD
KD
MH
OUT
OA
OH
P
PBD
PBM
PCC
P/F
PF
PM
RAD
RF
RHS
Term
Concrete Ceiling
Concrete Floor
Contour
Corrugated
Door
Dressed All Round
Down Pipe
Dish Washer
Fibre Cement
Finished Floor Line
Floor Waste
Gas
Ground Line
Hot Water Unit
Hard Wood
Kiln Dried
Man Hole
Outlet
Over All
Overhead
Pier
Plaster Board
Permanent Bench Mark
Precast Concrete
Plan of Subdivision
Portal Frame
Permanent Mark
Radius
Raft Footing
Rolled Hollow Section
Acronym
RL
RSC
RSJ
RWH
S
SD
SEW
SF
SHR
SQ
SPR
SWBD
SWD
T
TC
TM
TR
TRH
UB
U/C
U/G
UR
V
VER
VERT
W
WBD
WC
WRC
WPM
Term
Reduced Level
Rolled Steel Channel
Rolled Steel Joist
Rain Water Head
Sink
Sewer Drain
Sewer
Strip Footing
Shower
Square
Sprinkler
Switchboard
Stormwater Drain
Truss
Terra Cotta
Trench Mesh
Trench
Trough
Universal Beam
Under Construction
Underground
Urinal
Vent
Version
Vertical
Window
Wallboard
Water Closet (Toilet)
Western Red Cedar
Waterproof Membrane
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
3. Locate and identify key features on
a site plan
As outlined previously, a site plan is a detailed drawing of a site from an overhead
perspective. It identifies the position of the building or buildings on the site. Site plans
usually oriented with North to the top of the drawing, with all related drawings
displaying a similar orientation (rational to their being viewed as a set of plans). Site
plans are drawn to minimum scale 1:200.
Identify the building site from location drawings
The location of a building site will be shown on site plan as distances to boundary
lines or neighbouring features such as roadways and adjoining buildings and features.
The distance between the front of the building and the front boundary is often referred
to as the set back, or front building line. Sometimes a location plan is used when the
overall site is large. The location plan will show building site location relative to other
sites, vicinity, or entire street.
Task:
Using the plan set provided, identify the following:
1. The name of the street on which the lot is located
2. The distance the proposed building is from the street boundary line
3. The distance the existing building is from the side boundary line
Identify true north and building orientation from the site
plan.
A compass pointer (North) is always shown on a site plan, and generally with
North pointing to the top of the plan. Unless specified otherwise, it may be
assumed that ‘True’ North, not ‘Magnetic’ North, is represented. This allows the
builder to ‘orientate’ the building appropriately on the site. In addition all boundary
lines will have their alignment (in degrees and minutes from North) shown along
with their respective lengths.
Task:
Using the plan set provided, identify the following:
1. What is the length and alignment of the ‘North’ Boundary
2. The end of the building closest to the existing garage is facing in
approximately which direction:
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Identify the key features of the site plan
Some of the key features of a site plan include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
location, orientation and size of the construction site
datum
access and egress
contours and slopes
major geographical and topographical features
existing dwellings, buildings or other structures
retaining walls
drainage lines
septic tanks and dispersion trenches
paving
set backs
service connection points
easements
storm water disposal
trees and vegetation
The datum in a site plan is the point which all other site levels refer to. The datum is
usually given as a known height above sea level, or a ‘nominal’ height is offered such
as 100.00m. In some plans the term Reduced level (RL 100.00) is used. The datum
is generally an easily identifiable peg or mark from which the builder may work. This
peg or mark being identified on the plan as a TBM (Temporary Bench Mark), BM
(Bench Mark), or PM (Permanent Mark): The latter however is generally only to be
found outside of the site boundary on a pavement or some council serviceable
location.
The Access and Egress features of a site plan show how to get in and out of a site,
typically driveway crossovers, paths, right of carriage (use) etc.
Contours lines show the fall of the land. The vertical height difference between on
contour and another will depend upon the scale of the drawing, and the level of detail
needing to be depicted. Intervals 0.5 to 1.0 metres are common. From the contour
lines, the slope can be calculated. Each contour line will
display its level relative to either sea level or the datum.
Slopes or gradients are shown on elevations as a ratio Y: X, where Y is the vertical
component and X is the horizontal component of a right angle triangle.
Major geological and topographical features will include trees, rocks, waterways
etc Existing dwellings, buildings or other structures on the site will be shown including
their dimensions and distances from boundaries and the target building.
Easements confer rights of use of land to someone other than the owner. The
easement can also limit development over a nominated area of a site. A typical
easement is a service easement allowing service providers’ access to the easement
for maintenance purposes. The easement dimensions, distance from boundaries, and
identifying codes are documented on the site plan.
