Supplementary Material:
Supplementary Figure 1: BRI-1 sampling location of Ghosh et al. (2006), Thiagarajan et
al. (2011) and this study. To the best of our knowledge, the sub-annual samples of Ghosh
et al. (2006) were collected off the maximum growth axis, while sampling in this study
sampled a similar time interval between 65-80mm along the axis of maximum growth.
Our bulk sample was milled adjacent to that of Thiagarajan et al. (2011) (blue). Stable
isotope and trace metal data along the maximum growth axis (red) is shown in Figure 6
of Ghosh et al. (2006).
Supplementary Figure 2: RIB-B54 sampling of bulk skeleton and tissue along the
maximum growth axis. A block cut from an adjacent axis of maximum growth was used
to compare sampling by micro-milling and mortar and pestle.
Supplementary Table 1: Sub-annual Red Sea Porites ∆47 reported in the absolute
reference frame
Sample
Year
∆ 47-abs
(‰)
s.e.
SST (ºC)
EILAT-15B
48
1990.25
0.761
0.008
20.9
49
1990.13
0.755
0.014
20.9
50
1990.00
0.747
0.008
22.0
51
1989.88
0.752
0.013
23.6
52
1989.75
0.741
0.005
24.8
53
1989.63
0.729
0.022
25.4
54
1989.50
0.732
0.004
23.8
55
1989.38
0.736
0.008
23.2
56
1989.25
0.730
0.012
21.3
57
1989.13
0.750
0.014
20.6
58
1989.02
0.762
0.009
21.5
59
1988.92
0.747
0.007
22.7
60
1988.82
0.725
0.009
23.9
61
1988.72
0.737
0.010
25.5
62
1988.62
0.719
0.010
26.6
1
1990.63
0.718
0.010
27.97
2
1990.55
0.730
0.014
27.23
3
1990.46
--
25.07
4
1990.38
--
23.85
5
1990.30
--
22.33
6
1990.21
0.746
0.016
21.29
7
1990.13
0.737
0.012
21.01
8
1990.05
0.753
0.012
22.20
9
1989.96
--
23.42
10
1989.88
--
24.50
11
1989.80
0.718
BRI-1
0.013
27.01
Supplementary Table 2: Bulk-sampled coral ∆47 reported in the absolute reference frame
Sample
methoda
labb
∆ 47-abs (‰)
s.e.
T (ºC)
BRI-1
mill
Y
0.738
0.008
25.2
RIB-B54
mill
Y
0.732
0.011
26.3
RIB-B54
M+P
Y
0.730
0.002
26.3
RIB-B54 (tissue)
mill
Y
0.726
0.007
26.3
RIB-B54 (H2O2)
mill
Y
0.750
0.015
26.3
BAH-SID
mill
Y
0.728
0.011
26.8
AST H59
M+P
Y
0.749
0.010
14.6
AST E1
M+P
Y
0.738
0.004
14.6
AST AZ2
M+P
Y
0.749
0.009
14.6
45923
M+P
Y
0.780
0.006
4.6
RIB-B54
M+P
C
0.723
0.003
26.3
AST H59
M+P
C
0.753
0.007
14.6
Supplementary Table 3: Variable growth rate 21-141-B11 absolute reference frame ∆ 47
∆ 47-abs
Track
Extension rate (mm yr-1)
1
8.1
0.736
0.008
2
6
0.748
0.012
3
3.1
0.739
0.001
4
2.3
0.721
0.007
(‰)
s.e.
