□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
6. I feel conflicted because I care about my friends, but I also care about my
roommate.
5. I should try to be objective about this situation.
4. The most important thing is my roommate not be hurt by what happens.
2. The members are entitled to their opinions of all prospective members.
□
□
Strongly
Agree
4
3. I don’t want to do anything to influence the process of membership
selection.
Somewhat
Agree
3
□
□
Somewhat
Disagree
2
□
□
□
Somewhat
Disagree
2
Somewhat
Agree
3
Strongly
Agree
4
15. I am worried about hurting my friendship with my
roommate.
14. Regardless of the reasons for doing so, my roommate
violated principles.
13. I would seek a solution that would do the least harm to
both of us.
12. My roommate has an obligation to make this right.
11. I would not do anything to harm my friendship with my
roommate.
10. I know how important graduation is and I don’t want to
do anything that will keep my roommate from graduating.
9. I should be objective and rational about this, and not let
my relationship cloud my judgment.
8. Regardless of the consequences the article was mine and I
have a right to have it published.
7. I am hurt that my roommate did this, but I don’t want to
make it bad for him/her.
Strongly
Disagree
1
I work for the student newspaper and have labored for several
weeks on a series of articles on violence and the media. My articles
are due to be published in two weeks. This morning I saw my
roommate’s term paper on the kitchen table. As I glanced through the
paper, I recognized parts of it and realized that my roommate had
copied word for word a sizable portion of my article. If my articles
are published, my roommate’s plagiarism will be discovered and
his/her graduation will be jeopardized.
1. I don’t want to do anything that would jeopardize my relationship with
my roommate.
Strongly
Disagree
1
It is recruitment time for my student club. All new members must be
approved by a vote of 90% of the membership. I have been a member for one
year and I am considered being groomed for a leadership position. My roommate
wants to join. After the introduction party where members meet those who want
to join, I heard several older members making fun of my roommate.
STUDENT CLUB
Read each statement carefully, but don’t spend too much time debating your
responses. Usually our initial reaction is the most accurate one.
Write the number that corresponds to your reaction in the box in front of each
statement. There are no right or wrong answers to these questions. Your
responses to these statements will help us determine how difficult decisions are
made. All responses are confidential.
Directions for completion of the Measure of Moral Orientation (MMO-2):
Read each dilemma and assume the role of the person in the dilemma. Rate
each response which follows the dilemma as to whether you strongly agree,
somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree with that response.
PLAGIARISM
53
APPENDIX B
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
Somewhat
Disagree
2
Somewhat
Agree
3
Strongly
Agree
4
22. We all need each other right now; no one should go through
this alone.
21. I am concerned about maintaining my relationship with
Morgan’s parents.
20. The primary issue would be to look for a compromise
position which would keep both Morgan and Morgan’s parents
from feeling hurt..
19. Morgan’s needs are the most important and I have a duty to
respect those wishes.
18. I don’t want to hurt Morgan but we can’t continue to
overlook Morgan’s parents’ feelings; they feel hurt, too.
17. I made a promise and I should not break that promise no
matter what.
16. This is a matter of conflicting rights: Morgan’s parents have
a right to know, but Morgan also has a right not to tell them..
Strongly
Disagree
1
I have been married to Morgan for two years. We are both in college
and do not have children. Three months ago Morgan was diagnosed as
having cancer. The recommended treatment was intensive
chemotherapy. Luckily, our insurance covers the medical bills.
Morgan has asked me not to tell his/her parents about the cancer
because Morgan feels that they would interfere with the course of
treatment and demand that Morgan move home. I promised not to tell
Morgan’s parents but the treatments are creating changes that are very
hard to deal with. Morgan’s parents are perplexed by Morgan’s recent
demeanor and blame it on our marriage, of which they were never very
supportive.
MORGAN
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
Somewhat
Disagree
2
Somewhat
Agree
3
Strongly
Agree
4
30. I don’t want to do anything to jeopardize my relationship
with Karen.
29. This is really about conflicting rights: Karen and the
professor’s right to do what they want, and the rights of the
other students in the class to not be disadvantaged.
28. Karen’s reputation with her classmates and faculty is in
jeopardy.
