Matter and Periodic Table Notes for Chemistry!!!
Matter
 Anything that has ___________ and occupies ___________.
 The “stuff” we are made up
Mass
 A measure of the amount of ___________ .
 How much “stuff” is there.
Atom
 The smallest unit of an ___________ that maintains the properties of that element
Element
 A pure substance made of only one kind of ___________
 -There are about ___________ elements on the periodic table.
 - about 88 occur ___________ .
Compound
 A substance that is made from the atoms of two or more ___________ that are chemically
___________.
Extensive properties
 depend on the amount of ___________ that is present.
 Ex. Volume, Mass, Energy Content (think Calories!)
Intensive properties
 does ___________ depend on the amount of matter present.
 Ex. Melting point, Boiling point, Density
Physical properties
 characteristics that can change ___________ becoming a different substance
 Ex. Odor, color, state
Chemical properties
 its ability to form a ___________ substance.
 Ex. Wood burning, Rusting of steel, Digestion of food
Chemical Change
 A change in which ___________ or _________ substances are converted into
___________ substances.
 This is on an ___________ level.
 Heat and light are often evidence of a chemical change.
Physical Change
 A change in a substance that ______ ______ involve a change in the identity of the substance.
 Ex. Phase Changes
Mixtures
 Anything substance with a ___________ composition.
 Ex. Wood, Soda, Coffee, air
 The constituents of the mixture retain their ___________ and may be separated by
___________ means.
Pure Substance
 contains only a ___________ element or ___________
 Ex. Gold ring, distilled water
 NOT EXAMPLES: water from the tap, soda
___________
Mixtures
 same through out
 EX. Sea water, plastic cup
___________
Mixtures
 has areas with different properties
 EX. Wood, bucket of sand and water
States of Matter
Matter can take forms/states
What are they?
How do solids behave?
 The particles of a solid are very ___________ ___________ and move slightly (vibrate).
 Definite ___________ and ___________
How do liquids behave?
 Particles in a liquid can ___________ past each other
 Indefinite shape – takes shape of ___________
 Definite volume
How do gases behave?
 Particles in a gas can move about ___________
 Indefinite ___________ and ___________
How does plasma behave?
 Particles in plasma are broken (___________ particles)
 Indefinite shape and volume
 Conduct ___________
Types of Elements
Properties of metals
1. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
2. Metals are malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets)
3. Metals are ductile (can be pulled into wires)
4. Metals have luster (shiny)
Properties of non-metals
1. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity
2. Nonmetals tend to be brittle
3. Nonmetals do not have luster
4. Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature
Properties of metalloids
 Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
 They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.
The Periodic Table
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The Periodic Table is a list of all the known elements.
It is organized by increasing atomic number.
As you move from the left to the right, the elements become less metallic with the far right side
of the table consisting of nonmetals.
 Elements in the middle of the table are called “transition” elements because they are changed
from metallic properties to nonmetallic properties.
 Elements who touch the “zigzag” line are called metalloids because they have both metallic and
nonmetallic properties.
Families on the Periodic Table
 The table is arranged in vertical columns called “groups” or “families”
 The horizontal rows are called “periods.”
 Elements in each vertical column or group have similar properties
 Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.
 Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table.
 Elements in each family react differently with other elements.
Describe how to read the periodic table:
 Every table has:
Atomic Symbol:
 One or two letters chosen to represent an element.
 These symbols are used every where in the world
 Usually, abbreviation of the element or the abbreviated Latin name of the element.
Atomic Number
 The number of protons in an atom identifies the element.
 Describe how to read the periodic table:
Atomic Mass:
 The average mass of an element
 Measured in atomic mass units ("amu”)
 Is an average of all the isotopes of an element.
Mass Number:
 protons + neutrons = Mass Number
 Is always a whole number.
The Atom
What are the 3 major parts of an atom?
 Proton
 Neutron
 Electron
The Nucleus
 The central part of an atom
 Composed of protons and neutrons
 Contains most of an atom's mass
 Discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911.
Protons
 Positively charged particles found in the atomic nucleus.
 Have a mass of 1 AMU
 Are made from other particles called quarks.
Neutrons
 Uncharged particles found in the atomic nucleus
 Have a mass of 1 AMU
 Made from other particles called quarks.
Electron
 Negatively charged particles that surround the atom's nucleus.
 Have no mass??
 Determine properties of the atom.
 Chemical reactions involve sharing or exchanging electrons.
Atomic Symbols
 Some show the mass number and atomic number in nuclear symbol form
Isotopes
 Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Ions
 Ions are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge.
 Taking away an electron from an atom gives a CATION with a positive charge
 Adding an electron to an atom gives an ANION with a negative charge.
 To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if there is a charge in the
superscript! Examples: Na+ Ca+2 I- O-2
PREDICTING ION CHARGES
 metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations
 nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions
7 DIATOMIC MOLECULES
 Elements that only exist as PAIRS.
 Note: when they combine to make compounds, they are no longer elements so they are no
longer in pairs!
 Hydrogen, Nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine