Course: SANT 120
Dept. of Social Anthropology
Fall Term 2005
course leader:
Robert Minnich. Rm 803
conf. hours:
Thursday 13:00 - 14:00
telephone:
555 89274
e-mail: Robert.minnich@sosantr.uib.no
Time & Place of Instruction:
Tuesday 10:15 - 12:00 (Seminar Room 843 — 8th floor, Social Science Bldg. /Meltzers hus)
Thursday 10:15 - 12:00 (Seminar Room 843 — 8th floor, Social Science Bldg. /Meltzers hus)
Anthropology of Scandinavia
Course objectives and content
Anthropology is the study of culture and cultural diversity throughout the world. Social anthropologists try
to understand how people, through interaction, construct their ways of living and their relationships to each
other under varying ecological and material conditions, and through different ideologies and symbolic
systems.
The anthropology of Scandinavia introduces diverse anthropological research perspectives through a
multi-faceted presentation of Scandinavian and especially Norwegian society and culture. Course topics
range from “classic” accounts of rural ways of life and agrarian society to studies of the relationship
between Scandinavia’s dominant “peoples” and its indigenous and immigrant/refugee minorities. Attention
is given to Scandinavian modernity with reference to the construction of national cultures, multiculturalism,
evolving gender and class relations, contemporary themes in kinship, and finally, the autobiographies of
contemporary Norwegians.
Course organization
This nine week course is taught by members of the Dept. of Social Anthropology with research experience
in Scandinavia. The course consists of two two-hour classes each week. Weekly lectures are accompanied
by student driven seminars under the supervision of the course leader. The main course text, Everyday Life
Philosophers (Gullestad 1996), will be read and discussed by students at the beginning and conclusion of
the course. The autobiographies of Einar, Kari, Øivind and Cecilia are intended as a means to integrate the
material covered under the various topics.
Students are encouraged to follow the topic by topic reading schedule provided in the Course Syllabus.
Dates and deadlines
Classes begin August 23 and end October 20. General topics for a 3000 word term paper will be announced
on Sept. 8. The term paper deadline is Oct. 14. An oral examination on course readings will be held on Oct.
25 & 26. During the final session, Oct. 20, students will have opportunity to evaluate this course.
Course requirements
Each student is required to:
• make one seminar presentation,
• write a 3000 word term paper , and
• participate in an oral examination.
Students are expected to participate in all course sessions and to contribute at least once with a seminar
presentation based on literature from the reading list.
Students are required to read approximately 1000 pages upon which they will be examined at the
conclusion of the course. The required reading consists of the text mentioned above and an anthology of
readings entitled SANT 120 – Anthropology of Scandinavia: Required Reading (Fall Term, 2005).
The course reading list at the end of the syllabus is followed by a list of Suggested Supplementary
Readings. This supplementary literature is also listed in relation to individual lectures. A Master Copy of
these supplementary readings (except for books) is available at the Dept. of Social Anthropology,
Ekspedisjonskontor, where it can be borrowed for the purpose of duplication at the student’s own expense.
Grading
Students are evaluated upon the basis of their seminar presentation (20%), term paper (60%) and an oral
examination testing their command of required course readings (20%).
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
2
Practical information:
 Obtaining course literature:
 The main text, Everyday Life Philosophers, is available at the Studia bookstore.
 All other required readings are assembled in one volume, SANT 120 – Anthropology of Scandinavia:
Required Reading, and is available at Studia.
 Contact persons: Course leader - Robert Minnich, Room 803, tel. 555 89274, or Study Advisor – Tord
Bakke, Room 807, tel. 555 89451. (See “my page” for e-mail addresses)
Syllabus with reading schedule
NOTE – Course information is updated regularly on the “min side / my space” student portal webpage of
the University of Bergen and is available to all students registered for this course.
Introduction — anthropological perspectives on individuals, community and identity in Scandinavia
Aug. 23 – Robert Minnich
 course overview
 An introduction to analytical perspectives and data-collection procedures in Social Anthropology – three
Norwegian case studies by J.A. Barnes and D. Caulkins of individuals and organizations in community.
 perspectives on Norwegian identity
 an outline of anthropological research in Scandinavia
Required reading
Barnes, J.A. 1954. Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish.
Human Relations, VII/1: 39-58
19
Blehr, Barbo. 1999. Sacred unity, Sacred similarity: Norwegian Constitution Day parades.
