Chapter 10
SOCIO-CULTURAL EVALUATION
10.1
Importance of Socio-Cultural Evaluation
The socio-cultural resources of Central Luzon are potential resource-assets for tourism
development. These resource-assets has great tourism application that can generate
community-based livelihood and employment opportunities. The sociocultural
resources include the traditional communities, archaeological and historical sites,
festivals, indigenous arts and crafts, cuisine, myths and legends, as well as folklores
and oral history. These resource-assets represent the country's heritage that is
reflective of the region's identity.
Promotions of socio-cultural resources for tourism purposes will require an extensive
and meticulous evaluation because of the possible "over-exposures" that these cultural
assets will have to withstand. Socio-cultural evaluation identifies the tourism potentials
of these resource-assets with relevance to the environmental and cultural settings of
the host communities. It also identifies the existing and perceived impacts of tourism to
these socio-cultural assets and to devise appropriate mitigative measures and
management plans to protect and better enhance cultural heritage for tourism
development.
The need to promote the cultural heritage of the Central Luzon region in the tourism
industry should be balanced with the need to preserve and conserve the sociocultural
integrity of these resources. The implications of tourism to the cultural heritage of the
region must be evaluated so that appropriate measures to protect its integrity are put
in place. Proper application of tourism may be one of the best restraints to the
depletion and degradation of the region's cultural resources.
These are ethical considerations in the socio-cultural aspects of tourism that should be
taken into account in the promotion of the region's cultural heritage. The social aspects
of tourism on the region's resource-assets will always have implications to the culture
of the host communities. One facet of tourism development is the attraction of the
people themselves, their traditions and customs. However, in most cases, once
communities are made open for public exposition, it becomes vulnerable to alteration
of their culture.
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The principal reasons for developing tourism is for economic benefits; however, in
keeping with the concept of sustainable development, environmental and sociocultural
considerations must be weighed together to achieve balanced development. Sociocultural considerations must be well rationalized so that planning, developing and
managing tourism will be successful.
10.2
Socio-Cultural Characteristics
Central Luzon or Region III comprises the six provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva
Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales. The total population placed at 6.933 Million in
1995 makes it as one of the fastest growing populations in the country with a growth
rate estimated at 2.12% for the period 1990 to 1995. With a total area of 18,231 sq.
km., population density stands at 380.3 persons/sq.km. In 1990, male-female
population was estimated at 3,118,227 and 3,070, 489.
The region is divided into two groups of provinces: the urbanized provinces of Bataan,
Bulacan, Pampanga and Zambales, and the rural provinces of Nueva Ecija and Tarlac.
The ratio of urban population to the total population or the urbanization ratio was
60.3%, considered the highest of all the 13 regions except the NCR. The proximity of
Bulacan and Pampanga to Metro Manila places the region as the second largest
receiving region of out-migrants from Metro Manila. Of the total population in 1990,
Pampanga is the largest with 1.53 million followed by Bulacan with 1.51 million
resulting to an urban population ratios of 68.7% and 79.9%, respectively.
Central Luzon is host to four ethnolinguistic groups. These are the Kapampangans,
Tagalogs, Sambals and the Aetas. The Kapampangans are predominant in the
provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac while the Tagalogs in the provinces of Bulacan,
Bataan and Nueva Ecija.
The population of indigenous cultural communities is estimated at 119,845 individuals
or 24,354 families. More popularly known as the Philippine Negritos, these short, darkskinned and kinky-haired peoples are found in all parts of the country and are
considered the earliest inhabitants in the islands. Although called by different names,
those found in the provinces of Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga and Tarlac are better
known as the Pinatubo Negritos. More specifically, they identify themselves as the
Aeta, Abellings (or Aborlin), Dumagat/Remontado. Considered as semi-nomadic, the
Pinatubo Negritos' striking characteristic is their inexhaustible knowledge of the plant
and animal kingdoms. This lore includes not only a specific recognition of a
phenomenal number of plants, birds, animals, and insects, but also includes a
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knowledge of the habits and behavior of each (Fox 1953). This intimate knowledge of
their environment may be attributed to their way-of-life as hunters and food-gatherers.
The scattered villages rarely contain more than three or four households totaling 20 to
40 individuals. There is no over-all political organization or even strong leadership and
each village or extended family is an independent communal grouping. Important
decisions are made by the elder members of each family grouping.
With the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1990, most of the Pinatubo Aeta have been
uprooted from their natural habitat and are now distributed in several resettlement sites
all over the region.
The Pinatubo Negritos generally speak Sambal, which is also largely spoken by the
Christian lowlanders of the municipality of Botolan. Depending upon the intensity of
their personal contacts with their Christian neighbors, the various Negrito groups of
Central Luzon speak other languages. The Negritos of Bataan speak Tagalog, those of
Pampanga, Kapampangan and/or Tagalog while Negritos of southern Zambales speak
Iloko.
10.3
Cultural Impact of Tourism
Tourism can generate socio-economic impacts because of the possibility of bringing
social change to the host community. Impacts brought about by tourism can be critical
to the host communities with very strong traditional and cultural attachment to the
resource-assets.
Cultural resources as tourism resource-assets are vulnerable to destructions,
degradations and disturbances of various kinds. One that may be considered as
serious impact is the exposure of indigenous people to various foreign cultures once
they are used for tourism promotion. Indigenous people will likely to be parting with
their treasured cultural artifacts in exchange for market commodities because they are
enticed to adopt new culture, acquiring new traits and becoming less and less of what
they were before.
Portrayals of traditional culture of indigenous peoples, more often than not, alter the
ethnicity of the respective cultures and are replaced with modern versions. In most
cases, the traditional dances, rituals, clothings, religions, are already simulated
resulting in alterations and degradations.
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Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Allowing cultural traditions to be opened to participation from foreign cultures, poses a
great threat to traditional values. The alteration of indigenous culture is unavoidable
when confronted with foreign culture.
Promotion of archaeological and historical artifacts for tourism development
sometimes can lead to illegal exploitation, pilferage exportation and even theft.
Proliferation of fraudulent artifacts become rampant when excavated cultural materials
command high commercial value in the antique markets because of its uniqueness
and significance in terms of its cultural relevance to the country's prehistory. Because
antiquities from archaeological and historical sites are part of tourist milieu, mass
productions of fraudulent artifacts may result in the alteration of the cultural integrity of
the cultural materials.
Other perceived impacts of tourism development to cultural resources are impairment
of scenery to historic monuments and archaeological sites (such as caves and opensites) by tourists facilities such as commercial structures without the aid of proper
zoning. Cultural sites such as archaeological and historical sites have a carrying
capacity to accommodate visiting tourists. For example, accommodating visitors to an
archaeological site inside the cave beyond the capacity limit may lead to the
deterioration of the site due to over-use and physical proximity.
10.3.1 Conservation of Archaeological and Historical Sites
Tourism can help justify the conservation of the cultural heritage of Central Luzon. It
can also be the best deterrent to the degradation and destruction of region's cultural
heritage. The conservation of archaeological and historical sites lies on the political will
and the ability of the local or the host communities to protect these cultural resourceassets because if these are lost, cultural tourism will never be successful. In the case
of Central Luzon, tourism may be the impetus for the reconstruction of the rich cultural
past of the region.
Preservation of known and significant historical monuments and reconstruction of
archaeological sites for tourism promotion require sufficient fundings from government
and private institutions. Re-constructions of archaeological and historical sites also
demand adequate traditional, as well as legal protection and management
mechanisms.
Showcasing the cultural practices of the prehistoric peoples of the region for tourism
purposes may be done appropriately without having to degrade the integrity of these
cultural resource-assets. For example, using replicas instead of the actual artifacts
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in the archaeological site museums may well be one of the best mechanisms to
preserve and conserve sensitive and very fragile cultural materials.
Archaeological site museums (open and cave sites) may be developed into major
cultural tourism attractions. The use of replicas instead of the original cultural materials
can provide re-constructions of the prehistoric cultural setting of the archaeological
sites. The reconstruction must be carried out on the basis of complete and detailed
documentation on the original cultural setting and to no extent on supposition.
Historicity alone may not be sufficient and it should be supplemented by artifactual
remains that are culturally significant to make visitors appreciate the history and prehistory of the sites.
There are several significant historical sites in Central Luzon. Among them are: the
Capas Shrine (Tarlac), Death March markers (Bataan), the Barasoain Church
(Bulacan), Dalton Pass (Nueva Ecija), Betis Church (Pampanga), and Fort Playa
Honda (Zambales). The other listings of historical resources provided in this report
have great contribution to the rich history that shaped-up the region as part of the
nation.
The archaeological and historical heritage of the region are non-renewable resourceassets. As a policy, the application of tourism as a procedure for conservation of these
cultural resources can greatly help in minimizing and/or avoiding negative impacts on
the cultural heritage of the region.
A Cultural Tourism Program (CTP) to be initiated by the Local Government Units
(LGUs) with the support of the Provincial Tourism Council (PTC) and Department of
Tourism (DOT) must be made. The main objectives of the CTP are the promotion,
enhancement and preservation of these region's cultural resource-assets. The CTP
will have put strong emphasis on the appreciation of the cultural values of the ,egion's
heritage and that will eventually lead to the effective protection, preservation, and
management of these cultural resource-assets.
10.3.2 Indigenous Music, Dances and Festivals
The Central Luzon region is known for its rich indigenous music and dances. These
cultural resource-assets are reflective of the region's lifestyle and old cultural traditions
and has great tourism application. In the case of the Aetas in the region, their
traditional versions of music and dances are always associated with their rituals that
take place in the context of sociological activities, such as, wedding, birth, good
harvest, etc.
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The need to revitalize the indigenous and authentic traditional versions of the music
and dances of the region must be given with utmost importance. These cultural assets
enhance the region's cultural appeal with respect to its local tradition. Maintaining the
authenticity of the local dances and music require special training programmes so that
modification are carefully controlled.
Cultural and religious festivals are part of the region's rich cultural diversity. The Fluvial
Festival of Bocaue and the Obando fertility rites in the province of Bulacan are among
the religious festivals of the region that are annually celebrated in honor of their patron
saints. Revitalization and enhancement of these cultural festivals is very important
because their activities depict the region's cultural identity.
10.3.3 Cultural Development Policy and Program
The general policies that are applicable to the archaeological, historical and other
cultural resources of the region is the development of tourism in gradual basis so that
host communities have the time to adapt, be educated and to learn how to participate
and benefit from it. Such an approach will provide lead government agencies such as
the DOT and LGUs sufficient time to monitor the socio-cultural impacts of tourism and
provide measures before problems get serious.
Recognizing the value of the country's cultural heritage, the Philippine government
provides the policy to protect and preserve these cultural assets, the properties and
histories. Unless development projects recognize the significance of archaeological
and historical conservation as an integral element in planning, expensive and
unwanted delays can result and cultural resources can be inadvertently destroyed
and/or degraded. The existence of protective legislation and policy at the national,
provincial and municipal level or well-established traditional or adequate management
mechanism, will be the best deterents for the degradation and destruction of the
region's cultural resources.
The basic law that provides protection and preservation of the country's cultural
heritage is Republic Act 4846, otherwise known as the "Cultural Properties and
Preservation Act". This law must be implemented through the coordinated effort
between the local government units, the Philippine National Police (PNP), the
Department of Tourism and the National Museum.
The need to create a community-based Cultural Tourism Program (CTP) may well be
the best restraints to the destruction and degradation of cultural resources of the
region. The CTP must complement the regional development plan for tourism of
Region III that must be supported by national government agencies such as the
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National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), as well the Congress and which
will run in tandem with the national short, medium, and long term socio-economic
development strategy of the region.
Under the community-based CTP, an agency that handles the preservation and
management of cultural resources must be created. The task of this agency is to
identify and register significant cultural resources and properties of the community.
This agency will review and develop plans that are likely to cause positive arid adverse
impacts of the CTP programs on cultural resources. Training programs will also be an
essential component of the CTP because it will impart knowledge and understanding
of the significance of cultural properties to the cultural workers (curators, guides, etc.).
As has been emphasized, the host communities should be part of the planning and
development process of tourism so that they have an influence in the decision-making
and feel that they are part of the tourism development.
Community museums provide ideal venues to the preservation and conservation of.
the cultural heritage of the host community. Exhibitions of the community's cultural
heritage products render appreciation and enrichment of visiting tourists, both local
and foreign. Developing and maintaining community museums may be assigned to the
local government units, colleges and universities as well as private and non-profit
organizations. Ideally, the six provinces of the Central Luzon region must have
provincial and community museums.
The enactment of the Local Government Code of 1993 that mandates the local
government to establish a provincial, city or municipal council for the promotion of
culture and arts, may well be the best opportunity for the local government to become
actively involve in the protection and promotion of the community's cultural heritage.
Proposed development plans for CTP will require an Archaeological Impact
Assessment (AIA) if archaeological resources as cultural assets are utilized for tourism
promotion. The conduct of an AIA will help identify impacts and determine what
appropriate mitigating and management measures will be recommended to prevent
and/or minimize loss of what could be significant cultural resources of the region. The
AIA will also assist public and private sector management and development agencies
in the design and implementation of effective integrated resource management plans.
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10.4
Social Impact of Tourism
Tourism has the potential to contribute positively to socio-economic development if
managed, planned and controlled by the people who stands to benefit, or suffer, from
its implementation. Whatever the means chosen, its development depends at least in
part on an assessment of the impacts it is likely to have. The social impact of tourism
development will then depend on the role of tourism within the development strategy of
the whole region.
The major constraints already identified by the JICA Study Team serves to define the
type of tourism the region should develop. Tourism in Central Luzon had been
dependent on the two US bases for decades. With its withdrawal, the region lost its
largest market segment and caused a slump in the region's tourism sector.
Recognition of its weaknesses and the determination for economic recovery (tourism
industry being identified as one potential) pushed the tourism sector to revitalize the
industry.
This renewed enthusiasm for tourism development in the six provinces was manifested
in the consultations conducted with representatives from LGUs, Tourism Councils,
academe and NGOs. Leaders from the indigenous cultural communities interviewed
have shown interest but with some caution towards tourism development.
Central Luzon has the greatest number of unemployed persons among the regions,
after NCR and Region 9. Although the region ranks among those regions with the
lowest underemployment rate (percentage of those working less than 40 hours a
week), the situation in Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac calls for improvement.
The withdrawal of the U.S. Forces from Clark Air Base and the Subic Naval Base
resulted in the loss of jobs of about 77,034 workers employed in Subic and 42,617 in
Clark. Businesses that depended on U.S. personnel and their families have closed
shop. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo is another factor for the displacement and loss of
jobs and livelihood for residents affected by lahar flow.
Tourism development in the area would mean the creation of new jobs and the
opportunity for people to increase their income and standard of living. Employment
generated, for example in hotels and restaurants, is generally known to yield earnings
at least as high as, and often higher than those in agriculture. The attraction of
employment in tourism and related activities will bring rural people to major centers of
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economic activity. Such movement would likely result in over population, traffic
congestion, sprouting of squatter colonies, vagrants/beggars.
Tourism has secondary spillover effects in other sectors. Increased demand for food
products, souvenirs, and other goods will generate employment in agriculture, food
processing, handicrafts, and light manufacturing. Jobs will also be created in
construction and capital goods industries when new hotels and resort complexes are
built. Special problems may arise, however, when construction booms end and
unemployment results. The demand for construction workers, if not met locally, would
bring in migrant workers. The flux of people may have important social impacts on the
welfare of members of the local community, positively by generating temporary jobs in
activities serving the construction workers, and negatively by straining the capacity of
community services. As it is now, delivery of basic social services are wanting for
improvement. Population growth in the region is expected to double in 27 years, two
years earlier than the Philippines doubling time for 29 years. The concern is how fast
the requirements for food, housing, water, jobs, schools, and other needs are met.
