SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR
Potential impacts of oil and gas development and climate change
on migratory reindeer calving grounds across the Russian Arctic
Tobias Kuemmerle a,b *,Leonid Baskin c, Pedro J. Leitão a Alexander V. Prishchepov d,
Kirsten Thonicke b, and Volker C. Radeloff e
a
b
c
d
Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin
Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin Germany
Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK),
PO Box 60 12 03, Telegraphenberg A62, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany
A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences,
33, Leninsky prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia
Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IAMO),
Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
e
Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
* Corresponding author
phone: +49 30 2093 9372; fax: +49 30 2093 6850
tobias.kuemmerle@geo.hu-berlin.de
Kuemmerle et al.
1
APPENDIX S1: SUMMARY OF CALVING GROUND DATA USED
Table S1: Summary of calving ground data used in the Maxent and Boosted Regression Trees.
Population trends based on Baskin & Miller (2007). Acronyms: CG = calving ground, D =
decreasing population, S stable population, I increasing population, U = unknown population
trend, O = observations of zoologists, H = information from hunters, HM = information from
hunting managers.
No. Reindeer
population
Type
1
Taymyr
Wild
2
Upper Elovka Wild
River
Mamontovaya Wild
and
Tundrovaya
Rivers
Elgygytkyn
Wild
Lake
3
4
5
Anadyr River
6
Khodutka and Wild
Asacha Rivers
1
Khodutka and Wild
Asacha Rivers
2
Kronotskaya Wild
River
7
8
9
Wild
Population Type of Time period References
size and
CG
covered
trend * information
70000 D
O
1964-2000 Yakushkin et al., 1970;
Kuksov, 1981;
Kolpashchikov, 2000
300 U
O
1945-2012 Averin, 1948; Voropanov et
al., 2003; Mosolov Fil, 2010
30000 D
O
1969-2012 Baskin, 2009
Chernyavsky, 1984;
Zheleznov-Chukotsky &
Panovik, 2003
8500 S
O
1980-2001 Chernyavsky, 1984;
Zheleznov-Chukotsky &
Panovik, 2003
50000 D
O
1980-2001 Averin, 1948; Voropanov et
al., 2003; Mosolov Fil, 2010
50 U
O
1945-2012 Averin, 1948; Voropanov et
al., 2003; Mosolov Fil, 2010
50 U
O
1945-2012 Averin, 1948; Voropanov et
al., 2003; Mosolov Fil, 2010
1000 I
O
Wild
30000 D
O
Wild
40000 D
O
Wild
40000 D
O
Wild
300 I
H, M
1945-2012 Egorov, 1965; Safronov,
Reshetnikov & Akhremenko
1999; Popov, 2003
1955-2012 Egorov, 1965; Safronov et
al., 1999; Popov, 2003
1955-2012 Egorov, 1965; Safronov et
al., 1999; Popov, 2003
1955-2012 Egorov, 1965; Safronov et
al., 1999; Popov, 2003
2001
Egorov, 1965; Safronov et
al., 1999; Popov, 2003
1955-2012 Egorov, 1965; Safronov et
al., 1999; Popov, 2003
1955-2012 Egorov, 1965; Safronov et
12
Ulakhan-Tas
Mountains
Churpuniya
Mountains 1
Churpuniya
Mountains 2
Lena Delta
13
Kystyk Plateau Wild
15000 D
O
14
Pronchishchev Wild
15000 D
O
10
11
Kuemmerle et al.
2
15
16
17
18
19
a Upland
SuruyakhDzhang
Upland
Pronchishchev
a Bay
Kalamisamo
Peninsula
KamenKherbey
Uplands
Verkhnetazov
Wild
31000 D
O
Wild
300 U
O
Wild
5000 S
O
Wild
110000 D
O
Wild
1000 D
H, M
145000 D
O
al., 1999; Popov, 2003
1955-2012 Egorov, 1965; Safronov et
al., 1999; Popov, 2003
1937, 1990 Popov, 1939; Rutilevsky,
1939; Uchitkin, 1990
1980-2012 Malygina, 2000
1964-2000 Yakushkin et al., 1970;
Kuksov, 1981;
Kolpashchikov, 2000
2001
Azarov & Afanasev, 2003;
Kupriyanov 2003
1964-2012 Yakushkin et al., 1970;
Kuksov, 1981;
Kolpashchikov, 2000; Larin
V.V. 2012, pers. comm.