Ethnology, 38/2: 175-89
14
Caulkins, Douglas. 1998. Norwegians: cooperative individualists. In Portraits of Culture: Ethnographic
Originals (Vol. III), Eds. Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember & David
Levinson. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Simon & Schuster Custom Publishing:
3-30
27
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 1993. Being Norwegian in a shrinking world: reflections on
Norwegian identity. In Continuity and Change: Aspects of Contemporary Norway,
Ed. Anne Cohen Kiel. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press: 11-37
26
Gullestad, Marianne. 1989. Small facts and large issues: the anthropology of contemporary Scandinavian
society. Annual Review of Anthropology, 18: 71-93
22
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1991). Egalitarian individualism.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 183-200
17
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
309
Gullestad, Marianne. 1997. Home, local community and nation: connections between everyday
life practices and constructions of national identity. Focaal, 30/31: 39-60
21
Suggested supplementary readings
Caulkins, Douglas. 1995. Are Norwegian voluntary organizations homogeneous moralnets? Reflections on
Naroll’s selection of Norway as a model society. Cross Cultural Research, 29/1: 43-57
NOTE – Important reference material for the entire course (located in Required Readings, pp. 419 ff.)
Keesing, Roger M. 1981. Glossary of Important Anthropological terms. In Cultural Anthropology:
A Contemporary Perspective. New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston: 507-520
Keesing, Roger M. & Andrew J. Strathern. 1998. Chapter 2 – Culture and People: Some Basic
Concepts. In Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective. New York:
Harcourt Brace College Publishers: 13-25
Norway in the past — rural ways of life and the integration of agrarian society
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
3
Aug. 25 – Robert Minnich





making a living — household based production systems
from one generation to the next — family, household and the reproduction of society
coping with nature — the diversity of peasant adaptations in Norway
communities or networks? — problems in conceptualizing rural society
farmers or peasants — the integration of rural Norway
Required reading
Blom, Jan-Petter. 1969. Ethnic and cultural differentiation.
In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Ed. Fredrik Barth.
Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 74-85
11
Brox, Ottar. 1964. Natural conditions, inheritance and marriage in a North
Norwegian Fjord. Folk, 6/1: 35-47
12
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Chapter 4: Einar - from fisherman to bureaucrat
58
Gurevich, Aron IA. The early state in Norway. In The early state. Eds. Henry Claessen and
Peter Skalnik, Paris: Mounton: 403-423
20
Park, George K. 1962. Sons and lovers: characterological requisites of the roles
in a peasant society. Ethnology, I/4: 412-424
12
Suggested supplementary readings
Barth, Fredrik. 1972. Introduction.
In The Role of the Entrepreneur in Social Change in Northern Norway.
Ed. Fredrik Barth, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 5-19
Brox, Ottar. 1972. Three types of north Norwegian entrepreneurship.
In The Role of the Entrepreneur in Social Change in Northern Norway.
Ed. Fredrik Barth, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 19-32
Löfgren, Orvar. 1989. Historical perspectives on Scandinavian peasantries.
Annual Review of Anthropology, 9: 187-215
Park, George K. 1972. Regional versions of Norwegian culture: a trial formulation.
Ethnology, XI/1: 3-24
Rudie, Ingrid. 1969-70. Household organization: adaptive process and restrictive form:
a viewpoint on economic change. Folk, 11-12: 185-200
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
4
Rural heritage and language in the making of the Norwegian nation
Aug. 30 – Robert Minnich
 rural society as a source of cultural identity
 from dialect to literary tradition
 language and national consciousness - the Norwegian case
Required reading
Blom, Jan-Petter. 1969. Ethnic and cultural differentiation.
In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Ed. Fredrik Barth.
Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 74-85
11
Haugen, Einar. 1968. Language planning in modern Norway. In Readings in the
Sociology of Language, Ed. Joshua A. Fishman. The Hague: Mouton: 673-687
14
Suggested supplementary readings
Blom, Jan-Petter & John J. Gumperz. 1986 (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structure:
code-switching in Norway. In Directions in Sociolinguistics: the Ethnography of Communication,
Ed. John J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes.
London: Blackwell: 407-434
A first look at the lives of Einar, Kari, Øivind and Cecilia
Sept. 1 – Seminar

 Students presentations of Einar, Kari, Øivind and Cecilia with a view to understanding their biographies
in terms of one’s own background and home society.