Tourism affects the welfare of the local community through changing the range,
prices, and quality of the goods and services available for consumption.
The proliferation of tax and duty-free shops both in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and
Clark Special Economic Zone also has its positive and negative impacts. While
residents in nearby communities surrounding these SEZs can avail privileges,
procurement of imported products with prices comparable to locally made goods may
be detrimental to our local manufacturers.
On the other hand, the easy procurement of these products by residents in
communities near the SEZs provides households an alternative source of income.
Sari-sari stores are usually resorted to as additional sources of income for most
households in the rural areas.
Other perceived impacts of tourism development in key areas would be the rapid loss
of agricultural lands, shift from subsistence farming, land sales and higher prices,
migration to urban centers, increase in the urban poor population.
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10.5
Host and Guest Relationship
Tourism is synonymous to travel and travel involves contact between peoples of varied
cultures. Such contact may cause certain modifications in the lifestyles of destination
communities depending on the length of stay and frequency of tourists/visitors in
tourist destinations.
Tourist-host encounters are said to occur in three main contexts: where the tourist is
purchasing goods or services from the host, where the tourist and host find themselves
side by side, for example at the beach or a nightclub performance, and where the two
parties come face to face with the object of exchanging information or ideas. (de Kadt,
1979)
Based on DOT's assessment, existing foreign tourism flow is largely concentrated in
Manila and other major centers such as Cebu so that direct interaction between
visitors and host communities outside cities is limited.
Central Luzon is said to have had little experience of international tourism in the real
meaning as assessed by the JICA Study Team. Statistics show that the region's visitor
arrivals in 1990 was 53,460 where 49% were inbound (foreign) tourists. Among the
region's six provinces, Pampanga accounted for almost half of the foreign arrivals
(taking around 80%) while Zambales accounted for 10%. [Statistics for foreign arrivals
include Balikbayan Filipinos (Visitors from the USA and Canada include considerable
numbers of naturalized Filipinos who tend to stay at friends and relatives' homes
(DOT). Concentration of foreign visitors in these two provinces may either be partly or
largely attributed to the presence of US bases in the cities of Angeles and Olongapo.
The region's share of tourists from the USA is even higher than that of the Philippine
average in 1990.(Source: DOT - International Tourists by Country of Origin in 1990)
Angeles and Olongapo have long been projected as sex tour destinations. For
decades, residents of these cities and neighboring municipalities have been used to
the presence of US military personnel and other foreign nationals who frequent the
entertainment joints that dotted the highways and streets of the cities. The women in
the 'entertainment' industry are the most vulnerable sector exposed to dehumanizing
situation. Prostitution is a form of sexual and racial discrimination where women are
treated as commodities to be bought. (Lee, 1992)
Direct interactions are largely experienced, though confined, in hotels and restaurants
and beach resorts. Information elicited from some female workers in restaurants did
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not manifest any resentment or hostility towards tourists. To them, there are good and
bad ones to be dealt with.
Disparity in the standard of living of foreign tourists and domestic tourists is another
concern where values and attitudes of people in tourist destinations may change and
become prejudicial to the local community. Filipino hospitality is a selling point of
tourism in the country. In many instances, foreign visitors get preferential treatment
over local ones. With their capacity to pay more, enterprising local people usually jackup prices of goods and services.
Demonstration Effects
The demonstration effect phenomenon or "changes in attitudes, values, or behavior
which can result from merely observing tourists" (de Kadt, 1979) will require an
intensive study of the day-to-day activities of households and communities in identified
tourism areas. While the effect of tourist activities is most easily and frequently seen in
the local patterns of consumption, tourism is but one factor among many (i.e. radio,
television and commercial advertising) that may cause changes in patterns of
consumption especially in the rural areas.
Proposed plans of converting agricultural lands into golf courses introduce a way of life
of the "leisure class" which may alienate the local community. Recreational activities
now being promoted as tourist attractions are affordable only to the privileged class.
The exposure of the young population, whether urban or rural, will result to the
possible loss of Filipino traditional games or past-time activities. Tourism development,
if it is to be responsible, should be sensitive to the needs of the local people.
Tourism should serve as a vehicle for Filipinos to be proud of their culture, to
experience and appreciate the beauty and diversity of their own country.
10.6
The Indigenous Cultural Communities and Tourism
Tourism development must take into consideration the presence of indigenous cultural
communities distributed in the different provinces of Central Luzon. Although
insignificant in number, probably comprising around 2% of the total population of the
region, the Negrito population, original occupants in areas surrounding the Zambales
and Pampanga ranges and now displaced by Mt. Pinatubo's eruption has a crucial role
to play in tourism development.
With ongoing development in Subic and Clark, the traditional way of life of indigenous
peoples of Central Luzon will again be in danger of degradation, if not total extinction.
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Further displacement is expected by Aeta communities occupying areas within and
around SBF and Clark Special Economic Zone.
Tourism has always treated the indigenous population as objects for exhibit which
includes their material culture, traditions and customs. The Aeta of Zambales and
Pampanga, whose skill for jungle survival was utilized by U.S. forces, is now a tourist
attraction in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone. Plans are now underway to develop
resettlement areas for lahar victims as tourist destinations. And almost always, their
participation in development processes are taken for granted or completely ignored,
relying on intermediaries, e.g. agencies created to represent or to speak in their behalf.
If tourism's main goal at the national level are to enhance and contribute to social
cohesion and cultural preservation; and to develop tourism on an environmentally
sustainable basis, the indigenous people's involvement in the planning and
implementation of tourism plans and projects is essential.
Indigenous peoples have existed in harmony with ecosystems such as the forests for
thousand of years which attests to their ability to successfully manage a sustainable
environment. It is because of this and the fact that they defended these lands with their
lives that indigenous peoples can rightfully be called the original environmentalists.
The Aeta is an intrinsic part of the region's environment .
It is a well known fact that the resources on which tourism is based are fragile and that
the growing demand for improved environmental quality goes hand-in-hand with
tourism development.
Tourism development in Central Luzon should be guided with the following where it
pertains to the rights and welfare of the indigenous cultural communities
1. The recognition of the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination. "The
principle of self-determination as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations and
in Article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
is essential to the enjoyment of all human rights by indigenous peoples. Selfdetermination includes, inter alia, the right and power of indigenous peoples to
negotiate with States, on an equal basis, the standards and mechanisms that will
govern relationships between them."
The right to self-determination states that by virtue of this right all peoples can
freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and
cultural development.
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2. Integral to this right to self-determination is the right of indigenous peoples to
traditional lands, resources and economies.
This right of ownership and control over traditional lands and resources is
increasingly being recognized as a fundamental right of indigenous peoples.
Article 14 of the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, No. 169, states
that: "The rights of ownership and possession of the peoples concerned over the
lands which they traditionally occupy shall be recognized. In addition measures
shall be taken in appropriate cases to safeguard the right of the peoples
concerned to use lands not exclusively occupied by them, but to which they have
traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional activities. Particular
attention shall be paid to the situation of nomadic peoples and shifting cultivators
in this respect."
3. The recognition that the non-dominant, traditional subsistence economies of
indigenous peoples are viable, and environmentally sustainable.
10.7
Women in Tourism Development
Women make up half the world's population but have remained peripheral or invisible
in development processes. In the Philippines, they make up about half of the workforce
both in the national and regional levels. Women are a significant portion in the labor
force in community, social and personal services; wholesale and retail trade; financing,
insurance, real estate and business services; and manufacturing (IBON Facts &
Figures, 15 March 1987). In the agricultural sector where 2.3 million Filipino women
are directly involved only 900,000 receive wages while 1.4 million are not
compensated. While there are about as many women engaged in agriculture as they
are in administrative, executive and managerial portions, female agricultural workers
receive the lowest pay among employed women.
With the Philippines gearing up toward becoming a newly industrialized country by the
year 2000 under the Philippine 2000, the expected conversion of prime agricultural
lands for non-agricultural use will have deleterious effects on the livelihood and food
resources of peasant and urban poor households. The massive displacement of rural
families dependent on subsistence production and the subsequent increase in demand
for jobs and food would mean further deterioration of the economic and social well
being of poor families, especially the women and children. To cite some figures from a
study made by the Philippine Peasant Institute, rural women comprise 60 percent of all
females in the country. The continuous decline of female labor participation in
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agriculture is reflected in the current migration patterns where higher rates of female
mobility to the cities and across provinces is indicated.
10.7.1 Tourism and the Issue of Prostitution
One of Philippine tourism's major concern is the unfavorable image (it has projected)
of Manila as a sex tour destination and of which the DOT has done little effort to wipeoff (JICA Study). Manila as a gateway to Central Luzon, has taken over from Bangkok
as the cheap sex capital of South East Asia (Santos and Lee, 1989). Outside Manila,
the cities of Angeles and Olongapo where Clark and Subic are located, respectively,
are known to be entertainment centers which have long served US servicemen as their
Rest and Recreation destinations. For many years, the economy in the baselands
were dependent on the two big US military facilities until its withdrawal in 1991. The
entertainment industry as an attraction in these two cities in Central Luzon would later
serve as tourist destinations for foreign nationals seeking night entertainment.
Prostitution has become the most significant economic activity around the base lands,
particularly in Angeles and Olongapo as there was no other industry except the
entertainment business.
Prostitution, to use a definition by WEDPRO (Women's Education, Development,
Productivity & Research Organization), is an industry where women's subordinated
status, especially in the realm of her sexuality, has become a commodity in the 'free
market' - where women's and children's bodies are the dominant object of a price tag
in the flesh trade. In fact and despite prostitution being illegal in the Philippines,
government is found to be complicit in the sex industry and profits from it. A study has
shown that fifty five percent of the total revenue of the local government of Angeles
City in 1987 came from Rest and Recreation establishments. Women in the
entertainment industry are required to obtain licenses from the local government to
work as entertainers, waitresses, dancers, massage parlor attendants and to undergo
regular smear tests.
Despite pronouncements made by the Presidents of the Philippines - Corazon Aquino
in 1986 and Fidel V. Ramos in 1995 to address prostitution, the development of the
economy in these two major cities are showing signs towards the expansion and
perpetuation of the R & R business in these areas. Development plans in the proposed
major industrial estates in the region include recreation centers for investors and
tourists.
During the first quarter of 1990, the total number of R & R establishments around Clark
and Subic was registered at around 1,567 and 615, respectively. A survey done by a
women's research institution estimated some 55,000 prostituted women, registered
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Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
and unregistered in Angeles and Olongapo and did not include child prostitutes. While
the pull-out of the US bases and Mt. Pinatubo eruption have badly affected the
entertainment industry, recent studies conducted on prostitution have shown an
increase in entertainment establishments specifically in Angeles City. However, in
Olongapo City, R & R infrastructure has been radically downsized as there is an
attempt by city officials to change the image of the city. Only a small red light district
remains in Barangay Baretto and where dancing and bar fining (taking out of women
from the bars for a fee) have been prohibited.
The magnitude of prostitution industry in the country had become one of the most
observable indicators of the socio-economic situation of thousands of Filipino women.
The incidence of poverty in the region increased from 33.8% in 1988 to 35.5% in 1991.
Current statistics in immigration pattern have indicated that there are more female inmigrants than male.
Tourism development as an economic strategy, if it is to serve the majority of the
Filipino people who live in the rural and underdeveloped areas, must not overlook the
social costs of economic development. Tourism should be integrated into the broader
development goals of local communities and should be sensitive to their local
environment, culture, needs and interests.
Prostitution is a persistent social problem that has assumed serious proportions and
therefore needs a systematic, sustained, deliberate and concerted program of action
that involves all sectors of society. Primarily, it is government's responsibility to
address this problem in terms of socio-economic opportunities for the disempowered
and marginalized sectors of society. Tourism is a welcome opportunity for women who
bear the burden of poverty. Their active participation in plotting the directions of
tourism development in their areas must be ensured. The capacity to organize
themselves must be encouraged and strengthened.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Chapter 11
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
11.1
Introduction
The development strategies for the CLTMP can be translated into specific programs
and projects that can harness and/or enhance tourism development while at the same
time, preserving/conserving the resources/assets. These proposed programs and
projects are envisioned to have positive impacts particularly in the promotion and
appreciation of the region's tourism development.
11.2
Tourist Attraction Improvements
Tourist attractions to be offered by CLTMP are grouped into: cultural, archaeological,
heritage and historical, resort and leisure, business/industrial, ecology and
trainings/conferences and fully discussed in Chapter 3. These attractions are shown in
loops and these loops are identified in every province, as shown in Chapter 12.
11.3
Accommodations Development Program
Table 11.1 presents the accommodation capacity requirements of CLTMP in order to
accommodate the expected visitor arrivals for each target year.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
T a b l e 11.1
A C C O M M O D AT I O N C A P A C I T Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S
No.
TARGET YEAR
PARTICULAR
2000
1.0
2005
2010
255,316
3.6
489,887
3.6
877,962
3.6
2.0
1,937
2.0
3,451
2.0
5,773
103,813
159,069
214,325
6.48
6.48
6.48
1.5
2,234
1.6
2,942
1.7
3,443
TOTAL ROOM REQUIREMENT
4,171
6,393
9,216
Less: OPENING CAPABILITY c/
3,535
3,903
4,309
636
2,490
4,907
Domestic Market
No. of Visitors
Ave. Stay (Nights)
Ave. Room Density
Rooms Required
2.0
Foreign Market
No. of Visitors
Average Stay (Night)
Average Room Density
Room Required
ADDITIONAL ROOM REQUIREMENT
a/
b/
c/
Assumed occupancy rates: year 2000 - 65%; 2005 - 70%, - 2010 - 75%.
Assumed occupancy rates: year 2000 - 55%; 2005 - 60%; 2010 - 65%.
Assumed growth rate of 2% per year for without - the - project condition, using
1995 data (Total : 3,202 for hotel, lodging houses & resort).
Based on the additional room requirement and using an average estimated cost per room of
about P525,000.001/, the total investment requirements for the respective target years are as
follows:
11.4
Year 2000
-
Year 2005
-
Year 2010
-
P 333.90 M
P 1,307.25 M
P 2,576.18 M
Parks and Recreational Facilities Development Program
In line with the First Lady's Clean and Green Program, every province/municipality/city
in the region are undergoing their respective beautification and cleanliness program.
This is aimed to improved the quality of life of the residents. Most of these projects are
funded by local funds or sourced outside through the initiative of LG officials.
Table 11-2 shows the summary of some LGU - initiated tourism projects in the
respective provinces composing Region III. This list was based on the results of
Visioning Exercises and documents provided for by DOT-Region III. These projects
will require a budget of P 2,068.50 million.
11.5
Utilities and Related Services
Programs for the development of utilities cover telecommunication network; water
supply; sewerage treatment and disposal; power and energy; flood control, drainage
and shoreline protection; sanitation and waste management; transportation services
like airports, seaports, road works, and railways.
------------------------------------------1/
Obtained from the Handbook on the Construction Industry compiled by Davis Langdon & Seah,
Philippines, Inc., 4 th Quarter 1996
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
a) Telecommunication Network
Improvement of telecommunication network will abide with the program provided
for by private franchise operators like PLDT, DIGITEL and PILTEL and BUTEL.
Optic fiber cable are planned for installation along the main roads covering some
1,400 km. and 122 stations.
b) Water Supply and Sewerage Systems
On-going programs for water supply address the Mt. Pinatubo Affected Areas, the
Bulacan Central Water Supply, Olongapo City Water Supply, the LWUA Water
Supply Program for Central Luzon, and the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Improvement Program. Inefficient water supply systems shall be rehabilitated.
Towns and barangays having less than 20,000 population shall be provided with
appropriate water supply through the various implementing agencies like DPWH or
DILG. Formation of Water Districts or Barangay Water and Sanitation Association
(BWSA) shall be encouraged.
c) Power and Energy Supply
As indicated in Section 6.4.4, the power supply in the region is sufficient.
Previously, 50 percent of the region's generating capacity comes from
hydroelectric plants, while the rest were contributed by the thermal and gas turbine
power plants. Conversion of Bataan Nuclear plant to a natural gas plant may
change this ratio in favor of non-hydro-based sources of power. The coming in of
additional BOT or BTO power projects will further ensure power sufficiency in the
region.
d) Flood Control, Drainage and Shoreline Protection
The provision for flood control and drainage structures in identified flood prone
areas is one of the many infrastructure agenda the region requires, to preserve
and protect the tourism assets.
Major shoreline protection facilities and river bank stabilization structures may
likewise be pursued in identified wave-eroded shores and overflooded river banks.
Some of the mitigating projects intended for the region will include the following:

