REVIEW WORKSHEET ON TISSUES AND SKIN
Part One: Epithelial Tissues
Draw the following types of epithelial tissues
1. Simple Squamous
2. Simple Cuboidal
(Lungs, blood vessels, lymph vessels
(Kidney and glands)
and body cavities)
3. Pseudostratified Columnar
(Trachea)
4. Simple Columnar
(Small intestine, stomach, uterus)
5. Stratified Squamous
(Esophagus, skin, mouth, throat, vagina
and anus)
6. Stratified Cuboidal
(sweat glands, salivary glands,
mammary glands, and pancreas)
7. Stratified Columnar
(vas deferens, male urethra, and
pharynx)
Part Two: Connective Tissues
Answer the following questions:
8. List three functions of connective tissues.
1) To join together the other tissues of the body (tendons and ligaments)
2) Support (trachea, bones)
3) Protect underlying organs (skull)
4) Transport (blood)
5) Nutritive Functions (blood)
6) Immune Function (lymphocytes/white blood cells)
7) Storage sites & insulation (Fat tissue)
9. List the three cell types of connective tissues and give examples of each.




osteocytes-- only found in bone.
chondrocytes-- only found in cartilage (or developing bone)
adipocytes-- only found in adipose tissue for storing fat.
blood cells-- found only in blood (unless you are injured) and there are many
types of blood cells.
10. Describe the three types of connective tissue fibers.
Collagen fibers: very strong, comparable to iron or steel but they are very tiny. These are the thickest and
strongest of the 3 fibers.
Reticular fibers are found in organs that have lots of mesh-like internal structure.The spleen for example is
full of these because it acts like a filter.
Elastic fibers stretch and recoil and contain a rubberlike protein called elastin.
11. What is loose connective (areolar) tissue fibers? Where would you find this type of
tissue?
Areolar connective tissue is soft and gel like with some elasticity and holds interstitial fluid which carries
and delivers nutrients or waste. It helps facilitate the passage of these molecules for the most part. This is
also where so many of our defenses wait. Macrophages, mast cells and white blood cells gather here. It
wraps and cushions organs and is widely distributed under epithelia of the body. This contains all 3 fiber
types in its matrix secreted by fibroblasts.
12. What is the function of adipose tissue? Where is adipose tissue found in the body?
2. Adipose (fat) tissue are required to protect your organs and help maintain your body temperature For
example, lots of this is found in woman’s breasts and under our skin.
13. Name the three types of cartilage and describe where one would find these structures.
There are three types of cartilage:
o
Hyaline - most common, found in the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea. Is a precursor of
bone.
o
Fibro- is found in invertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments.
o
Elastic - is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx.
14. Describe the three functions of bone.
1.provide strength, structure, protection for organs, 2. make red blood cells, 3. store calcium
and phosphorous
15. Describe the parts of blood. What is the function of blood?
Red cells give blood its colour and account for 40-50% of its volume.
 Their main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body and remove waste products
such as carbon dioxide.
 Transfusions are used to treat people with severe anaemia, those whose red blood cells do not function
adequately and people experiencing severe bleeding such as accident victims and patients undergoing surgery.
 Red cells are stored in a refrigerator and have a shelf life of up to 42 days.
Platelets are components of blood that assist in the blood clotting process.
 They are literally tiny plates that wedge together covering tears in the blood vessels and preventing blood from
leaking into surrounding tissue.
 The primary use of platelets is in the treatment of people with various cancers and other diseases such as
leukaemia where the bone marrow is unable to produce adequate numbers of platelets, as well as for people
receiving medical treatments like chemotherapy which can decrease a person's platelet count. Platelets are also
used to treat people suffering severe blood loss.
 Platelets are stored at room temperature and have a shelf life of only 5 days. This is why it is vital to have a
constant flow of blood donations coming in.
Plasma is the straw coloured fluid in which the red cells, white cells and platelets are suspended.


