Beginning and Ending Consonants (Emergent)
bed
cab
b
g
l
q
v
z
cab
disc
c
h
m
r
w
gap
bag
lap
boil
quick
van
hum
map
tam
rat
car
wax
d
j
n
s
x
dig
sad
f
k
p
t
y
jab
nap
tan
sit
us
x-ray
wax
fan
beef
kit
yak
pat
nap
tap
at
yak
zip
buzz
Short Vowels (Emergent)
Y as a vowel
a
e
i
o
u
y
fan
pet
dig
rob
gum
by, gym, funny
Digraphs * two consonants together making one sound (Emergent)
th
ch
wh
sh
ck
thorn, both
chew, lunch
when
ship, wish
sick
Blends * two consonants together making two distinct sounds (Within Word Pattern)
sm
tr
fl
dr
mp
sl
st
smudge
tries
flies
dream
lump
sled
stick
sw
fr
sp
pl
bl
br
cr
switch
fright
spot
place
blade
broom
crawl
Long Vowel Patterns * vowels saying their own name
VCVe, VV, ight, CV (Within Word Pattern)
VV
VCV
CV
igh
wait
hope
so
fright
Other Vowel
y
vowel
gym
as a
bunny
consonant
by
yam yellow yes
Harder Vowel Digraphs * two vowels making one different sound (Within Word Pattern)
‘oo’
soon
book
‘ou’
‘ea’
enough
cough
‘ei’
thread
great
‘au’
weigh
caught
Other Vowel Sounds 1 * * two vowels making one different sound (Within Word Pattern)
‘al’
salt
stalk
‘aw’ & ‘wa’
crawl
shawl
‘au’
was
wasp
Other Vowel Sounds 2 * 2 sounds, sometimes 2 vowels, sometimes 1 vowel changed by the consonant
‘ow’
‘ou’
sow
towel
Other Vowel Sounds 3 * r controlled vowels
‘ar’
put
shook
oo
ew
soon
crew
au
aw
caught
fawn
‘er’
thorn
torn
boy
toy
her
fern
‘ir’
stir
bird
‘ur’
hurt
burn
Complex Consonants 1 & 2 * complicated consonant combinations (Within Word Pattern)
Other Vowel Sounds 4 * more confusing vowels
u
oo
(Within Word Pattern)
‘oy’
toil
coil
fought
brought
(Within Word Pattern)
‘or’
tar
car
‘oi’
ground
mouse
‘ough’
caught
taught
C
sounds like
‘s’
city
pounce
cycle
g
sounds like
‘j’
logical
page
gym
tch
dge
switch
smudge
scr
kn
scrape
knotted
squ
squirt
Inflected Endings 1 * name for extra letter or letters added to nouns, verbs and adjectives to form noun plurals, various verb tenses, and comparative adjectives
(Syllable and Affixes)
vcv-
double the
consonant before adding….
– ed,
-ing,
-er,
- est
fit - fitted
sled - sledding
fat - fatter
fat - fattest
Inflected Endings 2 * we sometime change the last letter before adding a suffix (Syllable and Affixes)
y - ies
try - tries
party - parties
- just add s if there
is vowel before y
- toys, delays
f - ves
Inflected Endings 3 * when writing the plural form, we sometime we add ‘es’
add
s or es
Inflected Endings 4
x, o, ch, ss, s, sh
foxes
lunches
leaf – leaves
knife - knives
buses
(Syllable and Affixes)
3 sounds
of - ed
‘t’, ‘d’, ‘ed/id’
camped
flipped
chewed
flowed
shouted
crowded
potatoes
misses
wishes
Inflected Endings 5 * sometimes we need to drop the ‘e’ before adding a suffix (Syllable and Affixes)
CVCe
drop when the suffix begins with a vowel don’t drop when the suffix begins with a consonant
hope + ed = hoped hope + ful = hopeful
Syllable Junctures * usually when the first vowel in not long, a double consonant separates the two vowels (Syllable and Affixes)
1st vowel not long,
consonant usually doubled
rr
CUR-ry
ll CEL-lar
nn TUN-nel
Unaccented Final Syllables 1 (not stressed)
“er”sound
SAIL-or
SOL-ar
RIP-er
1st vowel long, consonant
usually not doubled
v
FA-vor
p
m
RI-pen
HU-mor
Unaccented Final Syllables 2 (not stressed) (Syllable and Affixes)
‘al’
LOC-al
usually added to adjective
‘el’
TRAV-el
‘le’
CAND-le