Pampanga Delta Development, Flood Control Component; and,

Construction of 700 m Seawall at Masinloc.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
e) Sanitation and Waste Management
The continued increase of hazardous wastes produced by industries, agriculture related activities, hospitals, and laboratories is a serious concern in the process of
development. It is, therefore, a must that safe handling and disposal techniques of
severe wastes must be thoroughly and appropriately studied and implemented.
Solid waste problems are often the last priority by both the government and the
private sectors, threatening the stability of the environment. This scenario has an
adverse impact on tourism development.
A long range educational campaign shall be initiated by the civic organizations,
regarding the appropriate storing and disposal of solid/liquid wastes water. Further,
the government of the LGU's should be more strict in the implementation of wastes
and sanitation ordinances.
Zero waste management program could be piloted in the proposed tourism
projects. The program should cover the dissemination of pertinent information to
tourists inculcating in their minds the necessity of keeping the environment clean
and green.
Solid Waste Management Improvement Pilot Projects can be initiated in Abucay
(Bataan), Meycauayan (Bulacan), Palayan City (Nueva Ecija), Angeles City
(Pampanga), Camiling (Tarlac) and Olongapo City (Zambales) as a prelude to
operating and constructing a final disposal site.
f)
Transportation Services Development
Transportation is one of the major support facilities in the development of tourism
sites.
Airports
The region will continue to rely on the Subic and Clark International Airports and
also will be benefited from the tourist traffic offered by the NAIA. Other airports like
in Castillejos and Iba of Zambales province and Plaridel of Bulacan can help
tourists get chartered flights to and from Metro Manila and other urban centers of
the country.
Seaports
The ports of Mariveles (Zambales) and Limay (Bataan) are serving passenger
transport to and from Manila. The port of Subic, a former naval base, is planned to
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
be converted into a commercial cargo port. These ports need improvement to
augment their passenger and cargo handling capability.
A vessel modernization scheme is also encouraged on boats plying the sealane
between Manila and the ports of Mariveles and Limay.
Road Works
As indicated in Section 4.4.1, Central Luzon or Region III has the most complete
road network in the Philippines. Noted links are the north-south trunkline consisting
of three major roads: the North Luzon Expressway, the Manila-North Road and
Daang Maharlika Road. While the situation shows positive outlook, a lot of roads
are still needed, following transportation improvement measures as indicated
below:
a) Short Term Proposals
Listed projects under short term requirements are:

