CSA and SA Elderly Literature Grid
Cite +
JP#
(Allers,
Benjack,
& Allers,
1992)
Article
Type
Case
review
Popn
and N
empiric
al
report
# 1391
Assessment
used
Populatio
n
unknown
N=3
CSA
1) sleeping
problems, poor
appetite,
disorientation,
general fatigue,
and an inability to
maintain personal
hygiene
2) "'manic
depression'" and
suspected
dementia.
3) incapacitating
disorientation and
withdrawal
None, selfdisclosure
Oldest
old, N =
150,
interview
ed
annually
Shame, guilt,
secrecy,
None
NA
lists and
describes
two
instruments,
# 1401
(Barer,
1997)
Symptoms
Treatment
Used
1) art, music,
and biobliotherapy, as well
as traditional
talk therapy for
11 months
2). 3 months
survivor support
group and
individual tx +
couples
3) referred for
individual, TX,
art therapy, and
"assertiveness
training."
NOT
CSA/SA
Cook, J.
M., &
O'Donne
ll, C.
Review
NA
NA
Major findings
1) more energy and a
better appetite, sleeping
more soundly, and taking
better physical care of
herself. Also more
satisfying relationships
with her fellow resident
2) re diagnosed as having
PTSD, meds discontinued;
no dementia symptoms;
the client reported feeling
happier with herself,
having an improved
memory, and having
greater interest in social
interaction.
3) significantly less
depressed and spent more
time interacting with
others."
Only 6.6% reported ANY
type of lifetime
victimization.
found significant healthrelated problems following
victimizations, including
increased use of health
services including medical
appointments and
hospitalizations.
there is almost no lit on
PTSD treatment in older
individuals except with
combat veterans and
Other
rapid resolution of
presenting problems
after disclosure.
Excellent re training
needs and content.
USE.
notes that
"victimization of the
elderly ... occurs in
many guises and is
probably more
pervasive than any of
us would like to
believe" (p. 374).
review of the lit of this
area in which
"knowledge...continue
s to be limited..." also
(2005).
(Daniels,
1995)
GET
(Falk,
Hersen,
& Van
Hasselt,
1994)
(Gagnon
&
Hersen,
2000)
# 1410
Case
review
N=2
Review
, not
CSA,
only
combat
and
natural
disaster
s
Empiric Outpatie
al
nt TX, N
report
=3
Case 1 &
2=
female, 3
= male
Article
Type
Cite +
JP#
(Gentlew Empiric
arrior,
al
1998)
Report
Populati
on
and N
Stratified
random
national
sample of
Needle phobia
1)
2) unable to leave
house, paranoia,
health
3) increased
anxious
ruminations,
agitation,
irritability, and
initial insomnia
Symptoms
the SRIP and
the PCL
which have
psychometric
properties
published for
use with
communitydwelling
elderly.
DK
1) None
2) None
3) None
Assessment
used
NA
Holocaust survivors.
treatment of trauma in
elderly women was in
regard to elder abuse and
recent interpersonal
trauma (e.g. DV).
there is little
information on PTSD
assessment in
community-dwelling
non-veteran elders
DK
From abstract, found
relationship between
needle phobia and CSA
Recommend
assessment of needle
phobic pts
symptoms "wax and
wane" and my show
up forty or fifty years
after the original
trauma
1)Eclectic
Therapy
2)Premature
termination
3) CBT not
helpful, talk
therapy for 3
years
1)Less depression, anger,
improved self-view
3). less anxious, improved
sleep, decreased
rumination, appropriate
expression of anger
Notes that loss of
social support, change
in health, and normal
development (life
review) may trigger
symptoms
Major findings
Other
Treatment
Used
On 21% got
treatment for
trauma, though
may have
Older group used
significantly fewer social
supports and found
supports they did use
Argues that both aging
and resolution of
trauma require
mourning, which may
# 1440
professio
nal
women
with hx of
csa. N =
125,
made two
groups,
(29 to 59
years; n
= 67) and
older (60
to 90
years; n
= 58)
N = 3, 2
involve
sexual
assault
(Grazian
o, 2003)
Empiric
al, case
report
(Harel,
1988)
review
Holocaus
t
survivors,
veterans,
& POW's
(Hillman,
2000)
Review
NOT
CSA
gotten tx for
related
symptoms/probl
ems.
ension, anxiety,
depression, and
headaches" as
well as addiction
to cigarettes and
alcohol, feeling
"caustrophobic,"
significantly less helpful
than did younger group.
