Reading For Results, 12th edition
Answer Key, Chapter 6
Exercise 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
A, b, d
C, d, e
B, c, e
A, d, e
Exercise 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
1, 5
1, 4
3, 5
2, 6
Exercise 3
Main Idea
Earth made up of several different layers.
1.
Major Supporting Detail
Outer crust layer closest to surface, consisting
of lightweight rock that extends for 20 miles
Major Supporting Detail
Mantle underneath crust,
two thousand miles thick
(4)
Minor Supporting Detail
Portions of mantle very hot.
Major Supporting Detail
Earth’s core made of nickel
and iron, undergoes high
temperatures (6)
Major Supporting Detail
Metals won’t melt because 50
pounds of pressure borne by
each square inch. (7)
Main Idea
Harry Harlow’s experiments with infant monkeys have been
criticized for their cruelty to the animals
2.
Major Supporting
Detail
1959 experiment
involved two
groups of
monkeys, one
had physical
contact, with a
cloth figure and a
wire figure that
dispensed blood.
Minor Supporting
Detail
The other group had
only the wire figure
that dispensed blood
Minor Supporting
Detail
Those with physical
contact were better
adjusted; those with
only food fared
poorly (6)
Major Supporting
Detail
1962, Harlow and
his wife raised one
group of monkeys
with a cloth mother
figure and second
group in isolation
(7)
Major Supporting
Detail
By the 1970’s
Harlow was
isolating monkeys
in steel chambers
called “pits of
despair.” (9)
Minor Supporting
Detail
Monkeys raised in
isolation hurt
themselves and
others.
Major Supporting
Detail
Monkeys emerged
from them
completely in
shock. (10)
Exercise 4
1. 1. = 3
2. = 2, 3, 5
3. =What exactly is a sole partnership? How does it work?
4. = 1, 4
5. = Sentence 4 is an essential detail because it clarifies the meaning of the
phrase “simplest form of business ownership” from the previous major detail.
Without the minor detail, this phrase is not especially meaningful.
2. 1. = 3
2. = 6, 7, 10
3. = How could evolutionary history affect speech behavior? How does the book
Duels and Duets connect speech behavior to evolutionary history?
4. = 3 AND 8, 11, 12
5. = Sentence 8 is an essential minot detail because it helps explain why the
group bond was necessary for women. Sentence 11 and 12, in contrast, are
nonessential because they repeat what’s been said previously.
Exercise 5
1. Topic Sentence = Parents typically discipline children in one of three ways.
M, M, m, M
2. Topic Sentence = Several factors account for the birth of what some have called
the lottery or “better government.”
M, m, M, M, m, M, m, M
Exercise 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
techniques, technique
symptoms, symptom
objectives, objective
advantages, advantage
studies, study
Exercise 7
1. One approach to minimizing the limitations of both computers and humans is to
have them work together in ways that create a better outcome than either could
achieve alone. In medical diagnosis, for example, the human’s role is to establish
the presence and nature of a patient’s symptoms. The computer then combines
this information in a completely unbiased way to identify the most likely
diagnosis. Similarly, laboratory technologists who examine blood samples for the
causes of disease are assisted by computer programs that serve to reduce errors
and memory lapses by (1) keeping track of findings from previous tests, (2) listing
possible tests that remain to be tried, and (3) indicating either that certain tests
have been left undone or that a new sequence of tests should be done. This kind
of human-machine teamwork can also help with the assessment of psychological
problems.
1. = The different ways humans and computers work together to create a better
outcome.
2. = 2
3. = 4
4. = 0
2. Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact combat sport that, as the name
suggests, combines a mix of martial arts, ranging from jujitsu to kickboxing and
wrestling. For a while, the sport was confined to grown men and women, but it
has gotten a toehold among kids, who are training to learn the various moves,
holds, and blows that may one day permit them to participate in the Ultimate
Fighting Championship (UFC), which is wildly popular on cable television. While
many are horrified by the idea of children learning mixed martial arts, some
parents argue that real benefits are derived from children training for this sport.
Supporters of MMA for children claim that the training teaches them discipline.
To participate, they have to follow regimented routines that do not allow for
laziness or a careless attitude toward instructions. Supporters also argue that in
the United States where childhood obesity is steadily growing, the physical
activity demanded by MMA is a blessing rather than a curse. Moreover,
proponents insist that mixed martial arts will encourage children to work hard and
compete to win, teaching them, at the same time, how to learn from defeat.
1. = The real benefits from mixed martial arts.
2. = 4
3. = 3
4. = 1
Exercise 8
1. Moreover, also
2. first, Second, Finally
Exercise 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
b
a
b
b
TEST 1
1. depends on the relationship to the main idea
2. Answers will vary for this one. Here are some possibilities: Reasons, examples,
statistics, facts, dates, personal illustrations.
3. Major details introduce the explanations or evidence topic sentences need to be
clear and convincing. They anticipate and start to answer questions readers
might raise about the topic sentence. Minor details are the more specific
sentences that further explain major ones. They can be essential of nonessential
depending on the paragraph.
4. The reader needs to evaluate them and consider how essential they are to
understanding the major details they further explain.
5. Broad category words that can be divided into more specific sub-categories.
6. Symptoms, studies, symbols, reasons, factors (or other reasonable answers).
7. Transitions that signal addition are clues to major details.
8. Moreover, in addition, also, in the same vein, finally, first, second
9. (1) concluding sentences explain how an event or situation described in the
reading turns out over the course of time. (2) they pave the way for the arrival of
a new main idea in the next paragraph.
10. The concluding sentences may add some crucial information about the topic and
help you better understand what follows.
TEST 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
b, d, e
c, d, e
a, b, d
a, c, d
TEST 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a
e
c
b
c
TEST 4
1.
Main Idea
1 .
Major Supporting
Detail
2 .
Major Supporting
Detail
3 .
Major Supporting
Detail
4 .
Minor Supporting
Detail
5 .
Major Supporting
Detail
7 .
Minor Supporting
Detail
9 .
Minor Supporting
Detail
6 .
2.
Main Idea
1 .
Major Supporting
Detail
2 .
Major Supporting
Detail
4 .
Major Supporting
Detail
6 .
Minor Supporting
Detail
3 .
Minor Supporting
Detail
5 .
Minor Supporting
Detail
7 .
Major Supporting
Detail
8 .
Major Supporting
Detail
8 .
TEST 5
1. Topic Sentence = But even those of us who use recitation to remember don’t
realize that there are two different methods: active and passive.
a. methods
b. 4
c. 2
d. 1
e. concluding sentence
2. Topic Sentence = Most middle-class Americans generally maintain four principle
zones of distance in their personal and professional relationships.
a. The different zones of distance
b. 2
c. 4
d. 4
e. supporting detail
3. Topic Sentence = But professional sports, fueled by the fear of failure in front of
a crowd, seems to be an especially fertile ground for superstitious beliefs, and
some of the most famous athletes have also been the most superstitious.
a. Superstitious athletes
b. 3
c. 4
d. 3
e. supporting detail
4. Topic Sentence = The research by Gralinski and Kopp suggests that maternal
rules vary with the child’s age.
a. Maternal rules
b. 4
c. 3
d. 2
e. supporting detail
TEST 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
M, m, M
M, m, M, m
M, M, m, m, c
M, m, M, M, m, c
TEST 7
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. A