Dinalupihan-Olongapo Road;

Damage Road & Bridge Rehabilitation;

Access Roads to Settlement;

Angeles Bypass Development;

Cabanatuan Bypass Development; and,

Cabanatuan Common Bus Terminal.
Its completion within the short term will definitely boost not only tourism
industry but also socio-economic activities in the region.
b) Medium Term Proposal
Projects listed are:

Manila Coastal Road;

Sierra Madre (Marginal) Highway;

Iba-Tarlac Road;

Capas-La Paz-Cabanatuan Road;

Mariveles-Bagac-Morong-Olongapo Road; and,

Tarlac Bypass.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
The construction of these roads under the medium term proposal will provide a
continuity of the road improvement program, thereby assuring good road link
to boost tourism and other economic activities of the region.
c) Long Term Proposal
Projects listed under the long term proposal are:

Dinalupihan-Angeles Road;

Manila Coastal Road (Its construction starts at short term period);

Rural Road Development (Its construction starts at short term period);
and,

Sierra Madre (Marginal) Highway (Its construction will start at the medium
term period).
Railway
For railway, the rehabilitation/upgrading of PNR Mainline North is the most pressing
need.
11.6
Human Resources Development Program
Tourism development includes both physical aspects and human resources training
aspects to manage all the tourism assets, facilities, services and amenities.
Presently, the National Manpower and Youth Council is in-charge of training tourism
manpower like waiters, bartenders, information/office clerks, cooks, pantrymen and
bakers.
Various colleges and universities found in the region could also be one of the venues
of learning the tourism trade.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Project Description
The project is envisioned to be a world-class resort. Strategically located, this 1.9 sq. km. lake
is less than a kilometer away from the Zambales coast and is connected by a navigable river to
China Sea. It is about five kilometers from the foot of the Zambales mountain and, therefore,
provides opportunities for ancillary tourism development. Its proximity to the fish sanctuary at
China Sea would enable tourists to go scuba-diving and indulge in water sports activities. In
keeping with a naturebased development, the over-all design adopted shall center on the
preservation of the lake, the mangrove and the forest reserves.
To enhance the financial viability of the project, some facilities, still in keeping with the over-all
theme of ecology-based development, shall be incorporated. This includes camp site facilities,
log-cabins, 36 hole golf course, international golf and country club, first class beach resort with
a mix of hotels, serviced apartments, townhouses and retirement homes, restaurants
specializing in marine-based products. Because of its idyllic setting, it is recommended that
convention facilities be likewise included either as a separate structure or combined with the
hotel. Said convention hall shall include a training cum livelihood display center and a business
service center catering to the needs primarily of farmers in the area. An office for the forestry
personnel/rangers and/or those managing the log cabins shall also be incorporated in the plan.
(See Figure 11-1).
Other facilities to be provided include: marina, scuba diving facilities, sports fishing and water
sports facilities. Other than the establishment/development of agro-based and aqua-based
livelihood projects which are proposed to form part of the over all plan, a reforestration
component is likewise recommended to be an integral part of the project.
Project Status
The local government has passed several resolutions to declare Uacon Lake as a national
park. However, other than a resolution, it did not gain much headway basically due to the
absence of political will/decisiveness and local government support. Inadequacy of exposure of
the project's potential to those who could make a difference (both in the private and
government sectors) may be largely attributable to the project's present pathetic status.
Project Cost
The project requires some P357.86M; breakdown of which is shown in Table 11.4.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
11.7
Overall Tourism Development Timeplan Implementation
The over-all summary of the proposed tourism development program implementation
together with its investment cost is shown in Table 11.3. It includes the tourist
attractions improvements, accommodations, parks and recreational facilities,
infrastructure and transportation networks, human resources training, marketing
development/promotions program, environmental management program and socio cultural tourism program.
11.8
Financial Assessment of Typical Project Models
Under the Central Luzon Tourism Master Plan, typical models of tourism projects are
identified and these include:

Proposed Leisure and Livelihood Complex (LCC) utilizing the Uacon Lake of
Sta Cruz, Zambales;