2001
Kupriyanov, 2003; Novikov
et al., 2003; Shirshov, 2003
2001
Kupriyanov, 2003; Novikov
et al., 2003; Makhov, 2003;
Shirshov, 2003
1973-2001 Kupriyanov, 2003; Novikov
et al., 2003; Shirshov, 2003
1940 - * Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
1940 - * Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
20
Puraagapamok Wild
h
21
Gydangryada
Wild
2000 D
O
22
Tazovskypen
Wild
30000 D
H, M
23
Srednesosv
Wild
5500 D
H, M
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
2500 U
O
2500 U
O
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Semidomestic
SemiMnt Pytlyan
domestic
Telekey River SemiMountains in domestic
low part of
Myrgovaam
Semi-
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - U*
2500 U
O
1940 - *
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Angarka River
Apapelgyn
River
Headwaters
Filippova
Mount
Filippova
Urney
Kevem River
Headwaters
Koyvelvegyrgy
n River
Headwaters
Mlelyn River
uppers
Kuemmerle et al.
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chukotsky, 1940
Land management
Chukotsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chukotsky, 1940
Land management
3
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
River
Headwaters
Nyambonda
River
Oloychan
River Uppers
Pyrkakayvaya
m River
Headwaters
Yanromkyvaa
m
Rynnatinin
River
Headwaters
Pogynden
River
Headwaters
Tauchakh
River
Pezhenka
River
Headwaters
Uvnukveem
River
Yarovaya
River
Headwaters
Saletayakha
River
domestic
Chaunsky, 1940
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Semidomestic
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Semidomestic
Semidomestic
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Semidomestic
SemiShuchya River
domestic
SemiKhadyta River
domestic
Ngoyakha
SemiRiver
domestic
Paetayakha
SemiRiver
domestic
Pezhenka
SemiRiver
domestic
Headwaters
Uvnukveem
SemiRiver
domestic
1500 U
O
1935 - *
1500 U
O
1935 - *
1500 U
O
1935 - *
1500 U
O
1935 - *
1500 U
O
1935 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
2500 U
O
1940 - *
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management Kharp,
1938; Tarasenkov, 1935
Land management
Priuralsky, 1935
Land management Purovsky,
1935
Land management Kharp,
1938; Tarasenkov, 1935
Land management Kharp,
1938; Tarasenkov, 1935
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
Land management
Chaunsky, 1940
* Calving grounds of reindeer herding operations were often based on indigenous knowledge
about the historic location of wild reindeer populations’ calving grounds. Our experience of
Kuemmerle et al.
4
working with reindeer herders across Russia (L. Baskin and co-workers) suggests the same
reindeer calving grounds were used during the entire Soviet time.
Figure S1: Location of calving grounds used as training data in the Maxent and Boosted
Regression Tree Models (for details on these population see Table S1 and Fig 1 in the main
manuscript). For scale reasons only the center location of each calving ground is shown. Up to
25 random locations within each calving ground were chosen as training data (339 points from
wild reindeer populations and 67 points from semi-domestic populations).
Kuemmerle et al.
5
APPENDIX S2: DESCRIPTION OF PREDICTOR VARIABLES
To predict wild reindeer calving grounds across our study region using maximum entropy
modeling and boosted regression trees, we gathered five groups of predictors variables: (1)
predictors related to resource availability in spring, (2) predictors related to resource availability
in summer, (3) predictors related to predator avoidance, (4) predictors related to landscape
composition, and (5) predictors related to anthropogenic disturbance.
