Supplementary Table 1: Some important pharmacologically important constituents detected via GC-MS analysis of phyto-extracts of
control and s-UV-B treated Withania somnifera leaves and roots.
Compound name
Eugenol
Neophytadiene
Perhydrofarnesyl acetone
3-Eicosyne
Methyl palmitate
Isophytol
Palmitic acid
Methyl linoleate
Methyl stearate
Linolenic acid
Stearic acid
Ethyl stearate
Nonacosane
Myristic acid
Oleyl alcohol
trans-squalene
Pharmacological Importance/medicinal applications
Analgesic, anesthetic, has sedative and anodyne effects, antibacterial, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-platelet and calcium inhibitory properties,
inhibits lipid peroxidation, neuroprotective, vasodilatory and cytotoxic effects
Antifungal, antibacterial
Antibacterial
Reference
Chen et al, 1996; Sarrami et al,
2002; Guénette et al, 2007; He et
al, 2007
Jualang et al, 2013
Sanches et al, 2005; Yayli et al,
2006
Nutrient
http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/H
MDB41106
Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, hemolytic, vasodilator (acts as retina-derived
Lee et al, 2010; Reddy et al, 2013;
relaxing factor), cyto-toxic
Basu et al, 2014
Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal
Tao et al, 2013
Antibacterial, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, prevents atherosclerosis
Jain et al, 2012; Basu et al, 2014
----------------Cyto-toxic, anti-diarrheal, anti-proliferative
Kuppuswamy et al, 2013; Reddy et
al, 2013
Moderately cardio-protective, treatment of rheumatic arthritis, diabetes, renal diseases, Horrobin, 1992; Pan et al, 2012;
skin cancer and depression (α-linolenic acid); treatment of skin diseases, diabetes,
Shanthi and Gowri, 2012
reproductive disorders, inflammatory and auto-immune disorders, cardiovascular
disorders, viral infections, and cancer (γ-linolenic acid)
Hypocholesterolemic, cardio-protective
Kelly et al, 2001
Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, antiKanimozhi and Bai, 2012; Basu et
histaminic, anti-eczemic, anti-acne, anti-androgenic, anti-arthritic, cardioprotective,
al, 2014
perturbs cell cycle and induced apoptosis in Hep-G2 cells
Anti-hypertensive, vasodilatory, angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist, saluretic
Mallikadevi et al, 2012
Treatment of androgenetic alopecia (hair loss)
Mccoy and Ziering, 2012
Controls obesity by preventing intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids,
Murota et al, 2000; Lagace and
involved in induction of apoptosis
Ridgway, 2005
Antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, sunscreen,
Kelly, 1999; Kadoma et al, 2006;
immunostimulant, lipoxygenase-inhibitor, regulates cholesterol metabolism
Huang et al, 2009; Thanga Krishna
δ-tocopherol
Crinosterol
β-Stigmasterol
Dibutyl phthalate
Ethyl palmitate
Ethyl linoleate
Cholesterol
Withaferin A
Geranylgeraniol
Solanesol
Stigmasterol acetate
β-Carotene
Brassicasterol
Vitamin E
Lycopene
Campesterol
2,4-Ditert-butyl phenol
α-Selinene
Ledol
Antioxidant, anticancer, cholesterol lowering
Angiogenic, wound healing
Anti-osteoarthritic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-fungal, hepato-protective, thyroid-inhibitory
Antimicrobial
Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, hepato-protective, antioxidant,
expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2, increase in cytosolic Ca2+
Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective
Insulation of nerves, component of lipids and cell membranes, optimum production of
certain hormones, high concentrations: coronary heart diseases and stroke
Anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-stress, anticonvulsant, neuropharmacological activity, anti-hyperglycemic, musculotropic,
antioxidant, anti-ageing, hepato-protective, angiogenic, wound healing, treatment of
osteoporosis
Antinociceptive and anti-platelet activity, anti-leishmanial activity, cytotoxic, anticancer
Precursor for the biosynthesis of vitamin K analogues, Vitamin E, and Co-enzyme Q9,
anti-ulcer, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, cardiac stimulant,
antibiotic, cardioprotective
Antinociceptive, analgesic
Singlet oxygen quencher and free radical scavenger, anti-cancer
Reduces blood cholesterol levels
Anti-ageing, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer,
hepato-protective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-ulcer, vasodilator, anti-spasmodic, antibronchitic, cardio-protective, protection against UV-B induced carcinogenesis
Antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardio-protective, anti-hypertensive, immune-modulatory,
anti-inflammatory, hormonal regulation, prevention of osteoporosis
Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic
Antifungal
--------Cell growth inhibitor, restorative
Kumari et al, 2012
Xu et al, 2012
Parvathavarthini and Uma, 2014
Basu et al, 2014
Basu et al, 2014
Hamidi et al, 2012; Kanimozhi et
al, 2012
Chan et al, 2013; Basu et al, 2014
Ma, 2004; Orth and Bellosta, 2012
Uddin et al, 2012; Lee et al, 2010;
Roy et al, 2013; Khedgikar et al,
2013
Gibbs et al, 1999; Spindola et al,
2010; Lopes et al, 2012.
Kolowick and Kaplan, 1975;
Srivastava et al, 2009
Gohari et al, 2011
Krinsky and Johnson, 2005; Huang
et al, 2009
Cheng et al, 2013
Huang et al, 2009; Imounan et al,
2012; Basu et al, 2014
Palozza et al, 2011; El-Raey et al,
2013
Basu et al, 2014
Dharni et al, 2014
--------Spiridonov et al, 2005
Phytol
Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, diuretic, decreases blood cholesterol
Tridecanal
1-nonadecene
Anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial
2,6,10,15-Tetramethylheptadecane
Methyl oleate
Ethyl (9Z,12Z)-9,12octadecadienoate
Ethyl oleate
Ethyl docosanoate
Podocarpic acid
Methyl behenate
Ethyl behenate
Hexatriacontane
Tetratetracontane
Dotriacontane
Retinol
Sitosteryl oleate
Podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-ol
Phthalic acid
---------
------------------------Anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic, anti-cancer, dermatitigenic, hypocholesterolemic,
anti-anemic
Antibody production
Acid and its derivatives are anticancerous, oestrogenic, anti-inflammatory,
cardioprotective, and cholesterol lowering
----------------Antioxidant
--------Anti-tuberculosis
Treatment of acne and cancer
Cholesterol lowering
--------Antimicrobial, anti-tumor
Shanthi and Gowri, 2012; Thanga
Krishna Kumari et al, 2012;
Jualang et al, 2013
--------Renukadevi et al, 2011;
Kuppuswamy et al, 2013
------------------------Basu et al, 2014
Jain et al, 2012
Parish and Miles, 1984; Liu et al,
2005; McKee et al, 2014
----------------Marrufo et al, 2013
--------Higuchi et al, 2011
Huang et al, 2009
Mattson et al, 1982
--------Jain et al, 2012; Basu et al, 2014