Proposed Candaba Swamp Development at Candaba, Bulacan; and,

Heritage Tourism District at San Miguel, Bulacan.
For this report, a financial assessment is conducted on the proposed Leisure and
Livelihood Complex and proposed Candaba Swamp Development. For the proposed
Heritage Tourism District, only a description is included. The project profiles of each
typical models are elaborated below.
a) Uacon Lake Resort Complex
Rationale/Objectives
To showcase the development of an eco-tourism project in the region by capitalizing
nature's bounty at Uacon Lake, the adjacent forested areas and the rural agricultural
lands. Through judicious planning, the three major project components shall be
made to enhance its others peculiar asset with the maintenance of the area's
ecological balance as the pervading theme.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Timetable
FS Preparation
-
6 months
Bidding/BOT Arrangements
-
3 months
Project Construction (4 phases)
-
4 years
Project Viability Indicators
Income statement projection of the proposed LLC shows a net income after tax of P 7.
59 million during the first year of operation and this figure gradually increases through
the years. A net income stream is maintained by the project during its 25year life span.
In like manner, cashflow projections show a net cashflow throughout the project life
span. Furthermore, the Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) is estimated to be
above the market hurdle rate of 16 percent. The said viability indicators are
summarized below:
Net Present Value
Internal Rate of Return
Benefit-Cost Ratio
P51.5M at 16% discount rate
18.8%
1.3
b) Candaba Resort
Rationale/Objectives
The proposed Candaba Resort at Candaba, Pampanga is aimed at providing
motorists, which include passers-by, overnight travelers and campers, rest and
relaxation areas and related facilities where they could experience and enjoy the
natural beauty of the site's surroundings. The resort provides for a viewing cottage and
other amenities for use of the visitors.
Project Description
The project involves primarily the construction of Main Building and viewing area, a
restaurant, kiosk, cottages, swimming pool, a lagoon with a waterfall, cabanas and
control huts.
Technically, the project shall be located within a 5-hectare area overlooking sites of
natural beauty or attraction. The project entails the construction of parking area,
boardwalk, sanitary sewer system, and garbage bin. (Figure 11-2).
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Project Cost
The required amount is about P31.75 million, the breakdown is shown in Table 11.7.
Timetable
FS Preparation
3 months
Bidding/BOT Arrangement
3 months
Project Construction
1 year
Project Viability
Income statement projection of the proposed Candaba Resort shows a net of income
after tax of P3.69 million during the first year of operation and this figure gradually
increases through the years. A net income stream is maintained by the project during
its 25-year life span.
In like manner, cash flow projections show a net cashflow throughout the project life
span. Furthermore, the Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) is estimated to be
above the market hurdle rate of 16 percent. The said viability indicators are
summarized below:
Net Present Value
P48.05 at 16% discount rate
Internal Rate of Return :
36.60%
Benefit-Cost Ratio
1.84
c) Heritage District at San Miguel, Bulacan
Rationale/Obiectives
Bulacan is full of historical places and events. She is a birthplace of many heroes and
artists. The preservation and restoration of a heritage district at San Miguel, Bulacan
can persuade people who are not part of the immediate community to visit and enjoy
the culture, values, objects, structures and programs which make up the heritage of
San Miguel. This project could showcase other districts like in Malolos, Bustos in
Bulacan and Talavera in Nueva Ecija. (Figure 11-3).
Project Description
The Heritage District at San Miguel, Bulacan shall be developed into a community
based tourisms. Each building/structure shall maintain its special character relative to
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
its contribution to the Philippine history, constitute a district's major attractiveness to
tourists. Its conservation and restoration proces shall follow the following steps:
Step 1
-
Conduct a community based tourism planning by setting the
visions and missions, do strategic planning, identify key
players and solicit their commitments.
Step 2
-
Elicit community support by putting in the legislative agenda
the land use and zoning plan, set tourism services and
facilities standards, provide tax incentives, pass heritage and
conservation ordinances, undertake traffic management,
promotion and preservation of indigenous people's tourism.
Step 3
-
By organizing the community to provide service like visitor's
bureau, tourism council and proper coordination with the
Executive and Legislative bodies of the local government.
Step 4
-
Improve Capability Building by undertaking aggressive
marketing program, tourism trainors training, tour operations
and tour guiding, services quality standard training, food and
beverages and proper housekeeping.
Step 5
-
Focus a good marketing and promotions by conducting trade
shows, educational tours for tour operators, develop travel
manual and sending invitation to other tourism gateways or by
direct mailing.
Project Status
At present, there is a San Miguel Municipal Tourism office that is linked to the Bulacan
Provincial Tourism Office. Both are government offices primarily task to develop the
tourism industry in the locality. Some serious planning and legislative supports are
needed to emphasize its tourism direction. These activities may entail a regular budget
to sustain its operation.
There is a need to enhance the participation of NGO's especially owners of these
collections of built and historical resources. This is to entice them to preserve the
historical value of these structures/buildings without downgrading the usefulness of the
structure itself.
11.9
Project Profiles
To show the details of some of these programs, individual project profiles are
presented at the last pages of this chapter.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
:
Reconstruction and Conservation
of Fort Playa Honda
Barangay Parel, Botolan, Zambales
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
DOT-PTA/NHI/National
Museum
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
DOT-PTA/LGU/International
Grant
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 8.5 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
A significant cultural asset of the province of Zambales is Fort Playa Honda. Fort Playa Honda
is the fortress structures that was built at the mouth of Bangcal River during the 17th century
A.D. This historical site was utilized as habitation and fortification that provided protection
against marauding enemies, the Dutch and moro invaders. European and Chinese tradeware
ceramics attributed to the 15th and 18th centuries A.D., respectively, were discovered inside
the perimeter walls of Fort Playa Honda. This structure is one of the few remaining historic
edifice of Zambales province depicting the rich cultural history of the region.
At present, the existing walls of Fort Playa Honda is being eroded by water actions from
Bangcal River. The restoration and conservation of Fort Playa Honda is a very urgent and
important undertaking because it is already at the verge of destruction at the rate that erosion
is taking place.
IMPACT
The project will have positive impact in the preservation and conservation of historical
resources as cultural assets for tourism development. Conservation of this cultural heritage
product which otherwise might be lost by erosion may reinforce or renew the sense of pride of
the Zambalenos.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
:
Creation of Provincial Museums
in Provincial Capitals of Region III
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
DOT-PTA/National
Museum/DECS/LGUs
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
GOP/International Grants
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 300 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
A provincial museum in every provincial capital of the six provinces of Region III will be a major
tourists attractions and destination of the region. The museums will show case the province's
unique cultural heritage where objects of historical, archaeological, cultural, scientific, and
aesthetic values are collected, studied, preserved and exhibited for public appreciation,
enjoyment and education.
The provincial museums may be complimented with books, brochures or pamphlets
highlighting the cultural heritage and values of the six provinces of the region. These museums
as tourism resource-assets can also be enjoyed and appreciated by the local communities
providing a sense of cultural self-confidence.
IMPACT
This project will have a positive impact in creating awareness and appreciation of the rich
cultural heritage of the region. The provincial museums can be made into major tourism
destinations that can generate revenues from local and foreign tourists. However, measures
must be put in place to prevent over commercialization of the regions' cultural resources and
the possibility of losing its cultural integrity. Proper management and curation will be necessary
to avoid loss of authenticity of cultural heritage products when presented as tourism
attractions.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
:
On-Site Archaeological Museum
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTE
:
(ON DOT-PTA/National Museum/LGUs
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
DOT-PTA/LGUs
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 10 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
The on-site archaeological museum is a new concept that is now emerging as a tourism
strategy for cultural development. On-site museum refers to those built on the actual
reconstruction of the cultural setting of significant prehistoric sites based on the archaeological
excavation. Historicity alone will not be sufficient to promote the prehistoric sites as tourist
destinations. Facts should be supplemented by artifactual evidences that are visually and
intellectually gratifying to tourists and local visitors.
The artifactual evidences from the archaeological excavations of the open-burial sites in Bgy.
Dolores of the municipality of Porac, Pampanga, indicated the cultural setting of the region's
prehistoric people as early as the Metal Age period (approximately 200 B.C. to 600 A.D.). The
Dolores site can be turned into an on-site museum with the actual reconstruction of the cultural
setting of these prehistoric burial sites based on the archaeological excavation. The
reconstruction will be carried out on the basis of completed and detailed documentation of the
original setting of the Dolores Site.
The Dolores Site can be made into a major tourist attraction and destination. Using replicas on
the actual context of prehistoric cave sites as "on-site" museums, the Metal Age period burial
practices can be showcased. The significance of these archaeological findings is the
reconstruction of the unique prehistoric burial practices in the region.
IMPACT
The on-site archaeological museums in Bgy. Dolores, Porac, Pampanga will have positive
impacts as cultural assets for tourism development. This project when complimented by
brochures and pamphlets highlighting the cultural significance of the burial site, will promote
direct awareness and appreciation of the rich cultural history of the region. This project when
properly developed, programmed, and managed, will have an important tourism application