Resource availability in spring
Resource availability in spring during calving is important because female reindeer and their
newborns can only travel over moderate distances after parturition. Two factors govern resource
availability in spring. First, calving tends to occur before the green-up of herbaceous vegetation
and female reindeer mainly feed on lichen during that time (Post et al., 2003; Baskin & Miller,
2007; Baskin, 2009; Gunn et al., 2012). Snow cover is an important factor, because high snow
cover prevents access to lichens and developing vegetation. Furthermore, high snow cover can
also impair reindeer movement and thus migration (Baskin, 2009). A second factor is vegetation
productivity, because female reindeer concentrate in small areas and calving occurs
synchronously, food availability after parturition thus needs to be high to sustain large numbers
of reindeer (White et al., 1987; Post et al., 2003; Baskin, 2009). To capture resource availability
in spring, we acquired data on fractional herbaceous and bare ground cover (in percent) from the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Vegetation Continuous Fields
product (MOD44B, 500-m resolution, version 4, year 2001, http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/vcf).
To capture snow cover, we acquired the MODIS daily snow cover product (MOD10A1, 500m,
version 4, 2003 to 2008, http://nsidc.org/data/mod10a1.html). The snow cover product daily
information on whether or not snow cover was detected for a given 500x500m² pixel. We first
calculated the number of snow covered days per week, and then averaged weekly snow cover
across the years 2003-2008 for every week from early May to mid-June (Julian days 129 to 168).
As additional variables for the timing of snow melting, we also calculated average May and June
temperatures based on the WorldClim database, which provides average values for the time
period 1960-1990 (Hijmans et al., 2005). Finally, female reindeer sometimes select south-facing
slopes for calving, because of earlier snowmelt on those locations and we thus calculated mean
slope and southerness index (0 = north, 1=south) per 10x10km² grid cell based on the
topographic maps.
Resource availability in summer
Calving grounds occur typically within or close to regions characterized by early vegetation
green-up and high vegetation productivity during summer, allowing reindeer to utilize the entire
short growing period to gain body mass (White et al., 1987). Moreover, female reindeer select
calving grounds that green-up shortly after parturition, allowing calves and their mothers to
follow the green-up frontier northwards to utilize the nutritious first flush of vegetation (e.g.,
Kuemmerle et al.
6
flowers, cotton grass seedlings, buds of willow and birch dwarf shrubs). To capture vegetation
productivity and green-up, we acquired the MODIS 16-day vegetation index product
(MOD13A1, 500m, version 5, https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/products/modis_products_table/
vegetation_indices/16_day_l3_global_500m/mod13a1) and calculated the median and standard
deviation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from mid-May to early
September (Julian days 145 to 256) annually from 2001 to 2008. The NDVI is calculated as the
difference between the near infrared band and the red band reflectance, divided by the sum of
these two bands, yielding values between -1 and 1. As additional measures of productivity, we
derived the mean temperature of the warmest quarter and maximum temperature of the warmest
month from the WorldClim database.
Predator avoidance
Predator avoidance also plays a potentially important role in calving ground selection. Female
reindeer migrate out of the taiga-tundra ecotone into open habitat prior to calving, either
northwards or onto higher ground, because predators are more numerous in the forest zone
(Heard, 1992). The denning period of wolves, the main reindeer predator, coincides with
reindeer calving. Because wolves must feed their young for at least five months, wolves tend to
den in the forest, where a variety of prey is available in summer, and calf mortality in forests is
thus substantially higher than in the tundra (Baskin 1983; Skogland, 1989). Some reindeer
calving grounds are located on hills, which likely also represent predator-avoidance behavior,
allowing reindeer to spot approaching wolves earlier. To proxy factors related to predator
avoidance, we derived three variables related to landscape openness. First, we measured the
Euclidian distance (in km) of every gridcell to the taiga-tundra boundary based on the treeline
from the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM, http://data.arcticatlas.org). Second, we
calculated percent tree cover for each grid cell from the MODIS Vegetation Continuous Field
product (MOD44B, 500-m resolution, version 4, year 2001,
http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/vcf).). Third, we derived average elevation per grid cell from the
topographic maps.
Landscape composition
Landscape composition affects calving ground selection in various ways. First, female reindeer
favor diverse landscapes that may offer shelter in the event of snow storms (e.g., shrub
formations, ravines, or hilly areas) (Baskin 1983; Baskin, 2009). While reindeer favor hilly
landscapes, they also avoid steep slopes when selecting calving ground, because newborns can
easily get injured in such terrain (Baskin 1983). Calving grounds occur also frequently reported
close to rivers or lakes (Baskin & Miller, 2007). Some of these factors are already captured in the
above variables (e.g., topography). In addition, we derived the dominating land cover and land
cover diversity (Shannon diversity H’ = -∑pilnpi, where p is the proportion of land cover class i)
per gridcell from the GlobCover 2005 map (300m grain, version 2.2, http://ionia1.esrin.esa.int).
We also derived the distance of each Globcover pixel to the nearest water pixel and calculated
Kuemmerle et al.
7
the average distance for each of our 10x10 km² gridcells. Finally, we calculated the dominating
vegetation type per 10x10 km² gridcell from an available map of Russian vegetation zones
(Scale: 1:8,000,000, Ogureeva, 1999).
Anthropogenic disturbance
To capture human disturbance, we calculated average population density per 10x10 km from the
LandScan global population map (2007 version, www.ornl.gov/sci/landscan). We also calculated
road density for each 10x10 km² gridcell based on digital Russian topographic maps (1:500,000).
This road dataset included all primary, secondary, and tertiary roads, including all paved roads.
In total, we generated 36 candidate predictor variables, 11 variables capturing resource
availability in spring, 17 variables related to resource availability in summer, three predator
avoidance variables, three landscape composition variables, and two human disturbance
variables. While we assigned every predictor variable to one of the variable groups above, it
should be noted that some of our variables may be proxies for multiple phenomena (e.g.,
landscape composition variables describing landscape openness – an important proxy for
predator avoidance). Generally, collinearity among our variables was low (Table S2). Both
Maxent and Boosted Regression Trees are relatively robust against collinearity (Elith et al.,
2011; Dormann et al., 2013), but collinear variables should generally be interpreted with caution.
To analyze the characteristics of our reindeer calving ground sample, we extracted variable
values for all calving ground occurrence points and summarized them using boxplots for
continuous variables and histograms for categorical variables. We aggregated all predictor
variables to a grain size of 10x10 km. To do so, we chose the majority value for categorical
variables and used a cubic convolution resampling technique for continuous variables. Cubic
convolution considers the 16 nearest cell centers to the output cell center and fits a smoothed
surface through the points to interpolate the value. All spatial layers were transformed to an
Albers equal-area conic projection (WGS84 datum).
Kuemmerle et al.
8
Figure S2: Collinearity among predictor variables in our final model (only continuous variables). Color coding: yellow >= 0.70,
orange >= 0.80, red >= 0.90. Acronyms: RSP = resource availability in spring, RSU = resource availability in summer, PA = predator
avoidance, LC = landscape composition, AD = anthropogenic disturbance.
Fractional bare ground cover
Fractional herbaceous cover
Average snow cover Julian day (Jd) 122-129
Average snow cover Jd 130-137
Average snow cover Jd 138-145
Mean temperature of May
Maximum temperature of the warmest month
Southerness index
Slope
Mean vegetation index Jd 177-193
Mean vegetation index Jd 225– 241
Standard deviation vegetation index Jd 177-193
Standard deviation vegetation index Jd 225– 241
Distance to treeline
Fractional woody vegetation cover
Elevation
Diversity of land cover types
Distance to water bodies
Population density
Road density
Kuemmerle et al.