*** Age did NOT result in
fewer or less severe
symptoms
*** being revictimized had
a large (multivariate)
impact on symptoms for
older but not younger
women.
Case 2, group
counseling with
other survivors
was "extremely
helpful."
Case 3,
supportive
counseling
increase importance
of working through
trauma symptoms.
Conversely, trauma
symptoms can be reactivated by aging.
symptoms are often
completely dormant
for a LONG time
excellent re changes in life
circumstances, specially
illness, hospitalization,
institutionalization, social
losses, & etc. all may
reawaken feelings related
to the trauma because of
the regimentation,
helplessness, and
powerlessness involved.
Re attitudes
toward sex
among elderly
Lists
questions,
including
questions
about recent
or remote SA
Notes pervasive
negative attitudes
toward elder sexuality
which he terms
“Victorian” and later
“Puritanical”
Cite +
JP#
(Hyler,
1995)
Article
Type
Case
report
# 1004
Populati
on
and N
Populatio
n
unknown,
N=1
GET
GET
(Kassel,
1983)
Review
NOT
CSA
(McCart
ney &
Severso
n, 1997)
Case
Report
N = 1, 82
yo
nursing
home
resident,
raped in
another
facility
# 1038
NOT
CSA
Symptoms
PTSD,
depression and
“borderline
dementia” and a
“series of
traumatizing
events” in her
history.
Notes direct and
forceful negative
responses to
elderly sexuality
inconsolable
agitation and a
tendency to bolt
down the hall and
to pace
restlessly." She
tested as severe
dementia with a
fearful affect,
difficulty
maintaining
concentration or
attention,
anxious, and
easily alarmed,
Assessment
used
None
mentioned
None,
Treatment
Used
EMDR for 3
sessions
trazadone did
not help. with
diagnosis of
PTSD was
given sertraline,
25 mgs qam,
raised to 50
mgs after 1
week.
Major findings
Other
significant improvement
and woman was “ready to
start and lead a normal
life.”
Equates EMDR with
controlled
dissociation.
Related to attitudes toward
elder sexuality
Uses term “sexless
elder”
within 3 weeks she, "IS
calmer, would smile on
approach, and had
stopped running down the
hall. Once again she was a
pleasantly demented
woman."
Note on misdiagnosis:
"The DSM-IV criteria of
intense fear, helplessness,
or horror may be
manifested only by
disorganized or agitated
behavior, which is seen
merely as confusion or
anxiety secondary to
dementia." In addition,
"various symptoms of
PTSD such as
forgetfulness, anxiety, and
depressed mood... may be
mistakenly considered as
inevitable consequences of
aging." (p. 77).
Good on lack of
literature which is esp
problem given
“Sizeable” literature on
sexuality in nursing
homes.
Lovely that behavior
perfectly expressed
the intrusive, avoidant,
and hyper-aroused
symptoms of PTSD
and served to re-enact
the trauma. Once
known, could be
understood. .
(McInnis
, 1996)
Cite +
JP#
(Reich,
1996)
#1803
(Somer,
2000)
Empiric
al case
report
N = 4,
elderly
CSA
survivors
Article
Type
Populati
on
and N
Psycholo
gists in
MA, N =
30 (12%
response
rate).
Empiric
al
report
on
survey
of
psychol
ogists
for
disserta
tion
Review
article
#1407
Empiric
al
report
Symptoms
Vignette study in
which she varied
age of client from
30 to 75 years.
Life review
Assessment
used
Treatment
Used
NA
Hospital
gero
psych
unit, N =
1
Increased anxiety
symptoms, panic
attacks,
depressed mood,
anhedonia, and
dependent
personality
features.
None,
presented
history at
??intake?
Almost immediate
symptom relief and “high
levels of social functioning”
were restored., p. 172
Major findings
Other
46% diagosed PTSD in
younger group compared
to only 26,6% of 70 year
old group. (ns because of
small sample size).
notes risk that
confusion and
disorientation
related to PTSD
symptoms "could
be erroneously
diagnosed as
dementia.
# 1628
(Walter,
1992)
1) depression,
anxiety, mild
dissociation,
?dementia? 2)
depression 3)
depression, poor
concentration,
self-harm, 4)
depression
Individual,
milieu, and antidepressant
meds
Advises use of explicit
assessment to overcome
worker reluctance and
countertransference .
Good re assessment
and treatment.
Symptoms improved over
course of 8 weeks with
increased energy and "an
interest in helping others."
Use Erickson life
stages