that can generate revenue in foreign and local earnings.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
:
Archaeological Excavation of
Prehistoric Habitation Site in
Bgy. Bamban, Masinloc, Zambales
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
DOT-PTA/National Museum/LGUs
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
DOT-PTA/International Grants
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 1 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
The prehistoric open-site habitation in Bgy. Bamban, Masinloc, Zambales was a fishing village
possibly dated to the Sung Dynasty Period (960 to 1279 centuries A.D.). Artifactual evidences
indicated that a thriving trade network existed between this fishing village and China, and
possibly Thailand during the 10th to 13th centuries A.D. Chinese and Thai tradeware ceramics
were found in association with several eathernware net weights, potteries and animal and fish
bone fragments which were initially discovered in the ground surface.
The cultural materials that will be recovered from the archaeological excavation will be part of
the museum items that will be exhibited at the provincial museum for public appreciation,
enjoyment and education. Part of the archaeological research activity is the cultural awareness
programs to inform host communities of the significance of the habitation site in Bgy. Bamban
to the prehistory of the country.
IMPACT
The archaeological excavation of the prehistoric habitation site in Bamban, Masinloc,
Zambales will provide a vital link to the prehistoric past of the region. It will have positive
impacts because this project promotes direct awareness and appreciation of the rich cultural
history not only of the province but for the region as whole.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
IMPLEMENTING
:
Archaeological Impact Assessment
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
National Museum
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
DOT-PTA/LGUs
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 1 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
The main rationale in conducting Archaeological Impact Assessments (AIA) is to identify
existing archaeological and historical resources that will be developed for the tourism
development program. Included in the AIA is the aim to develop and review plans that are
likely to cause positive and negative impacts on the cultural assets due to their tourism
application and to develop appropriate mitigating and management measures.
The main task of the AIA is also to identify the tourism values of archaeological and historical
resources as cultural assets, to proliferate them, and preserve them from degradation or
dilution in the process of tourism development.
IMPACT
The project will have positive impact in the preservation and conservation of archaeological
and historical resources as cultural assets for tourism development.
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Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
:
Restoration of the Capas Death March Shrine
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
National Historical
Institute/LGUs/DOT
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
DOT-PTA/LGUs
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 5.0 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
The Capas Death March Shrine in Capas, Tarlac is a major historical landmark in the region.
The shrine was built to commemorate the sufferings of Filipino-American soldiers at the hands
of the Japanese Imperial Army during the infamous "death march" of World War II. At present,
the state of the Capas Death March Shrine is deteriorating because of the lack of proper
maintenance and financial sustenance to keep it attractive for public viewing.
The Capas shrine can be made into a major tourism destination because of the significance of
the historical event that is attached to it. The restoration of the shrine will renew a sense of
pride in the war veterans who were once part of the significant war event.
IMPACT
The restoration of the Capas Death March Shrine will have positive impacts which will be an
impetus for revitalizing cultural awareness to the local community and for the tourists. Likewise,
the restoration project will reinforce conservation of the cultural heritage of the region.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
:
Lights and Sounds
Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
DOT-PTA/NHI /LGUs
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
DOT-PTA/LGUs
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 5.0 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
The "lights and sounds" project is the re-enactment of the historical event depicting the actual
sufferings of the Filipino-American soldiers at the concentration camp in Camp O'Donnell in
Capas, Tarlac during World War II. The "lights and sounds" project will be an annual event
which may be appropriately held during the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day.
The re-enactment will be made at the exact location where the concentration camps were
situated. Reconstruction of the actual historical event will be made using replicas of the prison
camps and life-size mannequins depicting the soldiers that were part of the event. The reenactment is supported with the simulation of computerized lights and sounds to dramatize the
actual historical event.
IMPACT
The project will have positive impact because it reinforces the sense of pride of the FilipinoAmerican soldiers' bravery, gallantry and valor. Likewise, it will also renew the sense of
nationalism for the sacrifices of the Filipino soldiers who died and survived in World War II.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Cultural Development Program
PROJECT
:
Creation of an Agro-Industrial Museum
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
Hacienda Luisita/DOT/NM/NHI
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCES
:
Hacienda Luisita/DOT
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 12 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
Hacienda Luisita is an agro-industrial estate which is currently being developed to attract more
business and leisure tourists. At present, the hacienda boasts of its world-class golf course,
commercial mall, including its sugar cane plantation and milling operations thus, it has become
a tourist destination in the province of Tarlac.
The creation of an Agro-Industrial Museum as an added feature will help develop Hacienda
Luisita into a major tourist attraction and destination. The museum will showcase the history of
Hacienda Luisita including the families that were behind in its establishment and development.
Likewise, the museum will also feature the evolution and the development of sugar cane
milling operations and processes from traditional to the latest technology. Sugar based native
products, such as tinaclob, muscovado, inuyat, etc., will be featured.
Visit to the museum will be supplemented with an actual trip to the sugar cane plantation and
milling sites riding the train carts along its existing internal railways.
IMPACT
The creation of an Agro-Industrial Museum will have a positive impact because Hacienda
Luisita will not only provide leisure to tourists but educational experiences as well.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Institutional Establishment and
Strengthening
PROJECT
:
Core Group Establishment Seminar
Workshop
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
DOT/PTA/LG Us
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCE
:
DOT-PTA/LGUs
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 0.30 Million
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
To disseminate information regarding the institution that will be established which will oversee
and implement the Regional Tourism Plan to assure consistency compliance of units for the
Regional Tourism Development Plan implementation approach. To generate interest and elicit
active- participation and suggestions from the private and government sector agencies
concerned.
Impact
The project envisions generation of support from the various levels of the agencies and entities
involved as regards coming up with an acceptable and workable entity that will have
jurisdiction over the planning area.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
PROJECT
:
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
Institutional Establishment and
Strengthening
Study on Alternative Institutional Entities to
implement the region's Tourism
Development Plan
:
DOT/PTA/LGUs
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCE
:
DOT-PTA/LGUs
ESTIMATED COST
:
P 300,000
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
To provide choices of the type of entity that will implement the Regional Tourism Development
Plan based on results of the study highlighting the positive and negative points of the different
type of institutions/entities that will be proposed.
Impact
The project will give the entities/agencies and LGUs on insight on what institutions might be
established that will best ensure compliance with the Regional Tourism Development Plan.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Solid Waste Management Improvement
Pilot Project
PROJECT
:
Construction and operation of final disposal
sites. These pilot project will cover Abucay
(Bataan), Meycauayan (Bulacan), Palayan
City (Nueva Ecija), Angeles City (Pampanga),
Camiling (Tarlac) and Olongapo City
(Zambales).
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
:
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCE
:
ESTIMATED COST
:
DILG, LGU, DOH
ADB Loan
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
During pre-construction phase, land acquisition is the main activity. At construction phase, the
project requires for a sanitary landfill site, transportation of construction materials, and
operation of heavy equipment. At Operation and Maintenance Phase, the activities should
focus on the transportation needs of solid waste by collection vehicles; the disposal of solid
waste and the provision of soil cover.
Impact
Impacts during pre-construction phase can be determined as soon as the land is acquired.
During construction phase, there will be an increase in traffic volume, noise and vibration levels
due to transportation of construction materials; increase in air pollution and noise brought
about by operation of heavy equipment. During Operation and Maintenance Phase, expect an
increase in traffic volume created by waste collection vehicles and odor generated from
disposal site and waste collection vehicles, depending on sanitary landfill level.
Centralization of garbage collection and disposal will bring a controlled sanitary garbage
disposal and will definitely improve the health conditions of the community.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
PROJECT PROFILE
PROGRAM COMPONENT
:
Infrastructure Project
PROJECT
:
Bypass Construction. This project covers
Cabanatuan City (Nueva Ecija), Angeles City
(Pampanga), Olongapo City (Zambales) and
Tarlac..
IMPLEMENTING
ORGANIZATION/INSTITUTION
POSSIBLE FUNDING SOURCE
:
:
DPWH
ADB Loan
ESTIMATED COST
PROJECT RATIONALE AND
DESCRIPTION
This project requires construction of bypasses on the indicated places mentioned above.
Impact
Some cultivated land maybe turned into road, and residents maybe resettled. Also, airpollution
and noise vibration will occur by virtue of the operation of heavy equipment and transportation
of construction materials.
However, bypass roads will mean more length and more communities that can be served and
better opportunities for economic activities.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Final Report for the Tourism Master Plan for Region III (Central Luzon)
Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP)
Table 11.2