RSP1
RSP2
RSP3
RSP4
RSP5
RSP6
RSP7
RSP8
RSP9
RSU1
RSU2
RSU3
RSU4
PA1
PA2
PA3
LC1
LC2
AD1
AD2
RSP1 RSP2 RSP3 RSP4 RSP5
-0.16 0.38 0.44 0.52
0.21 0.16 0.07
0.86 0.67
0.82
RSP6
-0.08
0.21
-0.06
-0.09
-0.10
RSP7
-0.06
0.21
-0.02
-0.05
-0.07
1.00
RSP8
-0.08
-0.01
-0.13
-0.10
-0.05
-0.09
-0.11
RSP9
0.25
-0.06
0.24
0.23
0.22
-0.03
-0.02
-0.29
RSU1
-0.74
0.14
-0.27
-0.31
-0.36
0.38
0.37
-0.04
-0.12
RSU2
-0.73
-0.01
-0.35
-0.36
-0.37
0.33
0.31
0.05
-0.11
0.92
RSU3
0.17
0.05
-0.13
-0.07
0.00
-0.15
-0.16
-0.01
0.10
-0.30
-0.31
RSU4
0.19
0.01
0.25
0.24
0.22
-0.16
-0.15
-0.04
0.05
-0.20
-0.28
0.25
9
PA1
0.53
-0.26
0.19
0.30
0.34
-0.30
-0.30
0.06
-0.02
-0.53
-0.44
-0.01
0.05
PA2
-0.57
-0.56
-0.44
-0.46
-0.45
0.14
0.13
0.01
-0.09
0.67
0.75
-0.28
-0.24
-0.27
PA3
0.19
-0.05
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.07
0.08
-0.31
0.78
-0.06
-0.10
0.11
0.01
-0.11
-0.02
LC1
-0.08
0.21
-0.14
-0.11
-0.06
0.04
0.01
0.15
-0.03
0.05
0.12
0.09
-0.03
-0.21
-0.13
-0.08
LC2
0.22
-0.17
0.07
0.17
0.23
-0.43
-0.44
0.19
-0.04
-0.39
-0.24
0.11
0.07
0.53
-0.20
-0.21
0.00
AD1
-0.04
0.05
-0.10
-0.08
-0.06
0.01
0.00
0.08
-0.06
-0.01
0.02
0.03
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.06
0.12
0.02
AD2
-0.21
0.03
-0.50
-0.45
-0.38
0.13
0.10
0.00
-0.19
0.24
0.22
0.04
-0.14
-0.16
0.17
-0.08
0.23
-0.18
0.10
APPENDIX S3: PREDICTOR VARIABLES INCLUDED IN THE FINAL MODEL
Predictor variables included in the final model were (data sources in parentheses, for details on
variable generation see Appendix SI):
(a) Resource availability in spring: fractional bare ground cover (MODIS VCF product),
fractional herbaceous cover (MODIS VCF), average snow cover for Julian day period
122-129 (MODIS snow cover product), average snow cover for Julian day period 130137 (MODIS snow cover product), average snow cover for Julian day period 138-145
(MODIS snow cover product), mean temperature of May (WorldClim), maximum
temperature of the warmest month (WorldClim), southerness index (Topographic maps),
slope (Topography)
(b) Resource availability in summer: Mean vegetation index for Julian day period 177-193(MODIS NDVI product), mean vegetation index for Julian day period 225– 241 (MODIS
NDVI product), standard deviation vegetation index for Julian day period 177-193(MODIS NDVI product), standard deviation vegetation index for Julian day period 225–
241 (MODIS NDVI product)
(c) Predator avoidance: distance to the taiga-tundra boundary (Circumpolar Arctic
Vegetation Map), fractional woody vegetation cover (MODIS VCF), elevation
(Topographic maps)
(d) Landscape composition: majority land cover type (GlobCover), diversity of land cover
types (GlobCover), distance to water bodies (GlobCover), dominant vegetation type
(Map of Russian Vegetation Zones)
(e) Anthropogenic disturbance: human population density (LANDSCAN 2007), road density
(Topographic maps)
Kuemmerle et al.