Required reading
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Chapter 4: Einar - from fisherman to bureaucrat
Chapter 5: Kari - reaching out for something better
Chapter 6: Øivind - loyal and dutiful, or, unable to take life into his own hands?
Chapter 7: Cecilia - finding one’s self
Suggested supplementary readings
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1986). Symbolic fences.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 165-182
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1990). Peace and Quiet.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 137-164
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992. Home decoration as popular culture.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 61-91
58
61
37
53
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
5
Immigrant, refugee and visitor encounters with Scandinavians
Sept. 6 – John Chr. Knudsen




when “culture” inhibits “cross-cultural” understanding
conceptualizing encounters with the “other”
structures of domination and opportunities for self-realization
negotiating refugee narratives
Required reading
Daun, Åke. 1984. Swedishness as an obstacle in cross-cultural interaction.
Ethnologia Europaea, XIV: 95-105
10
Kiel, Anne Cohen. 1993. Confessions of an angry commuter: or, learning how to communicate the noncommunicating way. In Continuity and Change: Aspects of Contemporary Norway,
Ed. Anne Cohen Kiel. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press: 55-69
14
Knudsen, John Chr. 1991. Therapeutic strategies and strategies for refugee coping.
Journal of Refugee Studies, 4/1: 21-38
17
Suggested supplementary readings
Berg, Berit. 1995. Immigrants and the Norwegian labour market: a meeting of different traditions and
concepts of work. In Multi-culturalism in the Nordic Societies,Ed. Jon Hjarnø (Proceedings of the
9th Nordic Seminar for Researchers on Migration and Ethnic Relations). Copenhagen: Nordic
Council of Ministers: 185-198
Knudsen, John Chr. 1995. When trust is on trial: negotiating refugee narratives. In Mistrusting Refugees,
Eds. E. Valentine Daniel and John Chr. Knudsen, Berkeley: University of California Press: 13-35
Sept. 8 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Ethnic relations in Scandinavia – nations, minorities, multi-cultural society
Sept. 13 – Robert Minnich

 on the study of ethnic relations
 from folk to nation
 the nationalization of culture
Required reading
Eidheim, Harald. 1969. When ethnic identity is a social stigma.
In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Ed. Fredrik Barth.
Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 39-58
18
Frykman, Jonas. 1993. Becoming the perfect Swede: modernity, body politics and
national process in Twentieth-century Sweden. Ethnos, 58/3-4: 259-274
15
Hunnisett, Stanley F. And Pennanen, Jukka. 1991. Saami, Gypsies, Indians, and immigrants.
Ethnos, 56/3-4: 210-223.
13
Lander, Patricia Slade. 1991. Finnish identity in a changing Europe. Ethnos, 56/3-4: 242-255
13
Löfgren, Orvar. 1989. The nationalization of culture. Ethnologia Europaea, XIX: 5-23
Niemi, Einar. 1992. The Kvens in Vadsø, Northern Norway 1850-1940. In Ethnic identity in urban
Europe. Eds. Max Engman et al. Dartmouth: New York University Press, pp. 131-153
18
22
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
6
Suggested supplementary readings
Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Introduction.
In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Ed. Fredrik Barth. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 9-38
Eidheim, Harald. 1971 (1966). Lappish guest relationships under conditions of culturalchange. In Aspects of
the Lappish Minority Situation, By Harald Eidheim. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 25-38
Frykman, Jonas. 1989. Social mobility and national character. Ethnologia Europaea, XIX: 33-46
Löfgren, Orvar. 1987. Deconstructing Swedishness: culture and class in modern Sweden. In. Anthropology
at Home - ASA Monograph 25, Ed. A. Jackson,London: Tavistock: 74-93
Sept. 15 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Multicultural Scandinavia and the situation of young Muslims in Norway
Sept. 20 – Christine M. Jacobsen

 Negotiating identity among second generation immigrants
• Politics of recognition
• Cultural creativity
• neo-racism
Required reading
Ålund, Alexandra. 1992. Wrestling with ghosts: transcultural bricolage and new communities. In
Paradoxes of multiculturalism: essays on Swedish society. Eds. Alexandra Ålund and
Carl-Ulrik Schierup. Aldershot: Avebury: 98-112
Jacobsen, Christine M. 2001. Young, Muslim and Woman Norwegian Style.