SUMMARY OF LGU-INITIATED PROJECTS IN REGION III
Province/Project
Cost (PM)
Submitted by
Bataan
1.
Democracy & Boundary Marker in Balsik, Hermosa
2.
Development of Surrender Site into Historical Park at Balanga
3.
Development of Tourism Beach Resort at Morong
4.
Eco-tourism Project at Tala, Orani
5.
5.00
Provl. Govt. of Bataan
8.00
Provl. Govt. of Bataan
10.00
Municipality of Morong
6.00
Municipality of Orani
Development of Waterfall at Palili, Samal
10.00
Municipality of Samal
6.
Improvement of Sibul Spring at Abucay
10.00
Municipality of Abuca
7.
Development of Dunsulan Falls at Pilar Const. of Road
6.50
Municipality of Pilar
8.
Restoration of Ca etano Arellano ancestral home at Orion
3.00
DOT/LGU
9.
Restoration of Zero Kilometer Marker Death March at Mariveles and Bagac
8.00
DOT/LGU
10.
Construction of Bataan Tourism Center at Balanga
30.00
Provl. Govt. of Bataan
11.
Construction of Tourist Halfway Inn at Balsik, Hermosa
12.00
Municipality of Hermosa
Bulacan
1.
Beautification of Bocaue River
25.00
Provl. Govt. of Bulacan
2.
Improvement of Pamarawan Beach Resort
10.00
DOT/LGU
3.
Construction of Pulilan Landmark
10.00
DOT/LGU
10.00
Provl. Govt. of Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
1.
Development of Labi Natural Spring
2.
Development of the lace of death of Dona Aurora Quezon at Bongabon
3.
4.
5.
Improvement of Historical Landmarks at Talu to
6.00
DOT/LGU
6.
Improvement of Historical Landmark of the "First Cry of Nueva Ecija"
8.00
Provl. Govt. of Nueva Ecija
7.
Construction of Municipal Museum and Tourism Center at San Isidro
15.00
5.00
Municipality of Bon abon
Development of Olivete Natural Spring at Bongabon
10.00
Municipality of Bon abon
Establishment of Prov'I. Tourism Center at Palayan City
30.00
Provl. Govt. of Nueva Ecija
Municipality of San Isidro
Province/Project
Cost PM
Submitted by
8.
Improvement of Wa as Monument Historical Landmarks
15.00
DOT/LGU
9.
Development of Hot Spring at Sitio Mainit, San Isidro, Laur
10.00
Municipality of Laur
10.
Development of La bak, Malotabe and Alintutuan Falls
19.50
DOT/LGU
11.
Improvement of Bato Ferry River"Summer" Resort `
6.50
DOT /LGU
12.
Develo ment of Diamond Park in B . Tazabo, San Jose City
8.00
San Jose City
13.
Improvement of Palaspas Falls
6.50
DOT/LGU
Pampanga
1.
Clark Field Centennial Park
1,500
2.
Construction of On-Site Archeological Museum at Porac
3.
Mt. Ara at Development
72.00
4.
McArthur Highway Dev't. bet. S.F. & Angeles City)
40.00
5.
Sunken Church at Bacolor
10.00
8.50
Clark Airbase
DOT/LGU
DOT
Tarlac
1.
Restoration of the Ca as Death March Shrine
5.00
DOT/LGU
2.
Lights and Sound Proj.at Camp 0' Donnell in Capas
5.00
DOT/LGU
3.
Development of Tarlac Tourism Complex at Paniqui
30.00
4.
Restoration of Century old Convent
5.00
Provl. Gov't. of Tarlac
DOT/LGU
Zambales
1.
Reconstruction of Fort Playa Honda
2.
Construction of Zambales Convention Center at Iba
30.00
Provl. Gov't. of Zambales
3.
Conversion of Mt. Ta ulao to Eco-Tourism Resort at Palaui
25.00
DOT/LGU
4.
Subic Municipal Park at Subic
6.50
DOT/LGU
5.
Conversion of Ramon Ma sa sa House into a
6.
Rehabilitation of Small Parks in Olongapo City
Heritage House at San Antonio
TOTAL
8.50
15.00
5.00
2,068.50
Table 11.3
OVERALL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT TIMEPLAN IMPLEMENTATION (MP)
Projects/Activities
Funding Source
Agency Responsible
1997-2000
2001-2005
2006-2010
1.1 Highway/Loop Destinations
Private Sectors, NGO's
-
-
-
1.2 Local Attractions
Private Sectors, NGO's
-
-
-
1.3 Touring/Viewing/Shopping
Private Sectors, NGO's
-
-
-
DOT, LGU, Pvt. Sector,NGOs
2,068.50
2,482.20
2,978.64
Private Sector
333.90
1,307.25
2,576.18
LGU's, NGO's
510
260
130
735
735
1.0 TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
1.4 Support Facilities
2.0 ACCOMMODATION FACILITIES
3.0 PARKS & RECREATIONAL
FACILITIES
4.0 INFRASTRUCTURES
4.1 Telecommunications Network
4.2 Water Supply
4.2.1 Mt. Pinatubo Affected Areas
960
4.2.2 Bulacan Central Water Supply
4.2.3 Olongapo City Water Supply
Bulacan Water District
735
Olongapo City WD
355
4.2.4 LWUA Water Supply
231
4.2.5 Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Imp.
ADB-DILG
115
4.3 Sewerage Treatment & Disposal
4.4 Power & Energy
4.4.1 300MW Bataan Comb. Cycle Power
4.4.2 60OMW Masinloc Coal-Fired Thermal
NPC
ADB,J-Exim
NPC
4.4.3 Enron II Diesel Power Plant
BOT
NPC
4.4.4 Edison Cogen Power
BOO
NPC
4.4.5 Masinloc-Labrador 230KV Trans. Line
KFW
NPC
WB,J-Exim,ICG
NPC
OECF
DPWH
ADB
DILG
4.4.6 Northwestern Luzon Backbone T/L
4.5 Flood Control, Drainage &
Shoreline Protection
4.5.1 Pampanga Delta Dev't.-FC Comp.
4.5.2 Const. of 700M Seawall at
Masinloc
4.6 Sanitation & Waste Management
4.7 Social Infrastructure
4.7.1 Health Facilities
DOH
4.7.2 Educational Facilities
DECS
5.0 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES
&INFRASTRUCTURE
5.1 Airports
5.1.1 Clark Int'I. Airport
BCDA
5.1.2 Subic Int'I. Airport
SBMA
5.1.3 Castillejos
DOTC
5.1.4 Iba
DOTC
250
5.2 Seaports
5.2.1 Port of Mariveles
PPA
5.2.2 Port of Limay
PPA
5.2.3 Vessel Fleet Modernization
Private Sector
5.3 Road Works
5.3.1 Manila Coastal Road
DPWH & Private Sector (BOT)
5.3.2 San Fernando-Dinalupihan Road
DPWH
5.3.3 Dinalupihan-Olongapo Road
DPWH
5.3.4 Dinalupihan-Angeles Road I
DPWH
NOTE: Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT); Govt. of the Phil. (GoP); Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF); Asian Dev't. Bank
(ADB); Japan Export/Import Bank (J-Exim); World Bank (WB).
Projects/Activities
Funding Source
5.3.5 Damaged Road 8 Bridge Rehab.
ADB
5.3.6 Access Roads to Resettlement
Agency Responsible
1997-2000
2001-2005
1,948
1,168
2006-2010
DPWH
DPWH, LGU
Areas Deft.
5.3.7 Rural Road Dev't.
ADB
5.3.8 Angeles Bypass Dev't.
DPWH
5.3.9 Cabanatuan Bypass Dev't.
DPWH
5.3.10 Cabanatuan Common Bus Terminal
DILG-LGU
5.3.11 Sierra Madre (Marginal) Highway
5.3.12 North Luzon Expressway Ext.
DPWH
DPWH
BOT
PNCC/BENPRESS
5.3.13 Iba-Tarlac Road
DPWH
5.3.14 Capas-La Paz-Cabanatuan Road
DPWH
5.3.15 Mariveles-Bagac-Morong-Olongapo Rd.
DPWH
5.3.16 Tarlac Bypass
DPWH
5.3.17 Olongapo Bypass
DPWH
5.3.18 Manila-Bataan-Subic Coastal Road
DPWH
5.4 Railway
5.4.1 Rehab./Upgrading of PNR Mainline North
TOTAL
PNR
16,512.67 5,308.40
4,784.45
6,419.82
NOTE: Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT); Govt. of the Phil. (GoP); Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF); Asian Dev't. Bank
(ADB); Japan Export/Import Bank (J-Exim); World Bank (WB).
Table 11.4
PROPOSED LEISURE & LIVELIHOOD COMPLEX
UACON LAKE, ZAMBALES
PROJECT COST ESTIMATES
PAY ITEMS
QTY
UNIT COST
AMOUNT
(P million)
A. AMENITIES
1. Golf Course (hole)
2. Aquatic Sanctuary (lot)
3. Convention Center (sq. m.)
18
13,400,000
241.20
1
3,500,000
3.50
1,000
8,200
8.20
50
10,000
0.50
300
100,000
30.00
10
3,500,000
35.00
1
8,000,000
8.00
50
525,000
26.25
4. Reforestation Center
-Office (sq. m.)
- Log cabin (units)
5. Beach Resort
- Lodging & restaurants (units)
6. Park Development (lot)
7. Hotel (room)
Sub-Total AMENITIES
352.65
B. SITEWORKS
B.1 PARKING AND WALKS AREAS
1. 150 mm thk Agg. Base Course (cu. m.)
2. 50 mm Gravel Base (cu. m.)
3. Landscaping (sq. m.)
4. Walkway with Trelis (sq. m.)
2,250
375
0.84
400
350
0.14
30,000
75
2.25
750
900
0.68
Sub Total WALKS, PARKING AREAS
3.91
B.1 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
1. Septic Tanks, Leaching Fields, etc. (lot)
1
700,000
0.70
1
600,000
0.60
B.2 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. Provision of Drainage Structures (lot)
TOTAL - SITEWORKS
TOTAL PROJECT DEVELOPMENT COST
5.21
357.86
Note: Housing, livelihood center, agriland centers, roads, water supply and electrical/power supply system can be
provided by a particular government agency or an interested private sector.
TABLE 11.5
INCOME STATEMENT PROJECTIONS – LEISURE & LIVELIHOOD COMPLEX (UACON LAKE)
CENTRAL LUZON T0URISM MASTER PLAN
ITEM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Y E A R
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Number of Motorists – Viewers1/ (000)
Entrance Fee/Motorist-Viewers 2/
Total Revenues from Entrance Fees(000,000) 3/
365
I 5.00
5.48
374
16.50
6.17
383
18.15
6.96
393
19.97
7.85
403
21.96
8.85
413
24.16
9.98
423
26.57
11.25
434
29.23
12.68
445
32.15
14.30
456
35.37
16.12
467
38.91
18..6
479
42.80
20.50
491
47.08
23.11
503
51.78
26.06
516
56.96
29.38
529
62.66
33.12
542
68.92
37.35
555
75.82
42.11
569
83.40
47.48
584
598
613
628
644
91.74 100.91 111.00 122.10 134.31
53.53 60.36
68.05 76.73 86.51
Percent of Consumers (Food etc.)
Number of Motorists-Consumers (000)
Average Value of Consumption/Head2/
Total Revenues from Consumption(000,000)
50
183
30.00
5.48
50
187
33.00
6.17
50
192
36.30
6.96
50
197
39.93
7.65
50
201
43.92
8.85
50
206
48.32
9.98
50
212
53.15
11.25
50
217
58.46
12.68
50
222
64.31
14.30
50
228
70.74
16.12
50
234
77.81
18.18
50
239
85.59
20.50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
245
252
258
264
271
278
285
292
299
307
314
322
94.15 103.57 113.92 125.32 137.85 151.63 166.80 183.48 201.82 222.01 244.21 268.63
23.11
26.06 29.38 33.12
37.35 42.11
47.48 53.53 60.36
68.05 76.73 86.51
ASSUMPTIONS:
Number of Log Cabin
Occupancy Rate
Number of Camp-Nights4/
Rate/log Cabin (P) 2/
Total Revenues from Camp-Nights(000,000)
21
22
23
24
150
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
30%
50%
701
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
16,425 54,750 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,550 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650 76,650
300.00 330.00 363.00 399.30 439.23 483.15 531.47 584.62 643.08 707.38 776.12 855.94 941.53 1035.68 1139.25 1253.17 1378.49 1516.34 1667.98 1834.77 2018.25 2220.07 2442.08 2686.29
4.93
13.07
27.82
30.61
33.57
37.03 40.74
44.81
49.29 54.22 59.64
65.61 72.17
79.38 87.32 96.06 105.66 116.23 127.85 140.64 154.70 170.17 187.19 205.90
REVENUES:
Entrance Fees
Consumers' Fees from Viewers
Camp-Nights Fees
Consumer Fees from Campers5/
Golf Course (P15,000,000 /yr.)
Convention Center( P360,000/yr.)
Beach Resort (P2,700,000/yr)
Hotel Operation(P5,000,000/yr)
Total Revenues
5.48
5.48
4.93
1.48
6.17
6.17
18.07
5.42
6.96
6.96
27.82
8.35
15.00
66.17
7.85
7.85
30.61
9.18
16.50
3.60
1.62
5.00
82.20
8.85
9.98 11.25
12.68
14.30 16.12 18.16
20.50 23.11
26.06 29.38 33.12
37.35 42.11
47.48 53.53 60,36
68.05 76.73 86.51
8.85
9.98 11.25
12.68
14.30 16.12 18.18
20.50 23.11
26.06 29.38 33.12
37.35 42.11
47.48 53.53 60.36
68,05 76.73 86.51
33.67
37.03 40.74
44.91
49.29 54.<2
59.64
65.61 72.17
79.38 87.32 96.06 105.66 11623 127.85 140.64 154.70 170.17 187.19 205.90
10.10
11.11 12.22
13.44
14.79 16.27 17.89
19.68 21.65
23.82 26.20 28.82
31.70 34.87
38.36 42.19 46.41
51.05 56.16 61.77
18.15
19.97 21.96
24.16
26.57 29.23 32.15
35.37 38.91
42.80 47.08 51.78
56.96 62.66
68.92 75.82 83.40
91.74 100.91 111.00
3.96
4.36
4.79
5.27
5.80
6.38
7.02
7.72
8.49
9.34 10.27 11.30
12.43 13.67
15.04 16.54 18.20
20.02 22.02 24.22
2.16
2.70
2.97
3.27
3.59
3.95
4.35
4.78
5.26
5.79
6.37
7.00
7.70
8.47
9.32 10.25 11.28
12.41 13.65 15.01
5.50
6.05
6.66
7.32
8.05
8.86
9.74
10.72 11.79
12.97 14.27 15.69
17.26 18.99
20.89 22.97 25.27
27.80 30.58 33.64
91.23 101.17 111.83 123.63 136.70 151.15 167.15 184.87 204.48 226.20 250.26 276.90 306.41 339.10 375.33 415.47 459.96 509.28 563.95 624.57
0.54
1.08
17.36
36.37
Adm., Repair, & Maint.(15 % of Total Revenues
2.60
5.46
9.93
12.33
13.68
15.18
16.77
18.55
Consumer Viewer Fees (68%)
Consumer Camper Fees (68%)
3.72
4.20
4.73
5.34
6.02
6.78
7.65
1.01
3.69
5.68
6.24
6.87
7.55
8.31
Total Operating Costs
4,73
7.88
10.41
11.58
12.88
14.34
15.96
12.63
28.49
55.76
70 62
78.35
36.83
95.87 105.87 116.92 129.13 142.63 157.55 174.05 192.29 212.46 234.78 259.46 286.76 316.96 350.38 387.36 428.29 473.59 523.74
0.95
2.14
4.18
5.30
5.88
6.51
7.19
11.68
26.35
51.58
65.33
72.47
80.32
88.68
97.93 108.15 119.44 131.93 115.73 160.99 177.87 196.53 217.17 240.00 265.25 293.19 324.10 358.31 396.17 438.07 484.46
4.09
9.22