10
APPENDIX S4: COMPARISON OF MODELS WITH AND WITHOUT DOMESTIC
REINDEER OCCURRENCE POINTS
Our final species distribution models used reindeer calving ground occurrence points from both,
wild tundra reindeer populations (83% of all points), and semi-domestic reindeer populations
(17%). We included calving ground locations from semi-domestic herds because the location of
wild reindeer calving grounds is unknown for regions in Russia where wild reindeer populations
were historically been severely decimated or extirpated. Semi-domestic and wild reindeer herds
are ecologically and behaviorally similar. The location of the calving grounds of semi-domestic
reindeer herds is an important part of traditional knowledge of herding communities and often
coincides with the calving grounds of historic wild reindeer populations. Thus, including
reindeer calving ground locations from semi-domestic populations likely lessens the bias that
would exist in a calving ground occurrence dataset based on contemporary wild populations
only. The average cross-validated AUC value of the model including semi-domestic herds (AUC
= 0.932 with a standard error of 0.03) was slightly lower than that for the model based on wild
reindeer calving grounds only (AUC = 0.954 with a standard error of 0.03).
We here provide a comparison of the resulting reindeer calving ground suitability maps for
calving ground occurrence datasets with and without locations from semi-domestic herds.
Suitability maps were overall highly similar (Fig. S3), with more areas characterized as suitable
calving ground habitat predicted by the model that included semi-domestic herds. This was
especially the case for Chukotka and Yamal, where wild reindeer calving ground data was
scarce.
Figure S3: Calving ground suitability map based on calving ground occurrence points from wild
and semi-domestic reindeer populations (a) and based on occurrence points from wild reindeer
populations only. Both maps represent average maps from the from the Maxent and BRT model
predictions. Wild reindeer population ranges shown are 1: Shchuchya River, 2: Shuryshkarskiy
Lake, 3: Konda and Sos’va Rivers, 4: Nadym - Pur Rivers, 5: Yugan River, 6: Belyi Island, 7:
Yavay Peninsula, 8: Mamonta Peninsula, 9: Gydan Peninsula, 10: Pur - Taz Rivers, 11:
Sibiryakova Island, 12: Chichagov Shore, 13: Western Taymyr, 14: Agapa River, 15: Turukhan
River, 16: Taz River headwaters, 17: Pura River, 18: Putorany Mountains, 19: Middle Siberian,
20: Dadypta River, 21: Nizhnya Taymyra River, 22: Faddey River, 23: Taymyr Lake, 24: Mariya
Pronchishcheva Bog, 25: Popigay River, 26: Lena and Olenek Rivers, 27: Bulun River, 28:
Kystyk Uplands, 29: Lena River Delta, 30: Yana and Indigirka Rivers, 31: Novosibirksy River,
32: Indigirka River, 33: Sudrunskaya, 34: Galgavam River, 35: Kolyma River, 36: Omolon
River, 37: Elgygytgyn Lake, 38: Amguema River, 39: Mine River, 40: Parapolsky Lowlands, 41:
Karaginsky Island, 42: Elovka-Uka River, 43: Kronotsko-Zhupanovskaya, 44: Southern
Kamtchatka, 45: Enisey River, 46: Angara River, 47: Western Yakutian, 48: Lena and Viluy
River, 49: Yudoma River, 50: Kava River (Source: Baskin & Miller, 2007).
Kuemmerle et al.
11
Kuemmerle et al.
12
REFERENCES
Averin, Y.V. (1948) Land mammals of the eastern
Kamchatka. Trudy Kronotskogo gosudarstvennogo
zapovednika, 1, 1-223.
Azarov, V. I. & Afanasev, G. P. (2003) Wild reindeer
in south of Tyumen oblast. – In: Reindeer in
Russia, 1982-2002 (Severnyi olen v Rossii 19822002) (eds. Fertikov, V. I., Syroechkovsky, E. E. &
Novikov, B. V.), pp. 139-143. Triada-farm publ.,
Moscow.