NIKK Magasin 2/3: 22-25
14
3
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. The politics of multiculturalism. In Will Kymlicka: Multicultural
citizenship: a liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 10-33
23
Long, Litt Woon. 1993. Recent immigration to Norway. In Continuity and Change: Aspects of
Contemporary Norway,Ed. Anne Cohen Kiel. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press: 175-192
17
Sampson, Steven. 1995. The threat to Danishness: Danish culture as seen by Den Danske Forening taking the xenophobic right seriously. In Multi-culturalism in the Nordic Societies,
Ed. Jon Hjarnø (Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Seminar for Researchers on Migration and Ethnic
Relations). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers: 59-69
10
Schierup, Carl-Ulrik. 1995. Multiculturalism, neo-racism, and vicissitudes ofcontemporary democracy.
In Multi-culturalism in the Nordic Societies, Ed. Jon Hjarnø (Proceedings of the 9th Nordic
Seminar for Researchers on Migration and Ethnic Relations). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of
Ministers: 1-29
Suggested supplementary readings
Roosens, Eugeen. 1994. The primordial nature of origins in migrant ethnicity. In The Anthropology of
Ethnicity: Beyond ‘Ethnic Groups and Boundaries’, Eds. Hans Vermeulen and Cora Govers.
Amsterdam: Het Spinhus: 81-104
Taylor, Charles. 1994. The politics of recognition. In Multiculturalism: A critical reader.
Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Oxford: Blackwell: 75-106.
Sept. 22 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
19
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
7
The Saami (Lapps) — coping with nature and a Norwegian majority
Sept. 27 – Georg Henriksen / Robert Minnich
 Saami adaptations on the coast and in the interior
 from a way of life to cultural values
 attaining self-esteem as an indigenous people
Required reading
Anderson, Myrdene. 1983. Woman as generalist, as specialist, and as diversifier in Saami
subsistence activities. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 10/2: 175-197
22
Bjørklund, Ivar. (in press). Sami pastoral society 1990: the national integration of an indigenous
management system. In Law and the Management of Divisible and Non-Excludable Renewable
Resources. Eds. Berge, Ott and Stenseth, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
18
Eidheim, Harald. 1992. Stages in the Development of Sami Selfhood Oslo: IMA-Working Papers no. 7
36
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Chapter 4: Einar - from fisherman to bureaucrat
58
Henriksen, Georg. 1991. The experience of social worth as a force in inter-ethnic relations.
In The Ecology of Choice and Symbol, Eds. R. Grønhaug, G. Haaland & G. Henriksen, Bergen:
Alma Mater: 407-425
18
Paine, Robert. 1958. Changes in the ecological and economic bases in a coast Lappish district.
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 14/2: 168-188
20
Suggested supplementary readings
Brantenberg, Odd Terje. 1985. The Alta-Kautokeino conflict, Saami reindeer herding and ethnopolitics. In
Native Power: The Quest for Autonomy and Nationhood of Indigenous Peoples. Eds. Jens Brøsted,
Jens Dahl et. al. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget : 23-48
Paine, Robert. 1971. Animals as capital: comparisons among northern nomadic herders and hunters.
Anthropological Quarterly, 44/3: 157-171
Paine, Robert. 1988. Grace out of stigma: the cultural self-management of a Saami congregation. Ethnologia
Europaea, XVIII: 161-178
Paine, Robert. 1991. The claim of aboriginality: Saami in Norway. In The Ecology
of Choice and
Symbol, Eds. R. Grønhaug, G. Haaland & G. Henriksen, Bergen: Alma Mater: 388-406
Paine, Robert. 1992.Social construction of the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ and Saami reindeer pastoralism.
Acta Borealia, 2: 3-20
Roland, Greta. 1993. A university in the “Fourth World”: the self-determination of the Norwegian Saami.
Dialectical Anthropology, 18: 73-100
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
8
Sept. 29 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Some kinship themes in today’s Norway
Oct. 4 – Olaf Smedal

 The basics: Cognatic kinship -- with and without gender-biased primogeniture
 New reproductive technologies - what are the issues?
 Transnational adoption - what are the issues?
 Lesbian parenthood - what are the issues?
Required reading
Howell, Signe. 2001. "Self-conscious kinship: Some contested values in Norwegian transnational
adoption". In Sarah Franklin and Susan McKinnon (eds.): Relative values: Reconfiguring
kinship studies. Durham, N.C. Duke University Press: 203—223
20
Melhuus, Marit. 2000. "Public issues -- private concerns: Procreation and its universe".
In Haldis Haukanes (ed.) Feminism 2000: Biology, technology, politics.