Supplementary Table 4. Data used to calculate offset values in Figure 7 and 8
Sample
EILAT-15B
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
BRI-1
1
2
6
7
8
11
Bulk (Yale)
BRI-1
RIB-B54
RIB-B54 (mtr+pstl)
RIB-B54 (tissue)
RIB-B54
(tissue+H2O2)
BAH-SID
AST H59
AST E1
AST AZ2
45923
Bulk (Caltech)
RIB-B54
AST H59
21-141-B11
1
2
3
4
18O
w (‰)
18Ow
source1
13CDIC
(‰)
13CDIC
source1
∆47offset 18Ooffset
(‰)2
(‰)3
13Coffse
4
t (‰)
Calcification rate
(mg/cm2/d)
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.046
0.041
0.038
0.051
0.045
0.037
0.033
0.034
0.019
0.035
0.051
0.042
0.026
0.045
0.032
-4.30
-3.99
-4.22
-4.07
-3.86
-3.65
-3.89
-3.98
-4.34
-4.15
-3.98
-3.94
-4.01
-3.88
-3.74
-6.31
-6.65
-7.11
-7.02
-7.4
-7.01
-7.17
-6.85
-6.77
-6.78
-7.22
-7.52
-7.05
-6.69
-6.91
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.20
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.037
0.046
0.035
0.025
0.045
0.033
-3.84
-3.98
-4.61
-4.57
-4.56
-4.03
-4.94
-5.13
-5.59
-5.64
-5.78
-5.01
5.32
5.32
5.32
5.32
5.32
5.32
1.91
0.47
0.47
0.47
2
3
3
3
1.46
1.10
1.10
1.10
1
4
4
4
0.045
0.046
0.041
0.038
-4.27
-3.92
-3.96
-4.35
-5.06
-6.64
-6.57
-7.15
5.32
3.90
3.90
3.90
0.47
3
1.10
4
1.00
-0.34
-0.34
-0.34
0.68
3
3
3
3
2
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
0.82
5
6
6
6
7
0.061
0.042
0.005
-0.005
0.006
-0.016
-3.90
-7.11
-2.53
-4.65
-5.12
-4.01
-0.57
-4.80
-10.66
-12.01
-10.33
-2.72
3.90
1.12
0.40
0.40
0.36
1.00
0.47
-0.34
3
3
1.10
1.50
4
6
0.031
0.019
-3.95
-4.66
-6.66
-10.77
3.90
0.40
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
3
3
3
3
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.82
4
4
4
4
0.042
0.054
0.046
0.027
-4.18
-4.14
-3.44
-3.13
-5.25
-5.16
-4.47
-3.95
3.52
2.61
1.30
1.00
Thiagarajan et al.
(3+ replicates)
47413
80404
48738
BRI-1
Thiagarajan et al.
(<3 replicates)
47407
47409
62308
47531
49020
45923
1010252
1Sources
-0.44
0.25
0.62
1.91
2
2
2
2
1.22
1.66
1.08
1.46
7
7
7
1
0.001
0.004
0.002
-0.007
-1.93
-0.34
-0.86
-4.53
-9.20
-5.77
-7.01
-5.32
-0.05
-0.09
0.50
-0.14
0.91
0.68
0.22
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0.60
0.26
1.02
0.92
1.40
0.82
0.49
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
-0.001
0.012
-0.008
0.006
0.007
-0.003
0.005
-2.96
-2.96
-3.25
-1.90
-0.10
-1.23
-0.75
-8.94
-6.60
-8.45
-5.23
-3.40
-3.23
-3.30
1) Al-Rousan et al. 2003 2) Thiagarajan et al., 2011 3) LeGrande and Schmidt, 2006 4)Weber and Woodhead,
1971 5) Swart et al., 2009 6) Wainwright and Fry, 1994 7)World Ocean Atlas, 2009 PO 4 (Garcia et al., 2010) and
regression in Adkins et al., 2003 8) Adkins et al., 2003.
2Based on the inorganic calibration of Ghosh et al., 2006
3Based on the Grossman and Ku (1986) ‘all-data’ relationship
4Based on Romanek et al. (1992)
Supplementary Text:
The absolute reference frame (Dennis et al., 2011), denoted ∆47-abs, is intended to
account for instrument-specific mass spectrometer artifacts and improve interlaboratory
standardization. Using the empirical transfer function for the Yale mass spectrometer
(Dennis et al., 2011), we calculated the ∆47-abs value of three standards that were routinely
measured over the course of this study including a Carrara marble (n = 76), corn CO2 (n
= 149) and CO2 equilibrated with water at 25ºC (n = 44). These data were then used to
construct a secondary transfer function relating ∆47 to ∆47-abs:
∆47-abs (‰) = ∆47 (‰) x 1.028 + 0.0294
(1)
It should be noted that equation 1 is unique to the Yale mass spectrometer for the time
period during which our analyses were conducted and it cannot be transferred to data
from other laboratories. The same approach can be used to re-calculate the data of Ghosh
et al. (2006) in the absolute reference frame as outlined by Dennis et al. (2011):
∆47-abs (‰) = ∆47 (‰)Ghosh06 x 1.0378 + 0.0266
(2)
A similar method was used to convert Caltech values to the absolute reference frame.
Because the appropriate 90ºC acid correction has not been evaluated in the absolute
reference frame, we applied the standard 0.081‰ correction in both reference frames.
Although small, this assumption will bias Caltech ∆47-abs toward lower values by ~0.01‰
(Dennis et al., 2011). Because sufficient standardization data are unavailable to convert
all previously published data into the absolute reference frame, our results were
compared with these data using the traditional reference frame (see main text).
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