Baskin , L.M. (1983) The causes of reindeer
mortality. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 175, 133-134.
Baskin, L.M. (2009) Reindeer. Managing behavior
and populations. Reindeer husbandry and hunting.
KMK Publications, Moscow.
Baskin, L.M. & Miller, F.L. (2007) Populations of
wild and feral reindeer in Siberia and Far East of
Russia. Rangifer, 27, 227-241.
Chernyavsky, F. B. (1984) Mammals of extreme
north-east of Siberia (Mlekopitayushchie severovostoka Sibiri). 388pp., Nauka publ., Moscow.
Dormann, C.F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C.,
Carl, G., Carré, G., García Marquéz, J.R., Gruber,
B., Lafourcade, B., Leitão, P.J., Münkemüller, T.,
McClean, C., Osborne, P.E., Reineking, B.,
Schröder, B., Skidmore, A.K., Zurell, D. &
Lautenbach, S. (2013) Collinearity: a review of
methods to deal with it and a simulation study
evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36, 27–
46.
Egorov, O. V. (1965) Wild ungulates of Yakutia
(Dikie kopytnye Yakutii). 259pp., Nauka publ.,
Moscow.
Elith, J., Phillips, S.J., Hastie, T., Dudík, M., Chee,
Y.E. & Yates, C.J. (2011) A statistical explanation
of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and
Distributions, 17, 43-57.
Gunn, A., Poole, K.G. & Nishi, J.S. (2012) A
conceptual model for migratory tundra caribou to
explain and predict why shifts in spatial fidelity of
breeding cows to their calving grounds are
infrequent. Rangifer, 20, 259–267.
Heard, D.C., Williams, T.M. (1992) Distribution of
wolf dens on migratory caribou range in the
Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of
Zoology, 70, 1504-1510.
Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G.
& Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution
interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.
International Journal of Climatology, 25, 19651978.
Kuemmerle et al.
Kolpashchikov, L. A. (2000) Taymyr population of
wild reindeer (Taymyrskaya populatsia severnogo
olenya). Doctoral thesis. 282 pp., Nauchnoissledovatelasky institute Krainego Severa, Norilsk.
Kuksov, V. A. (1981) Distribution of wild reindeer in
Taymyr during calving season. In: Ekologiya I
khozyaistvennoe ispolzovanie nazrmnoy fauny
Eniseyskogo Severa, (ed. Solomakha A. I.) pp.
313. Sibirskoe Otdelenie Vasknihl, Novosibirsk.
Kupriyanov, A. G. 2003. Herds of reindeer in
northern taiga of Western Siberia. – In: Reindeer
in Russia, 1982-2002 (Severnyi olen v Rossii 19822002), (eds. Fertikov, V. I., Syroechkovsky, E. E.
& Novikov, B. V.), pp. 162-169. Triada-farm publ.,
Moscow.
Land management of the Chaunsky District of
Chukotksky National Okrug of Khabarovskii Kray
(1940) State archive of Russian Federation. Fond
A-310, inventory 18, file 189, 357pp.
Land management of the Chukotsky District of
Chukotksky National Okrug of Khabarovskii Kray
(1940) State archive of Russian Federation. Fond
A-310, inventory 18, file 188, 325pp.
Land management of the Eastern-Tundra District of
Chukotksky National Okrug of Khabarovskii Kray
(1940) State archive of Russian Federation. Fond
A-310, inventory 18, file 188, 325pp.
Land management of the Kharp Cooperative
Reindeer Farm (1938) State archive of Russian
Federation. Fond A-310, inventory 18, file 136,
93pp.
Land management of the Priuralsky District of
Yamal-Nenetsky National Okrug (1935) State
archive of Russian Federation. Fond A-310,
inventory 18, file 32.
Land management of the Purovsky State Reindeer
Farm (1935) State archive of Russian Federation.
Fond A-310, inventory 18, file 275.