University of Bergen: Centre for women's and gender research: 95--116
21
Suggested supplementary readings
David M. Schneider.1972. "What is kinship all about" In Kinship studies in the Morgan centennial year. Ed.
Priscilla Reining, Washington, D.C: The Anthropological Society of Washington: 32-63
Schneider, David M. 1980. American kinship: A cultural account. Second edition. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press
Oct. 6 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
The position of women, children and the elderly in modern Scandinavia
Oct. 11 – (to be announced)

 the institutionalization of welfare in modern Norwegian society – the case of the elderly
 Norwegian cultural themes and the socialization of children
 the feminist movement — equality and identity in modern Norway
Required reading
Bjelland, Anne Karen. 1985. Ageing and identity management in a Norwegian
elderly home. Human Relations, 38/2: 151-165
14
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Chapter 7: Cecilia - finding oneself
55
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Chapter 5: Kari - reaching out for something better
61
Skard, Torild and Elina Haavio-Mannila. 1986. Equality between the sexes: myth or reality in
Norden? In Norden: The Passion for Equality, Ed. Stephen R. Gould. Oslo: Norwegian
University press: 175-199
24
Suggested supplementary readings
Bjelland, Anne Karen. 1990. Constructions of the past and the present in elderly
homes (Norway).(Paper presented to the XIV Meeting of Nordic Anthropologists)
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
9
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1986). Equality and marital love. In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo:
Universitetsforlaget: 93-112
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1988). Children’s care for children. In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo:
Universitetsforlaget: 113-135
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. A passion for boundaries: reflections on connections between the everyday lives
of children and discourses on the nation in contemporary Norway. Childhood 4/1: 19-42
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. From obedience to negotiation: dilemmas in the transmission of values between
the generations in Norway. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 2: 25-42
Oct. 13 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Oct. 14 – Term Paper deadline
Autobiographies and the representation of society and culture — Reconsidering the life stories of Einar Kari - Øivind - Cecilia
Oct. 18 – Seminar
Required reading
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Part One:
1-66
Part Three: 283-309
Suggested supplementary readings
Brox, Ottar. 1996. My life as an anthropologist (an autobiographical essay).
Ethnos, 61/1-2: 105-120
Drawing the threads together – a summation and evaluation of the course
Oct. 20 – Robert Minnich
Oct. 25 & 26 – Oral Exam
65
26
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
10
Reading list
REQUIRED READING
pages
Ålund, Aleksandra. 1992. Wrestling with ghosts: transcultural bricolage and new communities.
In Paradoxes of Multiculturalism: Essays on Swedish Society. Eds. Aleksandra Ålund &
Carl-Ulrik Schierup. Aldershot: Avebury: 89-112
23
Anderson, Myrdene. 1983. Woman as generalist, as specialist, and as diversifier in Saami
subsistence activities. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 10/2: 175-197
22
Barnes, J.A. 1954. Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish. Human Relations,
VII/1:39-58
19
Bjelland, Anne Karen. 1985. Ageing and identity management in a Norwegian
elderly home. Human Relations, 38/2: 151-165
14
Bjørklund, Ivar. (in press). Sami pastoral society 1990: the national integration of an indigenous management
system. In Law and the Management of Divisible and Non-Excludable
Renewable Resources. Eds. Berge, Ott and Stenseth, Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press.
18
Blehr, Barbo. 1999. Sacred unity, Sacred similarity: Norwegian Constitution Day parades.
Ethnology, 38/2: 175-89
14
Blom, Jan-Petter. 1969. Ethnic and cultural differentiation. In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries,
Ed. Fredrik Barth. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 74-85
11
Brox, Ottar. 1964. Natural conditions, inheritance and marriage in a North Norwegian Fjord.
Folk, 6/1: 35-45
12
Caulkins, Douglas. 1998. Norwegians: cooperative individualists. In Portraits of Culture:
Ethnographic Originals (Vol. III), Eds. Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember & David Levinson.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Simon & Schuster Custom Publishing: 3-30
27
Daun, Åke. 1984. Swedishness as an obstacle in cross-cultural interaction. Ethnologia Europaea,
XIV: 95-105
10
Eidheim, Harald. 1969. When ethnic identity is a social stigma. In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries,
Ed. Fredrik Barth. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 39-58
18
Eidheim, Harald. 1992. Stages in the Development of Sami Selfhood Oslo:
IMA-Working Papers no. 7
36
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 1993. Being Norwegian in a shrinking world: reflections on Norwegian
identity. In Continuity and Change: Aspects of Contemporary Norway, Ed. Anne Cohen Kiel.