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Task:
Using the plan set provided, identify the following:
1. The direction of fall on the site
2. Approximate difference in ground height between the North West and
South East corners of the new building
3. What is the approximate area of the block
4. Identify and locate key features on
drawings
The various aspects of construction drawings discussed previously show specialised
and detailed elements of the proposed building and relevant surrounds. This section
focuses upon key features of these drawings with the purpose of teasing out the more
commonly important detail.
Task:
Using the plan set provided , complete the following table stating what it is you
have found, which view it was found in, and on what drawing number (DWG
number).
Q.
Question
1
What is the width of the
ensuite
2
What is the sectional size
of the strutting beams over
the living room
What is the difference in
floor height between dining
and living rooms
What is the eave width of
the entry verandah
3
4
5
6
Response
View
DWG
No.
What is the floor to ceiling
height for the master bed
room
What is the wall height to
the living room
7
What type of glass is in
W12
8
What forms of insulation
are allowed in the walls
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Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
What is the approximate
pitch of the existing roof
How is the bearer tied to
the dwarf wall and footing
What is the total bracing
restraint provided for wind
direction 1
What is the minimum the
top edge of the strip
footing may be below
ground level
What is the sectional size
of the verandah perimeter
bearers
What is the terrain
category for this site
What must be done to the
ends of the Duragal
bearers and joists.
Brace B2m offers how
many kN of restraint
In which room is brace
B2m located.
What is the ceiling height
of the master bedroom
entrance
What is the sectional size
of the rafters to the lounge
What material are the
lounge rafters to be made
from
What scale is Detail 2-12
drawn at
Identify client requested variations
Clients may request variations to the constructions, requiring revised plans. The
revisions will be recorded in the plan as a revision number appended to the plan
number in the title block, and revision triangles pointing to the affected area on the
plan. The affected area may also have a cloud drawn around it to specify the
boundaries of the affected area. The revision triangle will be labelled with the
revision number and any explanatory notes.
Task:
Handout Detail 1-10v1 represents a variation to the existing plan set. What is the
key change to this detail compared to the original?
Page 23 of 31
2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
5. Correctly read and interpret
specifications
Drawings and Plans present construction information graphically; however there are
types of information that are more effectively stated in writing. The specifications
hold the written construction information and instructions that cannot be expressed in
plans. The specification has legal standing, and forms part of the contract
documents along with the working plans. The specifications and construction plans
are used during the tendering process.
The specification sections detail:
•
statutory requirements • owner’s obligations
•
plans, permits and application fees
•
the work to be carried out
•
materials to be used
•
standards used to determine the correct sizes of construction components
The specifications sections are grouped by trade, and ordered in the normal sequence
of job activity during the construction phase. Builders specialising in project housing
often use a standard specification. Standard specifications detail requirements
common to buildings of the type, such as:
•
•
•
•
•
compliance with standards and codes
brickwork
calculations
framing
hot water service provision
The specification may also include:
•
materials lists
•
Building schedules and quantities
•
addenda
•
performance data and material technical data
•
levels and survey information
•
stress, load and bearing calculations
Domestic Construction
In domestic construction the specification is often a schedule in the construction
drawings. Aside from a call for adherence to Australian standards nothing else
may exist. It is preferable, however, from both client and builder perspectives, to
have something ‘tighter’. ‘National’ specifications are available, such as that
provided by ‘Natspec’ which cover all aspects at a minimal purchase cost.
Task:
Using the plan set provided, identify the following:
1. On which page is the Materials and Finishes Schedule
2. What is to be done to the existing masonry
3. Aside from the handrail what other fall protection is to be provided to the
decks when higher than 1.0m above ground level
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Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Identify and Apply Provisional Sum and Prime Cost Sums
A Provisional Sum (PS) is a sum allowed for in the contract to cover the cost of
labour and material for work items when the extent of the work (and materials) could
not be determined before construction begins.
The costs of PS items are estimated using either an industry standard construction
data reference, such as Cordell’s Housing Building Cost Guide, or by experience.
These are then and listed and costed in an addendum to the Specification.
Differences between the PS and actual costs are accounted for in the final statement
of accounts.
Typical PS items included in a standard addendum are Rock Excavations, Retaining
walls, landscaping and pools.
Task:
From the discussion, what factors inhibit the exact quoting of cost for works such
as those listed above.
A Prime Cost (PC) is a sum allowed for in the contract, to cover the cost of items
which the client or architect has not yet selected. The PC sums may cover the cost of
labour and materials, or materials only. The PC items are listed and costed in the
specification and in the addenda. Differences between the PC Sum and actual costs
are accounted for in the final statement of accounts.