18.05
22.86
25.37
28.11
31.04
34.28
37.85
41.80
46.17
51.01
NET PROFIT AFTER TAX
7.59
17.13
33.53
Notes:
1/
At 1000 motorist/viewers/day for 365 days, growing @ an avorago of 2.5%/year
2/
To Increase by 10% every year
3/
Based on 100% of the motorist-viewers multiplied by the entrance fees
4/
No. of tog cabin x 365 clays per year
5/
Based on 30% of the camp-night fees
42.46
47.11
52.21
57.64
63.65
70.30
77.64
85.75
94.73 104.65 115.61 127.74 141.16 156.00 172.41 190.57 210.17 232.90 257.51 284,75 314 .90
LESS: OPERATING COSTS
NET OPERATING PROFIT (NOP)
LESS: INCENTIVE FEE (7.5% NOP)
20.50
22.67
25.07
27.73
30.67
33.93
37.54
41.53
45.96
50.87
56.30
62.32
68.99
76.39
34.59
93.69
8.62
9.72
10.96
12.36
13.94
15.71
17.72
19.98
22.52
25.40
28.63
32.28
36.40
41.04
46.27
52.17
58.83
9.14
10.06
11.06
12.17
13.38
14.72
16.19
17.81
19.60
21.55
23.71
26.08
28.69
31.56
34.71
38.19
42.00
17.77
19.78
22.02
24.53
27.32
30.44
33.91
37.79
42.12
46.95
52.34
58.37
55.09
72.60
80.99
90.36 100.83
7.94
8.77
9.68
10.70
11.82
13.05
14.42
15.93
17.61
19.46
21.51
23.77
26.28
29.05
32.12
35.52
39.28
NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX
(Including Depreciation and Finance Charges)
LESS: INCOME TAX (35%)
56.35
62.25
68.79
76.01
84.00
92.84 102.62 113.44 125.41 138.66 153.33 169.56
TABLE 11.6
CASH FLOW PROJECTIONS-LEISURE 8 LIVELIHOOD COMPLEX (UACON LAKE)
CENTRAL LUZON TOURISM MASTER PLAN
0
CASH INFLOWS
Equity
Total Revenues
Total Cash inflows
CASH OUTFLOWS
1. Capital Investments
A. Amenities
 Golf Course
 Aquatic Sanctuary
 Convention Center
 Reforestation
Office
Log Cabin
 Beach Resort
 Park Development
 Hotel
B. Siteworks
 Parking and Walk Areas
 Sanitary Sewer System
 Drainage System
Total Capital Investment
2. Operating Costs
3. Incentive Fees
Total Cash Outflows
NET CASH FLOW
Cost
Revenue
1
3
4
5
0.00
66.17
66.17
0.00
82.20
82.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
91.23 101.17 111.83 123.63 136.70 151.15 167.15 184.87 204.48 226.20 250.26 276.90 306.41 339.10 375.33 415.47 459.96 509.28 563.85 62457 691.78
91.23 101.17 111.83 123.63 136.70 151.15 167.15 184,67 204.48 226.20 250.26 276.90 306.41 339.10 375.33 415.47 459.96 509.28 563.95 624.57 691.78
7.00
2.00
13.12
7.00
2.00
13.12
7.00
2.00
7.00
2.00
1.96
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.30
117.44 125.19 123.35
4.73
7.88
0.95
2.14
130.87
133.37
117.44
22.12
10.41
4.16
36.71
9.00
11.58
5.30
25 88
9.00
12.09
5.88
27.76
0.00
14.34
6.51
20.85
0.00
15.96
7.19
23.15
0.00
17.77
7.94
25.71
8.00
29.46
56.33
63.47
80.32
88.68
97.93 108.15 119.44 131.93 145.73 160.99 177.87 196.53 217.17 240.00 265.25 293.19 324,10 358.31 398.17 438.07
117.44 130.97 133.37
0.00
17.36
36.37
36.71
66.17
25.88
82.20
27.76
.2085
23.15
25.71
28.55
31.71
35.23
39.14
91.23 101,17 111.83 123.63 136.70 151.15 167.15 184.87
29.46
56.33
-
63.47
117.44 120.00 105.00
17.36
36.37
117 44 137.36 141.37
96.48
3.50
0.50
15.00
96.48
96.48
4.10
4.10
15.00
7.00
0.00
6.49
-117.44 -113.51
FIRR
18.87%
Discount Rate
16.00%
B/C Ratio
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1.96
Net
NPV
2
51 50
1.13
-97.00
80.32
88.66
0.00
19.76
8.77
28.55
0.00
22.02
9.68
31.71
0.00
24.53
10.70
35.23
0.00
27.32
11.82
39.14
0.00
30A4
13.05
43.49
0.00
33.91
14.42
48.33
0.00
37,79
15.93
53.73
0.00
12.12
17.61
59.73
0.00
46.95
19.45
66.41
0.00
52.34
21.51
73.85
0.00
58.37
23.77
82.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
65.09
12.50
80.99
90.36 100.83 11253
26.28
29.05
32.12
35.52
39 28
43.44
91.37 101.65 113.11 125.88 140 11 155.98
48446 535.81
43.49
48.33
53.73
59.73
66.41
73.85
32.14
91.37 101.65 113.11 125.88 140.11 155.98
20448 226.20 250.26 276.90 30'6.41 339.10 375.33 415.47 459.96 509.28 563.95 62457 691.76
97.93 108.15 119.44 131.93 145.73 160.99 177.87 196.53 217.17 240.00 265.25 293.19
32410 358.31 396.17 438.07 484.46 535.81
Table 11.7
PROPOSED CANDABA RESORT
CANDABA,PAMPANGA
PROJECT COST ESTIMATES
PAY ITEMS
A. AMENITIES
1. Main Building & Viewing Area (unit)
2. Restaurant/Bathhouse (sq.m.)
3. Kiosk (units)
4. Cottages (units)
 Overnight type
 Single type
 Duplex type
5. Viewing Cottage
6. Pool (4-6 feet depth & wading pool)
7. Lagoon & Cascading Waterfall
8. Cabanas (units)
9. Control Huts
Sub-Total Amenities
QTY
UNIT COST
AMOUNT
(P million)
1
250
3
3,600,000
14,000
40,000
3.60
3.50
0.12
30
20
20
1
1
1
20
5
100,000
180,000
250,000
420,000
3,500,000
3,300,000
80,000
20,000
3.00
3.60
5.00
0.42
3.50
3.30
1.60
0.10
27.74
400
1500
0.60
2,250
750
20,000
375
350
75
0.84
0.26
1.50
2.61
1
500,000
0.50
1
300,000
0.30
4.01
B. SITEWORKS
B.1 Board walk (meters)
B.2 Parking Area (light vehicle & bus)
1. 150 mm thk Agg. Base Course (cu. m.)
2. 50 mm Gravel Base (cu. m.)
3. Landscaping (sq. m.)
Sub Total Parking Area
B.3 Sanitary Sewer System
1. Septic Tanks, Leaching Fields, etc. (lot)
B.4 Garbage Bin
Sub-Total Siteworks
TOTAL PROJECT DEVELOPMENT COST
Note: Road, water supply and electrical/power supply system can be provided by a
government agency or an interested private sector.
31.75
TABLE 11.8
INCOME STATEMENT PROJECTIONS - CANDABA RESORT
CENTRAL LUZON TOURISM MASTER PLAN
ITEM
ASSUMPTIONS:
Y E A R
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Number of Motorists - Viewers1/ (000)
Entrance Fee/Motorist-Viewers2/
Total Revenues from Entrance Fees(000,000
146
15.00
2.19
150
16.50
2.47
153
18.15
2.78
157
19.97
3.14
161
21.96
3.54
165
24.16
3.99
169
26.57
4.50
174
29.23
5.07
178
32.15
5.72
182
35.37
6.45
187
38.91
7.27
192
42.80
8.20
196
47.08
9.24
201
51.78
10.42
206
56.96
11.75
211
62.66
13.25
217
68.92
14.94
222
75.82
16.84
228
83.40
18.89
233
239
245
251
258
91.74 100.91 111.00 122.10 134.31
21.41 24.14 27.22 30.69 34.60
Percent of Consumers (Food etc.)
Number of Motorists-Consumers (000)
Average Value of Consumption/Head3/
Total Revenues from Consumption(000,000)
50
73
30.00
2.19
50
75
33.00
2.47
50
77
36.30
2.78
50
79
39.93
3.14
50
81
43.92
3.54
50
83
48.32
3.99
50
85
53.15
4.50
50
87
58.46
5.07
50
89
64.31
5.72
50
91
70.74
6.45
50
93
77.81
7.27
50
96
85.59
8,20
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
98
101
103
106
108
111
114
117
120
123
126
129
94.15 103.57 113.92 125.32 137.85 151.63 166.80 183.48 201.82 222.01 244.21 268.63
9.24 10.42 11.75 13.25 14.94 16.84 18.99 21.41 24.14 27.22 30.69 34.60
Number of Cottages d Cabanas
Occupancy Rate
Number of Night-Stays4/
Rate/Cottage or Cabanas (P) 5/
Total Revenues from Night-Stays(000,000)
21
22
23
24
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
30%
50%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
9,855 16,425 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995 22,995
300.00 330.00 363.00 399.30 439.23 483.15 531.47 584.62 643.08 707.38 778.12 855.94 941.53 1035.68 1139.25 1253.17 1378.49 1516.34 1667.98 1834.77 2018.25 2220.07 2442.08 2686.29
2.96
5.42
8.35
9.18 10.10 11.11 12.22 13.44 14.79 16.27 17.89 19.68 21.65 23.82 26.20 28.82 31.70 34.87 38.36 42.19 46.41 51.05 56.16 61.77
REVENUES:
Entrance Fees
Consumers' Fees from Viewers
Night-Stays Fees
Consumer Fees from Staying Guests
Total Revenues
2:19
2.19
2.96
0.89
8.22
2.47
2.47
5.42
1.63
11.98
2.78
2.78
8.35
2.50
16.42
3.14
3.14
9.18
2.75
18.21
3.54
3.54
10.10
3.03
20.21
3.99
3.99
11.11
3.33
22.42
4.50
4.50
12.22
3.67
24.89
5.07
5.07
13.44
4.03
27.62
5.72
5.72
14.79
4.44
30.66
6.45
6.45
16.27
4.88
34.04
7.27
7.27
17.89
5.37
37.80
8.20
8.20
19.68
5,90
41.98
9.24
9.24
21.65
6.50
46.63
10.42
10.42
23.82
7.14
51 80
11.75
11.75
26.20
7.86
57.56
13.25
13.25
28.82
8.65
63.96
14.94
14.94
31.70
9.51
71.09
16.84
16.84
34.87
10.46
79.02
18.99
18.99
38.36
11.51
87.84
21.41 24.14 27.22 30.69 34.60
21.41 24.14 27.22 30.69 34.60
42.19 46.41 51.05 56.16 61.77
12.66 13.92 15.32 16.85 18.53
97.67 108.62 120.81 134.38 149.51
1.23
1.49
0.60
2.09
1.80
1.68
1.11
2.78
2.46
1.89
1.70
3.60
2.73
2.13
1.87
4.01
3.03
2.41
2.06
4.47
3.36
2.71
2.27
4.98
3.73
3.06
2.49
5.55
4.14
3.45
2.74
6.19
4.60
3.89
3.02
6.91
5.11
4.39
3.32
7.70
5.67
4.94
3.65
8.59
6.30
5.57
4.02
9.59
6.99
6.29
4.42
10.70
7.77
7.09
4.86
11.95
8.63
7.99
5.34
13.33
9.59
9.01
5.88
14.89
10.66
10.16
6.47
16.62
11.85
11.45
7.11
18.57
13.18
12.91
7.82
20.74
14.65
14.56
8.61
23.17
16.29
16.42
9.47
25.88
18.12
18.51
10.41
28.92
NET OPERATING PROFIT (NOP)
6.13
9.20
12.82
14.21
15.74
17.44
19.33
21.43
23.76
26.34
29.21
32.39
35.93
39.86
44.22
49.07
54.46
60.45
67.10
74.50
82.73
91.88 102.06 113.38
LESS: INCENTIVE FEE (7.5% NOP)
0.46
0.69
0.96
1.07
1.18
1.31
1.45
1.61
1.78
1.98
2.19
2.43
2.69
2.99
3.32
3.68
4.08
4.53
5.03
5.59
6.20
8.89
(Including Depreciation and Finance Charges)
5.67
8.51
11.86
13.14
14.56
16.14
17.88
19.82
21.98
24.37
27.02
29.96
33.24
36.87
40.91
45.39
50.38
55.92
52.07
68.92
76.53
84.99
94.40 104.86
LESS: INCOME TAX (35%)
1.98
2.98
4.15
4.60
5.10
5.65
6.26
6.94
7.69
8.53
9.46
10.49
11.63
12.90
14.32
15.89
17.63
19.57
21.73
24.12
26.78
29.75
33.04
36.71
9.48
10.49
11.62
12.88
14.28
15.84
17.56
19.48
21.60
23.97
26.59
29.50
32.74
36.34
40.35
44.80
49.74
5524
61.36
88.17
LESS: OPERATING COSTS
Adm.. Repair, & Maint.(15% of Total Reven
Consumer Viewer Fees (68%)
Consumer Night-Staying Fees (68%)
Total Operating Costs
20.16
20.87
11.46
32.33
7.65
22.43
23.53
12.60
36.13
8.50
NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX
NET PROFIT AFTER TAX
3.69
5.53
7.71
8.54
Notes:
1/
At 400 motorist/viewers/day for 365 days, growing @ an average of 2.5%/year
2/
To increase by 10% every year
3/
Based on 100% of the motorist-viewers multiplied by the entrance fees
4/
No: of cottages/cabanas x 365 days per year
5/
Based on 30% of the night-stays fees
TABLE 11.9
CASH FLOW PROJECTIONS -CANDABA RESOR
CENTRAL LUZON TOURISM MASTER PLAN
0
CASH INFLOWS
Equity
Total Revenues
Total Cash Inflows
CASH OUTFLOWS
1. Capital Investments
A. Amenities
 Main Bldg. & Viewing Area
 Restaurant/Bathhouse
 Kiosk
 Cottages
 Viewing Cottage
 Pool
 Lagoon & Waterfall
 Cabanas
 Control Huts
B. Siteworks
 Board walk
 Parking Area
 Sanitary Sewer System
 Garbage Bin
Total Capital Investment
2. Operating Costs
3. Incentive Fees
Total Cash Outflows
Net
FIRR
Discount Rate
NPV
B/C Ratio
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
0.00
8.22
8.22
0.00
11.98
11.98
0.00
16.42
16.42
0.00
18.21
1821
0.00
20.21
20.21
0.00
22.42
22.42
0.00
24.89
24.89
0.00
27,62
27.62
0.00
30.66
30.66
0.00
34.04
34.04
0.00
37.80
37.80
0.00
41.98
41.98
0.00
46.63
46.63
0.00
51.80
51.80
0.00
5756
57.56
0.00
63.96
63.96
0.00
0.00
71.09 79.02
71.09 791.02
0.00
&7.84
89.&4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
97.67 108.62 120.61 134.38 149.51 156 35
97.67 1013.62 120.61 134.38 1,19.51 166.36
31.75
0.00
2.09
0.46
2.55
0.00
2.78
0.69
3.47
0.00
3.60
0.96
4.56
0.00
4.01
1.07
5.07
0.00
4.47
1.18
5.65
0.00
4.98
1.31
6.29
0.00
5.55
1.45
7.00
0.00
6.19
1.61
7.80
0.00
6.91
1.78
8.69
0.00
7.70
1.98
9.68
0.00
8.59
2.19
10.79
0.00
0.00
9.59 10.70
2.43
2.69
12.02 1-.1.40
0.00
11.95
2.99
14.93
0..00
13.33
3.32
16.65
0.00
1.4.89
3.68
18.57
0.00
0.00
16.62 18.57
4.08
4.53
20.71 2'.4.10
0.00
20.74
5.03
25.77
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.17 25.88 28.512 32.33
5.59
6.20
6.89
7.65
28.75 32.099 35.62 39.911
0.00
5.67
8.51
11.86
13.14
14.56
16.14
17.83
19.82
21.98
24.37
27.02
29.96
33.24 36.117
40.91
45.39
50.38
62.07
68.92
31.75
18
21
22
23
24
25
3.60
3.50
0.12
11.60
0.42
3.50
3.30
1.60
0.10
0.60
2.61
0.50
0.30
31.75
NET CASH FLOW
Cost
Revenue
1
31.75
55.92
76.53 134.99
31.75
0.00
2.55
8.22
3.47
11.98
4.56
16.42
5.07
18.21
5.65
20.21
6.29
22.42
7.00
24.89
7.80
27.62
8.69
30.66
9.68
34.04
10.79
37.80
12.02
41.38
13.40
46.63
14.93
51.80
16B5
57.56
18.57
63.96
20.71
71.09
2110
79.02
25.77
87.84
28.75 32,09 35.82 39.913 44.64 49.84
97.67 108.62 120.81 134.38 149.51 166.36
-31.75
5.67
8.51
11.86
13.14
14.56
16.14
17.88
19.82
21.98
24.37
27.02
29.96
31.24
36.87
40 91
45.39
50.38
55.92
62.07
68.92
36.600,6
16.00%
48.05
1.84
76.53 134.99
94.40 104.88 116.52
0.00
36.13
8.50
44.64
0.00
40.39
9.45
49.84
94.40 104.68 116.52