Oslo: Scandinavian University Press: 11-37
26
Frykman, Jonas. 1993. Becoming the perfect Swede: modernity, body politics and national process
in Twentieth-century Sweden. Ethnos, 58/3-4: 259-274
15
Gullestad, Marianne. 1989. Small facts and large issues: the anthropology of contemporary
Scandinavian society. Annual Review of Anthropology, 18: 71-93
22
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1991). Egalitarian individualism. In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo:
Universitetsforlaget: 183-200
17
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
309
Gullestad, Marianne. 1997. Home, local community and nation: connections between everyday
life practices and constructions of national identity. Focaal, 30/31: 39-60
21
Gurevich, Aron IA. The early state in Norway. In The early state. Eds. Henry Claessen and Peter
Skalnik, Paris: Mounton: 403-423.
20
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
11
Haugen, Einar. 1968. Language planning in modern Norway. In Readings in the Sociology
of Language, Ed. Joshua A. Fishman. The Hague: Mouton: 673-687
14
Henriksen, Georg. 1991. The experience of social worth as a force in inter-ethnic relations.
In The Ecology of Choice and Symbol, Eds. R. Grønhaug, G. Haaland & G. Henriksen,
Bergen: Alma Mater: 407-425
18
Howell, Signe. 2001. "Self-conscious kinship: Some contested values in Norwegian transnational adoption".
In Sarah Franklin and Susan McKinnon (eds.): Relative values: Reconfiguring
kinship studies. Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press: 203-223
20
Hunnisett, Stanley F. & Jukka Pennanen. 1991. Saami, Gypsies, Indians, and immigrants. Ethnos,
56/3-4: 210-223
13
Jacobsen, Christine M. 2001. Young, Muslim and Woman Norwegian Style.
NIKK Magasin 2/3: 22-25
3
Kiel, Anne Cohen. 1993. Confessions of an angry commuter: or, learning how to communicate
the non-communicating way. In Continuity and Change: Aspects of Contemporary Norway,
Ed. Anne Cohen Kiel. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press: 55-69
14
Knudsen, John Chr. 1991. Therapeutic strategies and strategies for refugee coping.
Journal of Refugee Studies, 4/1: 21-38
17
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. The politics of multiculturalism. In Will Kymlicka: Multicultural citizenship:
a liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 10-33
23
Lander, Patricia Slade. 1991. Finnish identity in a changing Europe. Ethnos, 56/3-4: 242-255
13
Long, Litt Woon. 1993. Recent immigration to Norway. In Continuity and Change: Aspects of
Contemporary Norway,Ed. Anne Cohen Kiel. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press: 175-192
17
Löfgren, Orvar. 1989. The nationalization of culture. Ethnologia Europaea, XIX: 5-23
18
Melhuus, Marit. 2000. "Public issues -- private concerns: Procreation and its universe". In
Haldis Haukanes (ed.) Feminism 2000: Biology, technology, politics. University of Bergen:
Centre for women's and gender research: 95-116
21
Niemi, Einar. 1992. The Kvens in Vadsø, Northern Norway 1850-1940. In Ethnic identity in urban Europe.
Eds. Max Engman et al. Dartmouth: New York University Press, pp. 131-153
22
Paine, Robert. 1958. Changes in the ecological and economic bases in a coast Lappish district.
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 14/2: 168-188
20
Park, George K. 1962. Sons and lovers: characterological requisites of the roles in a peasant society.
Ethnology, I/4: 412-424
12
Sampson, Steven. 1995. The threat to Danishness: Danish culture as seen by Den Danske Forening taking the xenophobic right seriously. In Multi-culturalism in the Nordic Societies,
Ed. Jon Hjarnø (Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Seminar for Researchers on Migration and
Ethnic Relations). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers: 59-69
10
Schierup, Carl-Ulrik. 1995. Multiculturalism, neo-racism, and vicissitudes of contemporary
democracy. In Multi-culturalism in the Nordic Societies, Ed. Jon Hjarnø (Proceedings
of the 9th Nordic Seminar for Researchers on Migration and Ethnic Relations). Copenhagen:
Nordic Council of Ministers: 1-29
29
Skard, Torild & Elina Haavio-Mannila. 1986. Equality between the sexes: myth or reality in Norden?
