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Customising definitions of outputs, outcomes and impact By Ricardo
Wilson-Grau, August 2008 I am continually challenged with the organisations with whom I work
to define the terms we will use. They are by and large Northern donors and their grantees –
development NGOs and social change networks. I find that the meaning of outcomes and impact
(and outputs) varies considerably and the terms are sometimes are used interchangeably. Thus, a
big mistake planners, monitors and evaluators alike make is to assume everyone agrees on the
meanings of these different types of results and not define one’s terms right from the beginning.
Having gone through the process with a number of organisations, I find that the following three
steps are helpful. I base the process on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) definitions. Since my clients are either donors based in one of the 30
OECD member countries or their NGO and network grantees, the use of the OECD as a
reference is generally acceptable and rarely controversial. Step #1 – OECD Definitions Step #2
– Generic adaptations Step #3-Customised to the organisation’s needs, an example
A
development result is the output, outcome or impact (either intended or unintended, positive or
negative) of one or more activities intended to contribute to physical, financial, institutional,
social, environmental, or other benefits to a society, community, or group of people. I share
with my principal these generic adaptations of the OECD definitions. I built them up over the
past few years with the development and social change organisations with which I work. My
third step is to work with the organisation to arrive at a definition that is concrete and specific to
her or his organisation. Here is an example of the product of the process with a Dutch donor that
I supported in developing their definitions intended to be applicable to almost 1,000
organisationally and thematically diverse social change grantees in the North and South.
Output: The products, capital goods and services which result from a development
intervention; may also include changes resulting from the intervention which are relevant to the
achievement of outcomes. Output: The immediate results of your organisation’s activities – the
processes, goods and services that it produces. For example: workshops, training manuals,
research and assessment reports, guidelines and action plans, strategies, and technical assistance
packages. The key to distinguishing outputs from other types of results is that your organisation
controls its outputs. For example, outputs includes the knowledge, skills or attitudes that have
changed when an individual or group of people participate in your workshop because you control
the quality of your intervention. It does not include, however, what the individual group does (or
does not do) with the new knowledge, skills or attitudes. Output: The immediate result of a
grantee’s activities – the processes, goods and services that she produces through activities
partially or totally funded by us.
Outcome: The likely or achieved short-term and mediumterm effects of an intervention’s outputs. Outcomes are the observable behavioural, institutional
and societal changes that take place over 3 to 10 years, usually as the result of coordinated shortterm investments in individual and organizational capacity building for key development
stakeholders (such as national governments, civil society, and the private sector). Outcome :
Observable positive or negative changes in the actions of social actors that have been influenced,
directly or indirectly, partially or totally, intentionally or not, by your activities or your outputs
that potentially contribute to the improvement in people’s lives or of the environment envisioned
in the mission of your organisation. Your organisation only influences outcomes. Thus, what an
individual, group or organisation does differently as a result of your intervention is an outcome
because what you did does not determine that action. Outcome: Change in a policy or practice
or both of development actors influenced by our grantee’s’ activities and outputs. Policy changes
are modifications of formal or informal, written or unwritten political, cultural, social or religious
norms that guide the actions of people, organisations and institutions in the sphere of the state,
the market as well as in civil society. Changes in practice represent a modification of what is
done in society-the laws or regulations must be applied or new socio-cultural norms practised.
Impact: Positive and negative, primary and secondary long-term effects produced by a
development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended. Impact: Long-term,
sustainable changes in the conditions of people and the state of the environment that structurally
reduce poverty, improve human well-being and protect and conserve natural resources. Your
organisation contributes partially and indirectly to these enduring results in society or the
environment. Impact: The significant, structural, sustained and positive improvement in the
lives of people suffering from poverty, injustice, insecurity and exclusion to which the policy and
practice changes have contributed.
Sources: OECD, Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation
and Results-Based Management, 2002, and OECD, Management for Development Results Principles in Action: Sourcebook on Emerging Good Practices, 2006. Both are available at:
www.oecd.org/publications/. My generic definition of outcomes is based on that use in
Outcome Mapping, a planning, monitoring and evaluation methodology developed by the
Evaluation Unit of the International Development Research Centre of Canada. See Sarah Earl,
Fred Carden, and Terry Smutylo; Outcome Mapping - Building Learning and Reflection into
Development Programs; IDRC, 2001, available at HYPERLINK
"http://www.outcomemapping.ca"
www.outcomemapping.ca .
HYPERLINK
"mailto:Ricardo.wilson-Grau@inter.nl.net" Ricardo.wilson-Grau@inter.nl.net , August 2008
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