Task:
From the discussion, list 6 items that might be quoted at prime cost only.
Page 25 of 31
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Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Client Variations to Standard Specifications
Frequently the client will seek to have different items to those listed as PC in the
standard specifications. In such cases these must be listed in the building schedule
(materials and finishes schedule for example) or a ‘Selection Schedule’ (a schedule
that contains all specific selections for materials, and items that would otherwise be
described as on a Prime Cost basis. Some larger domestic project builders will have
a list of ‘PC’ items which are fully costed and from which the client makes their choice
prior to the signing of contracts.
Interpret essential elements and apply to estimation,
planning and supervisory tasks
Each section of the specification relates to a particular work effort, laying out in detail
the builders’ responsibilities, the standards and codes applicable to the work item.
The Introductory section details:
 the purpose and scope of the specification
 the specification’s relationship to other documents
 what documents are included as part of the specification, such as addenda and
schedules
 the legal precedence of the documents, i.e. which document is to be considered
the correct in cases where the documents are inconsistent
 units of measurement, typically millimetres
 meanings of particular terms used, for example: “Special Details” means any extra
documents included intended to further detail work
 standards referred to in the specification, such as Australian Standards or the BCA
It is important to read the introduction and check that all the specifications and related
standards available. If you are not familiar with the standards, read them. Check for,
and clear up inconsistencies with the architect or relevant authorities. Make sure that
tradesmen are aware of the standards and measurements to be used.
A Statutory Requirements section will itemise:
 Acts, Regulations and Codes that construction work must comply with, such as the
Development Act, and
 licensing requirements of Acts and regulations for tradesmen engaged in the
construction
 energy efficiency requirements the work must adhere to
 materials
 minimum quality such as new, merchantable
 treatment of defective • ownership of surplus materials
 Site signage responsibility
 sanitary accommodation responsibility
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Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Builders need to understand how to comply with the relevant Acts and Regulations in
the scope and nature of the work. For example, it is critical to ensure all material
delivered site is inspected for quality and quantity. When this is not done the builder
may become responsible for the missing or defective items. Likewise it is a legislative
requirement that a site sign and toilet block are erected prior to starting construction.
The Owners Obligations section lists the owner’s:
 duty to provide Surveyor’s Certificate and Engineer’s recommendations, if required,
and at whose expense
 terms and responsibilities when engaging contractors or supplying materials
 provision of and payment for water, electricity, sewer services; communication and
data services if required, to the site
 responsibility to make happen site clearance, including permits, fees and removal
of trees, obstructions etc
 duty relating to the treatment of contaminated soil, such as testing removal and
replacement
 onus to remove spoil • obligation to provide Development Approvals and relevant
documentation,
A clear and open relationship with the client is essential to good management of
construction.
The Plans, Permits and Application Fees section includes:
 arrangements by the builder to lodge Permits and Fees
 a schedule of required Plans and Drawings, with the scales used and the
information to be shown
Although this section may be short, it is critical. Construction cannot proceed without
the appropriate permits, payment of fees, and complete plans and drawings being
developed. Check plans and drawings are complete and capable of submission for
permits and approvals. Make the owner and/or architect aware of any discrepancies
and resolve any doubts.
The Site works section covers:
•
•
•
the manner of setting out (accurately)
the extent of top soil and footing excavations
generally includes any engineer’s recommendations.
Based upon the site plan, or a more detailed contour plan developed by the builder
of a contracted surveyor, an estimation of excavated spoil may need to be
developed.
The Foundations and Footings section lists:
 underfloor fill requirements
 Termite treatment or barrier to be used
 Under slab vapour barrier specification
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Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
 instructions and standards for placement, and support of reinforcement
 use of Bearers, Piers and Stumps
 grades, standards and procedures for Concrete
 construction requirements for Footings and Slabs, and Suspended slabs
 instructions for embedded pipes, sub-floor ventilation, rebates for masonry, and
Curing
It is critical that the builder ensures that contractors have access to the relevant plans
and specifications, and that they understand the requirements for this job specifically
compared to those processes they might normally use. All work should be monitored
for compliance to the specifications.
Other sections of the document
There are numerous sections to a specifications document, and they vary according
to the needs of the particular building company, architecturally firm, council, or
government department. Typically the document will include headings covering
sections which are self explanatory such as:









Effluent Disposal/Drainage
Carpentry
Steel Framing
Roofing
Masonry
Claddings and Linings:
Joinery
Services (Plumbing, Electrical)
Tiling, Painting, Bushfire Attack, Energy Efficiency Glazing
Identification of Building Codes and Standards
You will find all the building codes and standards listed in the specification against the
work item. The main code is the Building Code of Australia, produced by the
Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB). The goal of the BCA is to:
“Enable the achievement of nationally consistent, minimum necessary standards of
relevant, health, safety, (including structural safety and safety from fire), amenity and
sustainability objectives efficiently.”
