ORDERED STRUCTURES ON PLANETS AND SATELLITES AND MECHANISM OF THEIR
ORIGIN. Yu.V. Barkin, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, barkin@inbox.ru/Fax:+07-095-9328841
Abstract. It is shown, that in a distribution of
formations on planets and satellites of terrestrial group
it is rather clearly the phenomena of netting (grid) and
alignment proves. When, the centers of formations are
situated along parallels and meridians or along
inclined parallel straight lines (on the plane “longitude
– latitude”) in this or that system of coordinates
connected to a celestial body. Generally, these systems
of coordinates are inclined with respect to an axis of
planet rotation. This phenomenon already was
discussed earlier [1] - [3], and in the given work some
new illustrations of the ordered distribution of
formations of planets and satellites are given.
The presence of similar law in distribution of
formations of a celestial body testifies for the benefit
of their internal origins, and activity of endogenous
processes, their rhythms and orderliness are dictated
by gravitational influences of external celestial bodies.
1. Introduction. “Planetary distribution of the
geological structures of the Earth, Moon, Venus, Mars
and some satellites is ordered… It can be called as
grid-phenomenon
(or
net-phenomenon),
or
phenomenon of the cellular structure in the positions
of the geological formations. Its sense is very simple.
In accordance with this law the centers of the different
geological formations of the celestial body: volcanoes,
hot spots, eruptive centres, triple junctions of the
plates, some craters, mountains and others formations
are located closely to the nodes of the original grid
formed by the selected parallels and meridians of the
special planetary reference system. In general case
this reference systems is inclined with respect to the
planet (satellite) equator.” [1].
As the basic mechanism controlling a ordering in
redistribution of various formations of celestial bodies
the mechanism of the forced relative swing and
displacements of the basic shells of a planet (satellite)
along the certain primary radial directions and the
mechanism of excitation of elastic waves in the top
layers of a mantle (and their superposition) is
suggested. The specified mechanism [3], its reality
and effectiveness last years have obtained wide
confirmations in geodynamics, a space geodesy,
geophysics, gravimetry, at research of planets and
satellites.
2 Grid-phenomenon. Grid-phenomenon
of the
geological, geographical, geophysical and others
structures and formations in first was discovered for
the Earth and widely observe on many solar system
bodies. New regularities of the ordered position and
of the motion of the lithosphere plates, of the ordered
hot spot positions, triple junction positions and of the
many others formations and structures, including
anomalies of the different physical fields of the Earth,
were established and studied with respect two
fundamental inclined reference system of the Earth [1]
– [3]. An elegant grid of ordered positions of triple
junctions of the Earth’s plates is illustrated in special
inclined reference system (Principal Lithosphere
Reference System of the Earth - PLRS) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Triple junctions ordered positions on the Earth. A
special projecton of the Earth. Red line is inclined equator of
the Earth (equator of PLRS). The boundaries of lithosphere
plates are presented.
The formation mechanism of the cells of the parallels
and meridians with grid system of the geological
formations at its nodes is
connected with
translational relative displacements of the Earth shells
[3]. On my geodynamical model grids of celestial
body formations
are the usual geodynamical
consequences of the radial relative displacements and
oscillations of the body shells. Relative shell
displacements are caused by the
gravitational
attraction of external celestial body.
In turn the mechanism of the swing and relative
displacements of the shells of celestial body actuates
another - the wave mechanism of deformations of all
layers of the top shell (mantle), including superficial.
As a result of effects of superposition of deformations
of superficial layers (and their evolution in geology
history) also occurs formation of the specified grid
structure (cells structures). The similar structure was
discovered even on the Sun, i.e. mentioned
mechanism of formation of the ordered systems of
formations is universal, has a celestial-mechanical
nature and its action is shown on all planets, satellites
and stars [3].
3 Axography method. For analysis of pnenomenon of
alighment and grid phenomenon the special computer
methods have been developed [2]. This methods with
the help of special criteria of alignment allow to
specify the primary radial-directed axes with respect
to which the phenomenon of ordered latitude and
longitude distribution of the centers of formations is
shown most clearly. On Fig. 2 poles of similar axes
are marked by red color. We connect the specified
axes to radial directions of primary relative
displacement of the core and the deformable mantle.
In the case of the Earth numerous displays of
alignments of its various formations have been
discovered and studied: hot spots, triple junctions of
lithosphere plates, volcanoes and many others
geological structures [1] - [3]. Some illustrations on
application of the specified methods of the analysis of
alignment and the ordered structures of other bodies of
solar system below are resulted.
Fig.2. The phenomenon of latitude ordering in an
distribution of hot spots with respect to polar axis of
Principal Geodynamical Reference System [3] (a pole of Tar
desert - a pole of Brazil).
4 Mercury.
here. The presence of similar structures on Pluto
testifies for the benefit of existence (in the past and
probably in present) of the effective mechanism of the
swing, oscillations and relative displacements of its
shells (core, mantle and others shells) first of all under
action of gravitational influence of satellite Charon.
Fig. 5. Asymmetry of hemispheres of Pluto surface. The grid
phenomenon, phenomena of alignment and antipodal
positions in redistribution of Pluto formations. Space Hubble
telescope image.
7 Enceladus.
Fig. 3. Ordered positions of centers of Mercury formations:
mons, dorsums, albedo features, big craters and oth. along
active parallels and meridians of planet on the plane
“latitude-longitude” on the data [4].
5 Io.
On satellite Io the grid phenomenon and alignment in
distribution of various formations, first of all
volcanoes is extremely clearly shown.
Fig. 5. Meridional and grid ordering of the hyzers (желтые
звездочки) and "tiger stripes" positions on Enceladus in
Southern pole regio. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov.
The partial suport of RFBR grants N 08-02-00367, N
07-02-91212 and Spanish grant AYA 2007-67546 is
acknowledged.
References
Fig. 4. The phenomenon of alignment of volcanoes of Io.
On a coordinate plane "longitude - latitude" volcanoes
(they are marked by daggers [5]) mainly are situated
along a system of straight parallel lines. Figures above
a map mark continuations of the appropriate lines on
all surface of Io.
6 Pluto.
By figures on Fig. 5 are marked antipodal areas with
contrast brightness’s on Pluto. An inclined belt (big
circle) of dark areas of Titan surface also is presented
[1] Barkin, Yu.V. (2000) Formations grids of the planets and
satellites. Abstracts of papers of 32-th Microsymposium on
Comparative Planetology (Russia, Moscow, 9-11 October,
2000). pp. 7-8.
[2] Ferrandez, M. G.; Barkin, Yu.V.; Ferrandiz, J.M. (2002)
Ordered positions of formation centers of the earth-like
planets and moons. In: Earth-like planets and moons.
Proceedings of the 36th ESLAB Symposium, 3 - 8 June
2002, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Eds.: B. Foing,
B. Battrick. ESA SP-514, Noordwijk: ESA Publications
Division, ISBN 92-9092-824-7, October 2002, pp. 129 –
135.
[3] Barkin Yu.V. (2002) An explanation of endogenous
activity of planets and satellites and its cyclisity. Isvestia
sekcii nauk o Zemle Rossiiskoi akademii ectestvennykh
nauk. Vyp. 9, М., VINITI, pp. 45-97.In Russian.
[4] Internet Data of USA Geological Surveys and Atlas
planets of Earth. Data of USA Geological Surveys.
[5] Lopes-Gautier R. et al. (1999) Active volcanism on Io:
global distribution and variations in activity. Icarus 140,
243-264.