A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 1/11
Name:________________________________________
Chapter 2
1. ___________ is the science of the structure and interactions
of matter.
2. ___________ is anything that occupies space and has mass.
3. ___________ is the amount of matter a substanc contains;
____________ is the force of gravity acting on a mass.
4. _____________ are substances that cannot be split into
simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
5. These 4 elements, together with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus
(P) make up 98.5% of total body weight.
________________ ________________ ________________
________________
6. Units of matter of all chemical elements are called _________.
7. A nucleus, contains positively charged ____________,
8. Neutral (uncharged) _______________, and
9. Negatively charged ___________________ move about the
nucleus in energy levels
10. The first shell, the one nearest the nucleus, can hold a
maximum of ____electrons.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
U.
V.
18
2
8
Atomic
atoms
average
carbon
Chemistry
Electrons
Elements
hydrogen
isotopes
Mass
mass number
Matter
nitrogen
neutrons
Oxygen
Protons
protons
radioactive isotopes
Weight
11. The second shell, _____;
12. The third shell;_____,
13. The number of electrons in an atom of a neutral element always equals the number of
protons. True or False (Please circle the correct answer).
14. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the __________ number
15. The number of _______________ defines the element.
16. The _______________of an atom is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
17. Different atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons, but if they
have a different numbers of neutrons they are _________________.
18. Unstable isotopes whose nuclei decay to form a more stable configuration is _________.
19. The atomic mass, also called the atomic weight, of an element shown in the periodic table
is the _____________ mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes.
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 2/11
Name:________________________________________
20. If an atom either gives up or gains electrons, it becomes an ______________.
21. An atom that has a gained a negatively charged electron has a __________ charge due
to having fewer positively charged protons than electrons.
22. An atom that has a lost negatively charged electron has a
____________charge
23. When two or more atoms share electrons, the resulting
combination is called a __________.
24. If the atoms are different elements the molecule is
a_______________.
25. A ____________is an electrically charged atom or group of
atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell
26. Substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals
______________.
27. The atoms of a molecule are held together by forces of
attraction called__________________.
28. The outermost atomic shell, also called the _________shell
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Anions
Antioxidants
Cations
chemical
chemical bonds
chemically stable
Compound
Covalent bonds(2x)
Electrolyte
free radical
Ionic Bonds(2x)
ions
Negative
Nonpolar
Positive
valence
29. An atom with a filled valence shell unlikely to form chemical
bonds with other atoms is _______.
30. Atoms with incompletely filled outer shells tend to combine with
each other in __________reactions to produce a chemically stable
31. When an atom loses or gains a valence electron, _________are formed
32. Positively and negatively charged ions are attracted to one another. True or False.
33. ___________are positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons (they
are electron donors).
34. __________are negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that
another atom has lost (they are electron acceptors).
35. Ionic compounds that dissociate into positive and negative ions in solution __________.
36. ______________are formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, or more pairs of
their valence electrons.
37. ___________________ are the most common chemical bonds in the body.
38. Covalent bonds may be _________________or polar.
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 3/11
Name:________________________________________
39. In a polar covalent bond, the sharing of electrons between atoms is _____________.
40. In a polar covalent bond, one atom attracts the shared electrons more
_________________than the other.
41. Hydrogen bonds are ____________and cannot bind atoms into
molecules. They serve as links between___________________.
42. A ____________________occurs when new bonds are formed
and/or old bonds break between atoms
43. The starting substances of a chemical reaction are known
as______.
44. The ending substances of a chemical reaction are
the___________.
45. In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
total mass of the products.
46. _________________refers to all the chemical reactions occurring
J.
in an organism.
47. _______________is the capacity to do work.
48. ______________ energy is energy stored by matter due to its
position.
49. ______________energy is the energy associated with matter in
motion.
50. ______________energy is a form of potential energy stored in the
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
Anabolism
catabolism
Chemical
Chemical
reaction
endergonic
Energy
exergonic
Kinetic
law of
conservation of
energy
Law of
conservation of
mass
Metabolism
Molecules
Potential
Products
Reactants
Strongly
unequal
Weak
bonds of compounds or molecules.
51. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed although it may be
converted from one form to another.
52. In an _____________reaction the bond being broken has more energy than the one
formed so that extra energy is released.
53. Reactions that break down molecules into smaller molecules or atoms.
54. Reactions that assemble larger molecules from smaller molecules or atoms.
55. An ________________reaction is just the opposite and thus requires energy, usually
from a molecule called ATP
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 4/11
Name:________________________________________
56. The collision energy needed to break chemical bonds in the
reactants. This is the initial energy needed to start a reaction.
______________________
57. Molecules in a solution collide more vigorously and more often if
the concentration or the temperature is________________.
58. __________________are chemical compounds that speed up
chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to
get a reaction started.
59. The catalyst itself is ____________ at the end of the reaction.
60. Catalysts in the body are usually made of protein and are called
_________________.
61. ____________reactions occur when two or more atoms, ions,
or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules.
62. Synthesis reactions are ________________ (building up)
reactions.
