Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function
Name:
Chemistry of Life
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All matter is made up of __________________________
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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
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Gas, liquid, solids
Atoms have a ___________________
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Center of atom
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Contains __________________ (+) and _____________________ (0)
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Around the nucleus are _____________________ (-)
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The number of _____________________ in the atom determines what element it is
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The number of _____________________ determines its chemical properties
Organization is a characteristic of living things
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Atoms  __________________
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Molecules  __________________
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Organelles  __________________
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Cells  __________________
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Tissues  __________________
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Organs  __________________
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Organ systems  __________________
Elements
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Periodic Table
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An ______________________ is an atom with a certain number of protons
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The number of protons an atom has is called its ______________________________
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All atoms in the universe with 1 proton are called Hydrogen
Hydrogen is then atomic number 1
If the number of protons changes, the element changes
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It is no longer the same element
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Electron and neutron numbers can change in an element
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A neutral atom has ____________________________ of protons and neutrons
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If an atom loses or gains electrons, it gains a ___________________
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If it gains an electron, it becomes more negative (more of a negative charge)
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If it loses electrons, it becomes positive (less negative charges)
Example
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Sodium (Na) is atomic number 11 because it has 11 protons
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When neutrally charged, it will have 11 electrons
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However, Sodium really wants to lose an electron
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When it loses that electron, it will have 11 protons and 10 electrons
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It will be positively charged
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Chlorine (Cl) is atomic number 17 because it has 17 protons
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Has 17 electrons when neutral
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However, it really wants one more electron (again, not discussed here)
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When it gains an electron, it will have 17 protons and 18 electrons
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Charged atoms are called _______________________
It is negatively charged
Like magnets, ______________________________________
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Sodium and chlorine attract and form sodium chloride (NaCl)
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Also called table salt
Elements in Organisms
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__xygen~61%, __arbon~23%, __ydrogen~10%, __itrogen~2.6%, ____lcium~1.5%, __hosphorus~1.1%, Other-Less than
1%
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Called Trace elements
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Still important, but found in lower amounts
How to remember: __ur C__ooks __ave __o ___kes or __ies
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1st letters are the chemical symbol of the element
Atoms to molecules
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Salt is an example of a _______________________
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Molecules are made up of atoms bonded together
__________________ is the most important molecule to organisms
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Water is required for many of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms
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Cells are mostly water.
Large molecules are called _________________________________
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4 important ones for life: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
Properties of Water
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Water is a __________________________
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It has areas of positive charge (the hydrogen atoms) and areas of negative charge (the oxygen atom)
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This __________________________________
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Sodium and chloride break apart easily in water
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Salt water
As do sugar molecules
Water molecules also like to bond to other water molecules (called ________________________)
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Causes _____________________________________
Structure of Macromolecules
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The 4 main macromolecules are _______________________________
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Made up of chains of smaller molecules
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Think train made up of carts
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The large molecules are called __________________ (poly=many)-The train
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The smaller molecules are called ________________ (mono=one)-The carts
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The monomers are held together by _______________
Lipids
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______________, oils, steroids
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Do not dissolve in water
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Make up the cell membrane
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______________________________
Proteins
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Important for many ________________________
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Also help build ____________________________
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Monomers are ____________________________
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Proteins have a ___________________________ that determines their role
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___________________ are important proteins that assist with chemical reactions
Carbohydrates
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____________________________-
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Sugars, starches
Nucleic Acids
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The most important macromolecules
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Monomers are ______________________
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________, _________, and ________ are all nucleic acids
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DNA is the material passed from parents to children and contains the instructions for the organism’s features
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RNA is used to manufacture proteins
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ATP provides the cell with energy to do nearly everything
The Cell Theory
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Recall: Theory in science=____________________________
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Explains what cells are, what they do, and where they come from
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___ scientists contributed: Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow (Guaranteed
Matching question on Test)
Robert _____________________
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1635-1703 English philosopher and scientist
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Looked in a microscope at cork and discovered small spaces
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_________________________
Laid the foundation for cell theory more than 100 years before others
Matthias _______________________
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1804-1881 German botanist (studied plants)
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Discovered that ___________________________________-
Theodor ________________________
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1810-1882 German physiologist (studied how the body works)
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Discovered that __________________________________________
Rudolf _________________________
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1821-1902 German doctor
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Discovered that _____________________________________
How do we see cells?
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Microscopes
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The ones we use are called _________________________________
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Pass light through the image
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The light is then collected by 2 different lenses and becomes magnified
Antonine van _____________________________
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Improved the microscope so that it could be used in biology
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First to observe microorganisms that can not be seen without one
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1. Ocular Lens (Eyepiece)
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This is what you ____________________ to see the image.
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It contains a lens (usually 10x magnification)
2. Arm
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Structural piece
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Holds the parts of the microscope in the proper places.