In Norden: The Passion for Equality, Ed. Stephen R. Gould. Oslo: Norwegian University press:
175-199
24
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
12
Total number of pages
972
SUGGESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING
(a master copy of following literature is deposited at the Ekspedisjonskontor – Dept. of Social
Anthropology)
Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Introduction.
In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, Ed. Fredrik Barth.
Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 9-38
Barth, Fredrik. 1972. Introduction.
In The Role of the Entrepreneur in Social Change in Northern Norway.
Ed. Fredrik Barth, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 5-19
Berg, Berit. 1995. Immigrants and the Norwegian labour market: a meeting of different
traditions and concepts of work. In Multi-culturalism in the Nordic Societies,
Ed. Jon Hjarnø (Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Seminar for Researchers on
Migration and Ethnic Relations).
Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers: 185-198
Bjelland, Anne Karen. 1985. Ageing and identity management in a Norwegian
elderly home. Human Relations, 38/2: 151-165
Bjelland, Anne Karen. 1990. Constructions of the past and the present in elderly
homes (Norway).
(Paper presented to the XIV Meeting of Nordic Anthropologists)
Blom, Jan-Petter & John J. Gumperz. 1986 (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structure:
code-switching in Norway. In Directions in Sociolinguistics: the Ethnography of Communication,
Eds. John J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes.
London: Blackwell: 407-434
Brantenberg, Odd Terje. 1985. The Alta-Kautokeino conflict, Saami reindeer herding and ethnopolitics. In
Native Power: The Quest for Autonomy and Nationhood of Indigenous Peoples. Eds. Jens Brøsted,
Jens Dahl et. al. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget : 23-48
Brox, Ottar. 1972. Three types of north Norwegian entrepreneurship.
In The Role of the Entrepreneur in Social Change in Northern Norway.
Ed. Fredrik Barth, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 19-32
Brox, Ottar. 1996. My life as an anthropologist (an autobiographical essay).
Ethnos, 61/1-2: 105-120
Caulkins, Douglas. 1995. Are Norwegian voluntary organizations homogeneous moralnets? Reflections on
Naroll’s selection of Norway as a model society. Cross Cultural Research, 29/1: 43-57
Eidheim, Harald. 1971 (1966). Lappish guest relationships under conditions of cultural
change. In Aspects of the Lappish Minority Situation, By Harald Eidheim.
Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 25-38
Frykman, Jonas. 1989. Social mobility and national character.
Ethnologia Europaea, XIX: 33-46
Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf. 1991. Exhausted bodies and esteemed brains: employment
relations and systems of exchange and symbolism.
Manuscript to be published in Sign and Scarcity, Ed. R. Grønhaug.
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
13
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1986). Equality and marital love.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 93-112
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1986). Symbolic fences.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 165-182
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1988). Children’s care for children.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 113-135
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1989). When nature is more important than culture.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 201-209
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992 (1990). Peace and Quiet.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 137-164
Gullestad, Marianne. 1992. Home decoration as popular culture.
In The Art of Social Relations, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget: 61-91
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. A passion for boundaries: reflections on connections between
the everyday lives of children and discourses on the nation in contemporary Norway.
Childhood 4/1: 19-42
Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. From obedience to negotiation: dilemmas in the transmission
of values between the generations in Norway.
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 2: 25-42
Haaland, Gunnar. 1991. The ecology of choice and symbol. In The Ecology of Choice
and Symbol, Eds. R. Grønhaug, G. Haaland & G. Henriksen,
Bergen: Alma Mater.: 9-22
Knudsen, John Chr. 1991. Therapeutic strategies and strategies for refugee coping.
Journal of Refugee Studies, 4/1: 21-38
Knudsen, John Chr. 1995. When trust is on trial: negotiating refugee narratives. In
Mistrusting Refugees, edited by E. Valentine Daniel and John Chr. Knudsen,
Berkeley: University of California Press: 13-35
Löfgren, Orvar. 1987. Deconstructing Swedishness: culture and class in modern Sweden.
In Anthropology at Home - ASA Monograph 25, Ed. A. Jackson,
London: Tavistock: 74-93
Löfgren, Orvar. 1989. Historical perspectives on Scandinavian peasantries.
Annual Review of Anthropology, 9: 187-215
Paine, Robert. 1960. Emergence of the village as a social unit in a coast Lappish fjord.