Plasma is the most versatile component of blood as it can be processed into a variety of products and each
product can be used to treat a number of potentially life-threatening conditions.
Plasma is stored frozen and has a shelf life of up to 12 months
Part three: Muscle Tissues
Complete the following chart:
16.
Type of Muscle
Description
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Location
They are also sometimes known as
striated muscles due to their
appearance. The cause of this 'stripy'
appearance is the bands of Actin and
Myosin which form
the Sarcomere, found within the
Myofibrils.
Skeletal muscles are also sometimes
called voluntary muscles, because we
have direct control over them through
nervous impulses from our brains
sending messages to the muscle.
Contractions can vary to produce
powerful, fast movements or small
precision actions. Skeletal muscles
also have the ability to stretch or
contract and still return to their original
shape.
Skeletal Muscles are those which
attach to bones and have the main
function of contracting to facilitate
movement of our skeletons.
Smooth muscle is also sometimes
known as Involuntary muscle due
to our inability to control its
movements, or Unstriated as it
does not have the stripy
appearance of Skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle is found in the
walls of hollow organs such as the
Stomach, Esophagus, Bronchi
and in the walls of blood vessels.
This muscle type is stimulated by
involuntary neurogenic impulses
and has slow, rhythmical
contractions used in controlling
internal organs, for example,
moving food along the Esophagus
or constricting blood vessels
during Vasoconstriction.
This type of muscle is found
solely in the walls of the heart. It
has similarities with skeletal
muscles in that it is striated and
with smooth muscles in that its
contractions are not under
conscious control. However this
type of muscle is highly
specialized. It is under the control
of the autonomic nervous system,
however, even without a nervous
imput contractions can occur due
to cells called pacemaker cells.
Found in the walls of hollow
organs
Exists only in your heart
Cardiac muscle is highly resistant
to fatigue due to the presence of a
large number of mitochondria,
myoglobin and a good blood
supply allowing continuous
aerobic metabolism.
Part Four: Nervous Tissue
Answer the following question.
17. Where are nervous tissues found?
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for
coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction,
creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory,
and reasoning. To do all these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to
communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses
Part Five: Skin
Complete the following chart or answer the following questions.
18. List the three layers of skin. Describe the type of cells that make up each layer.



Skin has three layers:
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin
tone.
The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat
glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
19. Describe the protein keratin and pigment melanin.
Keratinocytes produce keratin, a protein that gives skin its strength and flexibility and waterproofs the skin
surface. Melanocytes produce melanin, the dark pigment that gives skin its color. Merkel's cells are probably
involved with touch reception.
20.
Organs of the skin
Sebaceous glands
Arrector pili
1.
Sweat glands
Hair and hair follicles
Location
Function
There are two types of sebaceous
gland, those connected to hair
follicles, in pilosebaceous units, and
those that exist independently
The sebaceous glands are found
throughout all areas of the skin except
the palms of the hands and soles of
the feet.
This is a tiny muscle that attaches to
the base of a hair follicle at one end
and to dermal tissue on the other end.
In order to generate heat when the
body is cold, the arrector pili
musclescontract all at once, causing
the hair to "stand up straight" on the
skin.
Eccrine glands have three primary
functions:Thermoregulation: sweat
cools the surface of the skin and
reduces body temperature. Excretion:
eccrine sweat gland secretion can
also provide a significant excretory
route for water and electrolytes
In humans, apocrine sweat glands are
found only in certain locationsof the
body: the axillae (armpits), areola and
nipples of the breast, ear canal,
eyelids, wings of the nostril, perianal
region, and some parts of the external
genitalia.
Adipose tissue
1.
Adipose tissue is found
directly beneath the skin,
between muscles, around
the kidneys and heart,
behind the eyeballs, and
abdominal membranes. It
serves as a layer of
protection, absorbing shock
potentially sustained by the
tissue.
Adipose tissue, or fat, is an
anatomical term for loose connective
tissue composed of adipocytes. Its
main role is to store energy in the form
of fat, although it also cushions and
insulates the body.
1.
A healthy finger nail has
the function of protecting the distal
phalanx, the fingertip, and the
surrounding soft tissues from injuries.
It also serves to enhance precise
delicate movements of the distal digits
through counter-pressure exerted on
the pulp of the finger.
Covering fingers and toes
Nails