THE ARM IS ______________________________
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Never carry the microscope by the arm alone.
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_______________________________________________________________________
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Microscopes are very expensive. Use the utmost care when transporting it.
3. Stage
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This is the flat portion where you _____________________________________.
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A hole in the stage allows light to pass through the slide
4. Course Focus
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_________________________________________________
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Doing so brings the object into focus.
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Move it until the image becomes visible. It will still be a bit blurry.
Note about the Course Focus: Using the course focus to try to get a better image could result in the stage moving the
slide up into the objective. This could crack the slide and/or objective lens, and could be a VERY expensive mistake.
5. Fine Focus
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Makes _________________________________ to the stage.
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Once you have found the image, use the fine focus to make it clear.
6. Base
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_________________________________________________
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Structural and support.
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Remember, one hand underneath the base and the other holding the arm.
7. Light Source
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A _________________________
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Sends light through the slide.
8. Diaphragm
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Allows you to _______________________________________________ that comes through.
9. Slide Clips
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Little metal pieces that __________________________________________
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Make sure that the slide is under the clips.
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You do not want the slide moving after you have just found the image
10. Objectives
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Each is a different lens that _________________________________________
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Most microscopes have several of these ranging from 4x to 200x
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Begin on the lowest objective to find the image, then increase to zoom it in.
11. Rotating Nosepiece
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___________________________________________
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Twist to change magnification.
12. Body Tube
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Holds ___________________
Magnification
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Magnification is the ______________ of the magnifications of the eyepiece and the objective lenses
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Eyepiece x Objective= Total Magnification
Example: Eyepiece 10x and objective 20x
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20x10=__________________magnification
Cell Types
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2 major categories of cells
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__________________________ Cells
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Bacteria and Archaea
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________________________, including nucleus
___________________________ Cells
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Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animals
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______________________________________, including nucleus
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Much more complicated
_________________________________ (small organs)
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Like organs to our body
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Each does a job for the cell
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All work together
Protection and Support
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___________________ have a __________________________
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Flexible boundary between cell and its environment
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Made up of proteins and lipids
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____________ the cell, gives it _____________, and allows _____________________ to enter and exit the cell
________________________, and some fungi, protists, and bacteria, also have a cell wall
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Outside of the cell membrane
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Very ________________
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More protection
Cell Appendages
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Some cells have things attached to them that do a job
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_______________________ are whip-like structures that work as a motor for the cell
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Spins and allows the cell to move
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Not common in humans except on sperm, very common in unicellular organisms
Usually ___________________
______________ are numerous, hair-like structures
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Work like a row team and move cell
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Also work to remove foreign materials
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Found in __________________. Removes dust, pollen, and other materials before they reach the lungs
__________________________ on cells that contain them
Cellular Structure
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Cells are filled with a jelly-like substance called __________________________
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Function: _______________________ for the cell and _____________________________ in place
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Found in: ________________________
Throughout the cytoplasm are proteins that act as “bones”
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Called the _________________________________
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Does similar job to our skeleton
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Function: __________________, _______________, allows some cells to _______________
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Found in ___________________________________
______________________
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Function: _________________________________
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Found in __________________________ (very few plants, fungi, protists have them)
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Made of the same material as cytoskeleton
The Nucleus
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Function: The __________________________ for the cell
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Function: ______________________________
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The DNA is in the form of chromosomes (more to come later)
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Found in _______________________________________
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Also contains another organelle called the _____________________________
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Function: __________________________________
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Found in __________________________________
Manufacturing Organelles
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________________________________
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Function: _____________________________________
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Can be ___________________ in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (________)
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Made in the ___________________________________
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Found in ______________________, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (________)
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Studded with ________________________
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Function: _______________________________________
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Found in ________________________________________
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (________)
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Function: _______________________ and helps ________________________ from the cell
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Found in ____________________________________
Energy Organelles
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________________________________
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The powerhouse of the cell
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Function: ___________________________________________, manufactures ________ for use in
other processes
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Found in ____________________________________________________________
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________________________
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Function: Convert ____________________________________
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These sugars are used in mitochondria to make ATP
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Found in ______________ and some ________________ (also some __________________), never in animals
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_____________________________
Processing, Transportation, Cleaning
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______________________________________________
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Post office of cell
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Function: _____________________________________
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Found in ______________________________________
_________________________________________________
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The mail trucks
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Function: ___________________ of proteins and other materials
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Found in ____________________________
________________________________
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The cell’s cleaners
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Function: _____________________________ particles in the cell, clean up wastes and broken down cell parts
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Found in _____________________________________
Storage and Cell division
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_______________________________
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Function: _________________________ such as water, food, wastes
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Found in _______________________
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_______________ usually have one large one
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Called _____________________________________
________________ have many small ones