American Anthropologist, 62/6: 1004-1017
Paine, Robert. 1964. Herding and husbandry: two basic distinctions in the analysis
of reindeer management. Folk, 6/1: 83-88
Paine, Robert. 1970. Lappish decisions, partnerships, information management and
sanctions: a nomadic pastoral adaptation. Ethnology, IX/1: 52-67
Paine, Robert. 1971. Animals as capital: comparisons among northern nomadic
herders and hunters. Anthropological Quarterly, 44/3: 157-171
Paine, Robert. 1988. Grace out of stigma: the cultural self-management of a
Saami congregation. Ethnologia Europaea, XVIII: 161-178
Paine, Robert. 1991. The claim of aboriginality: Saami in Norway. In The Ecology
of Choice and Symbol, Eds. R. Grønhaug, G. Haaland & G. Henriksen,
Bergen: Alma Mater: 388-406
Paine, Robert. 1992.Social construction of the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ and Saami reindeer pastoralism.
Acta Borealia, 2: 3-20
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
14
Park, George K. 1972. Regional versions of Norwegian culture: a trial formulation.
Ethnology, XI/1: 3-24
Roland, Greta. 1993. A university in the “Fourth World”: the self-determination of the
Norwegian Saami. Dialectical Anthropology, 18: 73-100
Rudie, Ingrid. 1969-70. Household organization: adaptive process and restrictive form.
A viewpoint on economic change. Folk, 11-12: 185-200
David M. Schneider.1972. "What is kinship all about" In Kinship studies in the Morgan centennial year. Ed.
Priscilla Reining, Washington, D.C: The Anthropological Society of Washington:32-63
Selle, Per. 1992. Voluntary organizations within a different environment: The case of Norway
(Scandinavia). LOS-senter Notat 92/4. Bergen: University of Bergen.
Taylor, Charles. 1994. The politics of recognition. In Multiculturalism: A critical reader.
Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Oxford: Blackwell: 75-106.
Yngvesen, Barbara. 1978. Leadership and consensus: decision-making in an
egalitarian community. Ethnos, 43/1-2: 73-90
SUGGESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING
(Books available at the University Library)
Fløgstad, Kjartan. 1989 (1977). Dollar Road - a novel by K. Fløgstad.
Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press
Frykman, Jonas and Orvar Löfgren. 1987. Culture Builders: A Historical Anthropology
of Middle-Class Life. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
Gullestad, Marianne. 1984. Kitchen-Table Society. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Hollos, Marida. 1974. Growing up in Flathill : Social Environment and Cognitive
Development, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget
Paine, Robert. 1994. Herds of the Tundra : a portrait of Saami reindeer pastoralism.
Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press
Schneider, David M. 1980. American kinship: A cultural account. Second edition. Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press
NOTES:
SANT 120 — Anthropology of Scandinavia
15
Course Outline and Schedule
Introduction — anthropological perspectives on individuals, community and identity in Scandinavia
Aug. 23 – Robert Minnich
Norway in the past — rural ways of life and the integration of agrarian society
Aug. 25 – Robert Minnich
Rural heritage and language in the making of the Norwegian nation
Aug. 30 – Robert Minnich
A first look at the lives of Einar, Kari, Øivind and Cecilia
Sept. 1 – Seminar
 Student presentations of Einar, Kari, Øivind and Cecilia with a view to understanding their biographies
in term of one’s own background and home society.
Immigrant, refugee and visitor encounters with Scandinavians
Sept. 6 – John Chr. Knudsen
Sept. 8 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Ethnic relations in Scandinavia – nations, minorities, multi-cultural society
Sept. 13 – Robert Minnich
Sept. 15 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Multicultural Scandinavia and the situation of young Muslims in Norway
Sept. 20 – Christine M. Jacobsen
Sept. 22 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
The Saami (Lapps) — coping with nature and a Norwegian majority
Sept. 27 – Georg Henriksen / Robert Minnich
Sept. 29 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Some kinship themes in today’s Norway
Oct. 4 – Olaf Smedal
Oct. 6 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
The position of women, children and the elderly in modern Scandinavia
Oct. 11 – (to be announced)
Oct. 13 – Seminar / student presentations of course literature
Autobiographies and the representation of society and culture — Reconsidering the life stories of Einar Kari - Øivind - Cecilia
Oct. 18 – Seminar
 Student presentations of Einar, Kari, Øivind and Cecilia with a view to understanding their biographies
in terms of course readings and lectures.
Drawing the threads together – a summation and evaluation of the course
Oct. 20 – Robert Minnich
October 14 – Term Paper deadline
October 25 & 26 – Oral Exam