27. This is clearly a violation of the rules and should be
addressed.
26. The most important thing is that Karen not get hurt.
25. Karen has a right to her own business.
24. My primary concern is Karen’s state of mind.
23. I have a duty to do the right thing.
Strongly
Disagree
1
My friend Karen and I are in a class together. This class is required
for graduation, and this is the only time it is being offered this year.
Karen flunked the first test, but made an “A” on her paper and midterm.
I have been working very hard in this class but have made only “Bs” so
far. Last night Karen confided in me that the professor had taken a
“personal interest” in her and that he had asked her to spend the night
with him in exchange for an “A” in the class.
KAREN
54
□
□
□
□
□
□
Somewhat
Disagree
2
Somewhat
Agree
3
Strongly
Agree
4
36. I would treat the administrator like everyone else, regardless
of his personal circumstances.
35. In order to hurt the least number of people, I should drop the
story and tell the administrator what I know and ask him to
correct it quietly.
34. In spite of what we know, I would not want to be responsible
for causing harm to him and his family.
33. Regardless of the consequences, I am concerned about the
principles involved.
32. Whatever he did, he probably did so with his child in mind.
31. I would do what I thought was fair, regardless of the
consequences to myself or others.
Strongly
Disagree
1
As the editor of the college newspaper, I decide which stories are
published. One of our reporters has just turned in a story about a
university administrator who has been diverting student fees for his own
personal use. I assume that the story is accurate. I called the
administrator’s house to speak with him about the discovery and to tell
him we were going public with the story. His wife informed me that he
was at the hospital with their child who is terminally ill. The deadline to
run the story is midnight..
ADMINISTRATOR
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
Somewhat
Disagree
2
Somewhat
Agree
3
Strongly
Agree
4
44. Richard has a right to know that Amy is cheating.
43. I would do what I thought was fair, regardless of the
consequences.
42. I don’t want to be the one to hurt Richard with the news.
41. Amy violated the rules of their relationship and Richard
should know.
40. My reaction would depend upon how Richard really feels
about Amy.
39. I would tell Richard because if I were in his situation I would
want him to tell me.
38. I do not want to be the one to cause harm to Richard’s
relationship with Amy.
37. The most important thing to me is that Richard not get hurt.
Strongly
Disagree
1
My brother Richard has been dating Amy for two years. They have
talked casually about getting married after college. We all go to the same
college and see each other frequently. Early this morning I saw Amy
kissing my neighbor Michael as she was leaving his apartment.
Obviously Amy had spent the night at his place.
RICHARD
55
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
Somewhat
Disagree
2
Somewhat
Agree
3
Strongly
Agree
4
52. I will do the objective thing – split my time between both of
them.
51. In spite of what my mother did, I would not do anything to
hurt her.
50. Everyone has the right to happiness, even if the consequences
are sometimes hurtful to others.
49. What I did would depend on how I thought each parent
needed.
48. I don’t want anything to come between my parents and me.
47. What I wish more than anything is to make everyone happy
and not hurt them.
46. I have an obligation to both my parents right now.
45. I have the right to spend time with whomever I want.
Strongly
Disagree
1
My parents, after 30 years of a somewhat rocky marriage, are going
through a divorce. My mother has been involved with another man for
several years and has decided to leave the marriage. She seems very
happy with her decision.
Each of my parents wants me to spend semester break at his or her
particular home, but my father will be very upset if I go to my mother’s
because her “friend” will be there..
PARENTS
© The Measure of Moral Orientation is a copyrighted instrument
and may not be used without the written permission of the author.
Contact Dr. Debora Liddell, Division of Counseling, Rehabilitation, &
Student Development, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 522421529, or by electronic mail at DEBORA-LIDDELL@UIOWA.EDU.
Your intended field of study: ______________
Your year in college:
________ first year student (Freshman)
________ second year student (Sophomore)
________ Junior
________ Senior
________ Other
What ethnicity or race do you identify with: _______________
Your gender: _______
Your age: ______
Personal information sheet
56
57
APPENDIX C
Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure—Revised (MEIM—R)
In this country, people come from many different countries and cultures, and there are
many different words to describe the different backgrounds or ethnic groups that people
come from. Some examples of the names of ethnic groups are Hispanic or Latino, Black
or African American, Asian American, Chinese, Filipino, American Indian, Mexican
American, Caucasian or White, Italian American, and many others. These questions are
about your ethnicity or your ethnic group and how you feel about it or react to it.