least common (not after stick or tail) most common (after stick or tail)
Harder Suffixes (Derivational Relations)
cyber-
super-
multi-
‘space, virtual’
cyberspace
cyberattack
‘very, over, higher in rank’
superimpose
supersensitive
‘multiples, many’
multitask
multimedia
-er
-ful
-est
‘a verb to a noun, comparative’
worker
slower
‘full’
‘the most’
fastest
funniest
playful
Affixes 1: Prefixes (Derivational Relations)
un-, dis‘not or opposite’
unhappy, untie, undo,
unequal
peaceful
Affixes 2: Prefixes (Derivational Relations)
-ible, -able
‘capable, fit for, tending to’
terrible, audible, edible,
laughable, profitable, remarkable
dislodge, disconnect, dislike
Affixes 3: Suffixes (Derivational Relations)
-sion, -tion
‘action or instance’
division, decision, invasion
relation, diction, creation
*sion base words ending in -de (divide)-t (convert)
*tion base words ending in -te (relate) -ce (reduce)
Affixes 4: suffixes (Derivational Relations)esitance
-ence, -ance
resilience, indulgence impatience
tolerance, h
‘quality or state’ or ‘an action or *ence clearance,
added to base words ending in –ent (silence)
*ance added to base words ending in –ant (brilliant)
process
Reduced Vowels in Unaccented or unstressed Syllables (Derivational Relations)
FEB-ru-ar-y
CAT-e-gor-y
JEW-el-lery
DIC-tio-nar-y
Assimilated Prefixes: the spelling of the prefix changes for easier reading (Derivational Relations)
ad
adtest
at
in
il
attest
inlegal
illegal
Latin Roots (Derivational Relations)
-dict-
-duc-
-gress-
-ject-
‘to say’
dictate
predict
‘to lead away by force’
abduct
deduct
‘to walk’
progress
transgress
‘to throw’
project
eject
trans-
sub-
pre-
post-
‘across, through’
transatlantic
transpolar
‘under’
submarine
substandard
‘before’
‘after’
Latin Prefixes (Derivational Relations)
pre-exist
prepay
postdate
postwar
Latin Suffixes (Derivational Relations)
-ation
-ment
-able
-ible
‘forms nouns from verbs’
information speculation
‘forms nouns from verbs’
entertainment
statement
‘forms adjectives meaning
capable of’
likable
reliable
‘forms adjectives meaning
capable of’
flexible
sensible
-chron-
-dem-
-phon-
-path-
‘time’
chronicle
synchronize
‘people’
democracy
pandemic
‘sound’
phonics
symphony
‘feeling, suffering’
empathy
sympathy
Greek Roots (Derivational Relations)
Greek Prefixes (Derivational Relations)
ant‘opposite,
opposing’
antipollution
anticrime
bio-
geo-
‘life, living organism’ ‘Earth, geography’
biology
geography
biopsy
geology
hyper-
neo-
‘excessive’
hyperactive
hypervigilant
‘new’
neoplasm
neonatal
Greek suffixes (Derivational Relations)
-ism
‘forms nouns
meaning: the act’
criticism optimism
-ist
-ize
(forms nouns from verbs) ‘forms verbs from nouns
cyclist
conformist
and adjectives’
legalize
hospitalize
-logue
-logy
‘speech’
dialogue
monologue
‘expression, theory,
study’
biology
dermatology
Frequently Misspelled Words (Other) examples
homonyms
their
there
they’re
rule exceptions just because…
breath
tomorrow
very
guarantee
climb
science
Contractions (Other) examples
not = n’t
haven’t
hasn’t
hadn’t
have = ’ve
we’ve
they’ve
could’ve
will = ‘ll
they’ll
he’ll
where’ll
Compound Words (Other) examples
down + stairs
hall + way
house + coat
downstairs
hallway
housecoat
i before e,
except after c
You hear with
your ear.
The principal is
my pal.
brief, ceiling
here or hear
principle or principal
Mnemonics (Other) examples