The BCA has legislative standing in all states and territories of Australia. The BCA
refers to certain Australian Standards. Where it does so, those standards also
have legal standing. The specification will require that all and / or particular
sections of work are to be carried out according to the BCA, particular Australian
Standards, or that materials used comply with Australian Standards.
These may include:
 AS 1170 Structural Design Actions
 AS 1288-2006 Glass In Buildings - Selection And Installation
 AS 1397 Steel Sheet And Strip - Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated Or Aluminium/ZincCoated
 AS 1445 Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated Or Aluminium/Zinc-Coated Steel Sheet - 76 Mm
Pitch Corrugated
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Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
 AS 1562 Design And Installation Of Sheet Roof And Wall Cladding - Metal
 AS 1604 Specification For Preservative Treatment - Sawn And Round Timber
 AS 1684 Residential Timber Framed Construction, Also Known As The National
Timber Framing Code
 AS 1720 Timber Structures
 AS 1810 Timber - Seasoned Cypress Pine
 AS 1859 And AS 1860 Reconstituted Wood-Based Panels - Specifications –
Particleboard
 AS 2047.2 Windows In Buildings - Construction, Installation And Maintenance
 AS 2049 Roof Tiles
 AS 2179 Specifications For Rainwater Goods
 AS 2269 Plywood – Structural
 AS/NZ 2588 Gypsum Plasterboard
 AS/NZ 2589 Gypsum linings in residential and light commercial construction
 AS 2796 Timber – Sawn And Milled Products
 AS 2858 Timber – Softwood – Visually Stress-Graded For Structural Purposes
 AS 2870 Residential Slabs And Footings
 AS 2904 Damp-Proof Courses And Flashings
 AS/NZS 3000 Electrical Installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring
Rules)
 AS 3600 Concrete Structures
 AS 3660 Termite Management
 AS 3700 Masonry Structures
 AS 3786 Smoke Alarms
 AS 3958.1-2007 Ceramic Tiles - Guide to the installation of ceramic tiles
 AS 3959 Building in bushfire-prone areas
 AS 4055 Wind Loads For Housing
 AS 4200 Pliable Building Membranes And Underlay – Materials
 AS/NZS 4455 Masonry Units And Segmental Pavers
 AS 4785 Timber - Softwood
 AS 4786 Timber Flooring - Sanding And Finishing
 AS/NZS 4859.1 Materials For The Thermal Insulation Of Buildings
As may be seen, there are many standards that may apply. The legal obligation to
comply with these standards may be due to their inclusion in the BCA, other codes, or
mention in the specification or schedules. The BCA is updated every year, and
standards can be subscribed to.
Task:
1. Using the plan set provided, identify Three areas of work not covered by any
aspect of the plan and for which a section of a specification would be
required
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CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
2. The specification forms part of which set of document?
3. In which document(s) could customer Variations be listed?
4. What two main sets of standards or codes are referred to in the specification?
6. Identify non-structural aspects to the
specification
Non-structural aspects of a specification generally cover those elements of a
building not instrumental in bearing a load or resisting some force (such as uplift,
lateral wind forces, or earth pressure on a retaining wall for example). Two
common non-structural aspects are:
•
•
services such as plumbing and electricity
installation of most PC items such as appliances, fittings, tiles and the like.
Identifying the key features of products in the
specification
Typically the specification lists these groups of products
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Masonry (though may stipulate load ratings and weathering capacity)
Cladding
Linings
Joinery
Flooring
Tiling
Electrical fittings
Plumbing fittings
Hardware fittings
Insulation
Appliances
Generally the standard specification will allow for the client to have input into most of
these items. The choices being based upon aesthetic and service value to which the
client will often seek the builders opinion or advice. However, as with the masonry
listed above, the standard may specify some constraints upon choice due to energy
efficiency requirements (in the case of appliances, plumbing fixtures, window frames
or even flooring), and or structural integrity (such as the capacity of glazing to
withstand wind forces).
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2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin
CPCCBC4012A Read and interpret plans and specifications
Task:
1. Using the construction plans provides list 5 non-structural elements for
which the client might wish to have input into determining the specific form
of material or item.
2. In the construction plans provided, what evidence is there that the client has
already had input into determining some aspects of the materials or finish.
3. By referring to in the plans provided and the energy efficiency audit, explain
why the timber flooring in the living room could not be changed to a cheap
floating floor without some other alterations to the design.
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2010 TAFE NSW Riverina Institute Albury Campus Building & Construction
Glenn P. Costin