Strongly
Disagree
I have spent time trying to find out
more about my ethnic group, such as
its history, traditions, and customs.
Strongly
Agree
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
I understand pretty well what my
ethnic group membership means to
me.
1
2
3
4
5
I have often done things that will
help me understand my ethnic
background better.
1
2
3
4
5
I have often talked to other people in
order to learn more about my ethnic
group.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
I have a strong sense of belonging to
my own ethnic group.
I feel a strong attachment towards
my own ethnic group.
58
APPENDIX D
Consent to Participate as a Research Subject
I hereby agree to participate in research which will be conducted by Heather Friederich. In this
research, I will receive a packet including a demographic page, the Measure of Moral
Orientation-2 (MMO), and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure- Revised (MEIM-R). I will
be asked to fill out each of these measures/questionnaires.
The research will take place in the Psychology Department and will require 30 minutes of my
time.
I understand that I will receive ½ hour of credit toward satisfying the Psychology Department’s
research participation requirement by participating in this study.
I understand that this research may help me become more aware of my involvement/view of my
identified ethnicity, as well as how I view and solve various moral dilemmas.
I understand that the research may, for some, evoke feelings of being uncomfortable due to the
moral dilemmas presented or addressing the sometimes sensitive topic of ethnicity. However, the
moral dilemmas and ratings about ethnic identity are mild in nature. Nonetheless, I understand
that I may decline answering any questions that I’m uncomfortable answering. I also understand
that I may discontinue my participation at any time without any penalty other than loss of
research credit and that the investigator may discontinue my participation at any time.
This information was explained to me by Heather Friederich. I understand that she will answer
any questions I may have now or later about this research. Heather Friederich can be reached at
hfriederich@sbcglobal.net.
Signature: ______________________________________________
Date: _______________
59
APPENDIX E
Debriefing
Purpose
The aim of this study is to examine ethnic differences (both in terms of ethnic background
and ethnic identity) in regards to participants’ adherence to both Kohlberg’s “justice” and
Gilligan’s “care” models of moral reasoning.
Hypotheses and Supporting Research
Much research has examined gender differences in terms of predominately using a “justice”
versus “care” model of moral reasoning (e.g. Wark & Krebs, 2000; Gilligan & Attanucci,
1988; Crandall, Tsang, Goldman, & Pennington, 1999). However, very few examined and
compared how ethnicity and/or ethnic identity could influence one’s preferred mode of moral
reasoning. Based on previous research, I hypothesized that there will be a significant
difference in the moral reasoning used in regards to ethnicity, with European- and AfricanAmericans overall using more “justice” reasoning than “care” reasoning while Asian/Pacific
Islander-Americans, and Hispanic/Latino-Americans will overall use more “care” than
“justice” reasoning (Shweder, 1996; Miller, 1994; Knox Fagley, & Miller, 2004; SantiagoRivera, Arredondo, & Gallardo-Cooper, 2002; Sue & Sue 2003). I also hypothesized that
there will be a significant interaction effect with ethnic identity and ethnicity, with
unexamined ethnic identity status in Asian/Pacific Islander-Americans and Hispanic/LatinoAmericans correlating with a more justice-oriented moral reasoning.
To test these hypotheses I used the Measure of Moral Orientation-2, Multigroup Ethnic
Identity Measure-Revised, and participants’ ethnicity as identified on the demographic sheet
to gather data on ethnic identity, ethnic background, and preferred mode of moral orientation.
I will then run a statistical analysis on the collected data to test my hypotheses.
Psychological Services
If this study evoked any painful memories or negative emotional responses that are troubling
you, please contact the Student Health Center’s Psychological Services at 278-6416. The
counselors there will be happy to provide assistance to you.
Contact Information
The results of this study will be available by the end of the Spring 2010 semester. If you
would like further information about the study or have questions regarding the experiment,
please contact Heather Friederich at hfriederich@sbcglobal.net at your convenience. Thank
you for your participation.
60
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