63. In ______________reactions, molecules are broken down into
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
Activation energy
Anabolic
bent shape
Catalysts
Decomposition
enzymes
Exchange
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Increased
Inorganic
Organic
Reversible
Solute
Solvent
Synthesis
unchanged
Water
smaller parts. These are catabolic reactions.
64. ____________ reactions involve the replacement of one atom
or atoms by another atom or atoms.
65. In _______________ reactions, end products can revert to the original combining
molecules.
66. ________________compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules.
67. ________________compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen, usually contain
oxygen, and always have covalent bonds.
68. The most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems ________.
69. A substance that dissolves another ____________.
70. Substance that gets dissolved by another ___________.
71. Substances which contain polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water are ___________.
72. Substances which contain non polar covalent bonds are ________________.
73. The polarity of water and its _________________allow it to interact with several
neighboring ions or molecules.
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 5/11
Name:________________________________________
74. _________breaks large molecules down into simpler ones by adding a molecule of water.
75. ______________occurs when two simple molecules join together, eliminating a molecule
of water in the process.
76. Water can absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a modest change
in its own temperature. This property is known as having a
high__________________.
77. Evaporation of sweat removes a significant amount of heat per
molecule, because water has a high ___________________
78. Water acts as a _____________________ and is found
wherever friction needs to be reduced or eliminated
79. A _________________is a combination of elements or
compounds that are physically blended together but are not
chemically bound.
80. A substance called the solute is dissolved in another called
the _________________ solvent.
81. A solution or suspension with particles large enough to scatter
light having little liquid and more particles _______________.
82. In a_________________, the suspended material may mix
A. acids (2X)
B. bases (2X)
C. Colloid
D. Concentration
E. Dehydration synthesis
F. Heat capacity
G. Heat of vaporization
H. Hydrolysis
I. Lubricant
J. Mixture
K. Molar
L. mole
M. salts
N. Solution
O. Suspension
with the liquid or suspending medium for some time, but it will
eventually settle out.
83. The amount of that molecule dissolved in solution
_____________,
84. Mass in grams equaling the atomic mass of a substance ___________.
85. 1 mole of a substance in 1 L of water makes a 1 ______________concentration
86. When molecules of inorganic ________, ________, or ________ dissolve in water, they
undergo ionization or dissociation; that is, they separate into ions.
87. _________________donate H+ ions when placed in solution.
88. _________________ remove H+ ions from solution either by donating OH – ions to
combine with H+ ions to make H2O or by absorbing H+ ions into other molecules
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 6/11
Name:________________________________________
89. A positively charged ion is a _______________.
90. A negatively charged ion _______________.
91. A hydrogen ion is a _____________.
92. A_______________, when dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions,
neither of which is H+ or OH93. A logarithmic acidity measurement inversely proportional to the H+ concentration.
94. pH values below 7 indicate _________ solutions.
95. pH values above 7 indicate ___________ solutions.
A. acid
B. anion
96. Substance that resists large changes in pH is ____________.
C. base
97. One important buffer system in the body is the ____________
D. blood pH
E. buffer
_______________________buffer system.
98. CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- is a reversible reaction
that keeps the _________________very close to 7.4 .
99. The HCO3- bonds to the excess H+ to make H2CO3 which
dissociates in the lungs to water and ____which is exhaled.
100. ______________ can react with one to several hundred
F. Carbon
G. carbonic acidbicarbonate
H. cation
I. dehydration synthesis
J. Energy
other of the same atoms to form large molecules of many
K. Glucose
different shapes.
L. Monomers
101. Many carbon compounds do not dissolve easily in ______,
making them useful materials for building body structures.
102. Organic substances with covalent bonds that tend to
decompose easily; are a good source of_______________.
103. This represents a ________________ molecule.
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
OH
H
C
C
H
O OH
OH
C
H
OH
M. Proton
N. salt
O. Water
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 7/11
Name:________________________________________
104. Small organic molecules can combine to form very large molecules (macromolecules,
or______________, when composed of repeating units called_______________).
105. When two monomers joint together and eliminate a water molecule in the process, the
reaction is___________________________.
106. Macromolecules (polymers) break down into monomers and absorb water in the
process the reaction is_____________________.
107. Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called
108. _______________ provide most of the energy needed for life
109. _______________ include sugars, starches, glycogen, cellulose,
chitin.
A. Carbohydrates (2x)
B. Carbon
C. Dehydration
110. The general structural rule for carbohydrates is one
D. Dehydration
synthesis
_________________atom for each water molecule.
111. ____________________contain from three to seven carbon
E. Disaccharides
F. Glucose
atoms and include glucose.
112. The main energy supplying compound in the body is __________
113. ___________________are formed from two monosaccharides by
G. Glycogen
H. Lactase
I. Liver
dehydration synthesis; they can be split back into simple sugars
J. Monomers
by hydrolysis.
K. Monosaccharides
114. Glucose and fructose combine, for example, to
L. Polymers
M. Polysaccharides
produce_____________.
115. Lastose intolerance is a deficiency of the enzyme____________.
N. Sucrose(2x)
116. ___________________are the largest carbohydrates and may contain hundreds of
monosaccharides.
117. The principal polysaccharide in the human body is_________.
118. Glycogen is stored in the ______________or skeletal muscles.
119. The diagram below illustrates _______________ synthesis formation of cellulose.
OH
H2O
OH
CH2
C
H
OH
CH2
C
H
H
C
OH
H
OH
C
C
O
OH
C
O
H
OH
C
C
H
OH
H
H
OH
C
C
H
OH
H
Cellulose
[Glucose(C6H12O6)]n
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 8/11
Name:________________________________________
120. _______________like carbohydrates, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; but unlike
carbohydrates, they do not have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. They have fewer
polar covalent bonds and thus are mostly insoluble in polar
A. amphipathic
solvents such as water (they are hydrophobic).
B. Cholesterol
121. Excess dietary carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and oils will be
deposited in adipose tissue as_________________________.
122. Triglycerides are composed of _______________and
________________________
123. The type of covalent bonds (and by inference, number of
C. Eicosanoids
D. fatty acids
E. foods
F. Glycerol
G. Leukotrienes
hydrogen atoms) found in the fatty acids determines whether a
H. Lipids(2x)
triglyceride is ______________, _______________________,
I. monounsaturated
or________________________.
J. Phospholipids
124. Essential nutrients including essential fatty acids (EFA’s) are
K. polyunsaturated
essential to human health and cannot be made by the human
L. Prostaglandins
body. They must be obtained from
M. saturated
__________or___________________.
N. Steroids
125. Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions are
________________________.
O. supplements
P. Triglycerides
126. _________________are important membrane components.
127. _________________ are lipids containing 4 carbon rings.
128. ___________________serves as an important component of
cell membranes and as starting material for steroids.
129. Body ____________________also include fatty acids; fat-soluble vitamins such as
beta-carotenes, vitamins D, E, and K; and lipoproteins.
130. _______________________modify responses to hormones, contribute to inflammatory
responses, prevent stomach ulcers, dilate airways to the lungs, regulate body
temperature, and influence blood clots, among other things.
131. _________________________ participate in allergic and inflammatory responses.
132. _____________________ are lipids which include prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 9/11
Name:________________________________________
133. _____________________ give structure to the body, regulate
processes, provide protection, help muscles to contract,
A. 20
B. 2000
transport substances, and serve as enzymes
C. amino
D. Amino acids
134. Proteins are constructed from combinations
of______________________.
135. Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and____________________.
136. Each amino acid contains an ____________ group, an acidic
_______________ group and a _________________ attached
to a central carbon.
137. The side chains vary among the ______________amino acids.
138. A chain of amino acid monomers joined together in a stepwise
fashion to each other by covalent bonds is a ______________
139. The bond joining amino acids is called a ____________ bond.
R
R
O
H
C
C
O
N
C
H
-ase
carboxyl
Denaturation
Eicosanoids
Leukotrienes
nitrogen
Peptide
Polypeptide
Primary
proteins
quaternary
secondary
shape
side chain
tertiary
tertiary
H
C
H
OH
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
N
H
OH
H
H2 O
140. Protein chains man contain more than ________________ amino acids.
141. Levels of structural organization include ___________, ___________, _____________,
and __________________ structures.
142. The resulting _____________of the protein greatly influences its ability to recognize and
bind to other molecules.
143. Loss of a protein’s characteristic shape and function by a hostile environment is called
__________________.
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 10/11
Name:________________________________________
144. Catalysts in living cells are called_______________--.
145. The names of enzymes usually end in the suffix _____________
146. Enzymes are highly _____________in terms of the substrate with which they react.
147. Enzymes are subject to variety of cellular___________________.
148. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) are _______________
149. _________________forms the genetic code inside each cell and thereby regulates
most of the activities that take place in our cells throughout a
lifetime.
150. ______________ relays instructions from the genes in the cell’s
nucleus to guide each cell’s assembly of amino acids into
proteins.
A. Adenosine
diphosphate
(ADP)
B. Adenosine
151. Amino acids are assembled into proteins on _______________.
triphosphate
152. The basic units of nucleic acids are___________,
(ATP)
153. Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a
________________________, and a phosphate group
154. DNA ________________is used in research and in legal
situations to determine the genetic identify of an individual.
155. ____________________ is the principal energy-storing
molecule in the body.
156. When energy is liberated from ATP, it is decomposed to
___________________and phosphorus (P).
157. ATP is manufactured from ADP and P using the energy
C. –ase
D. Controls
E. DNA
F. Denaturation
G. enzymes
H. fingerprinting
I. Glucose
J. Nucleic acids
K. nucleotides
supplied by various decomposition reactions, particularly
L. pentose sugar
that of___________________.
M. ribosomes
N. shape
O. specific
P. RNA
A&P I
Chapter 2 Worksheet
p 11/11
Name:________________________________________
158. ATP consists of three phosphate groups attached to an adenosine unit composed of
adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose. Match these components.
3
_______ A. Phosphate groups
2
_______ B. Adenine
_______ C. Ribose
1
ATP