Malygina, N. V. (2000) Wild reindeer (Rangifer
tarandus L.) of eastern Taymyr (Dikiy severny olen
vostochnogo Taymyra). Thesis. 210pp, Institute of
Ecology and Evolution, Moscow.
Mosolov V.I. & Fil V.I (2010) Wild reindeer of
Kamchatka. 160p, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky:
Kamchatpress publ. house.
Novikov V. P., Pustovarov, N. F., Makhov, S. A.
(2003) Modern status of reindeer in taiga of
Nizhnee Priobie. In Reindeer in Russia, 1982-2002
(Severnyi olen v Rossii 1982-2002) (eds. Fertikov,
13
V. I., Syroechkovsky, E. E. & Novikov, B. V.),
p144-161. Triada-farm publ., Moscow.
Ogureeva, G.N. (1999) Vegetation zones and types of
Russia and neighboring territories (map and
explanatory remarks). Scale: 1:8,000,000). In, p.
64. Publishing house EKOR, Moscow.
Pavlov, B. M., Kolpashchikov, L. A., Zyryanov, V.
A. (1996) Population dynamics of the Taymyr
population. Rangifer, 9, 381-384.
Popov L.N. (1939) Game mammals of the eastern
shore of Taymyr Peninsula. Proceedings of the
Scientific Institute of Polar Agriculture, Game
Husbandry Series, 8, 61-124.
Popov, A. L. 2003. Reindeer of Sakha Republic. In
Reindeer in Russia, 1982-2002 (Severnyi olen v
Rossii 1982-2002), (eds. Fertikov, V. I.,
Syroechkovsky, E. E. & Novikov, B. V.), pp325337. Triada-farm publ., Moscow.
Post, E., Bøving, P.S., Pedersen, C. & MacArthur,
M.A. (2003) Synchrony between caribou calving
and plant phenology in depredated and nondepredated populations. Canadian Journal of
Zoology, 81, 1709-1714.
Rutilevsky G.L. (1939) Game mammals of the
Chelyuskin Peninsula and the Vilkitsky Straight.
In: Proceedings of the Scientific Institute of Polar
Agriculture, Seris Game husbandry, 8, 7-60.
Safronov, V. M., Reshetnikov, I. S. & Akhremenko,
A. K. (1999) Reindeer of Yakutia. Ecology,
morphology and use (Severnyi olen Yakutii.
Ekologiya, morphologiya, ispolzovanie). 222pp,
Nauka, Novosibirsk.
Shirshov, S. M. (2003) Modern status of wild
reindeer in Yamal-Nenetsk okrug. In Reindeer in
Russia, 1982-2002 (Severnyi olen v Rossii 19822002), (eds. Fertikov, V. I., Syroechkovsky, E. E.
& Novikov, B. V.), pp325-337. Triada-farm publ.,
Moscow.
Shtilmark F. R., Azarov V. I. (1975) Wild reindeer of
Konda River Basin. In Wild reindeer in the USSR,
(ed. Syroechkovsky E. E.), pp186-189. Sovetskaya
Rossiya Publ., Moscow.
Skogland, T. (1989) Comparative social organization
of wild reindeer in relation to food, mates, and
predator avoidance. Paul Parey Publications,
Berlin.
Tarasenkov .N. 1935. Yamal Okrug. Economicalgeographical description with historical remarks.
State archive of Russian Federation. Fond A-310,
inventory 18, file 91. p326.
Kuemmerle et al.
Uchitkin, V. I. 1990. Winter grounds of reindeer in
tundra zone of Taymyr. In Ekologicheskie I
ekonomicheskie aspekty okhrany I ratsionalnogo
ispolzovaniya okhotnichikh zhivotnykh I
rastitelnykh pishchevykh resursov Sibiri, p158-160.
Shushenskoe.
Voropanov, V. Y., Gordienko, V. N., Piskovetsky, A.
A., Fil, V. I. & Mosolov, V. I. (2003) Wild reindeer
in Kamchatka. In Reindeer in Russia, 1982-2002
(Severnyi olen v Rossii 1982-2002), (eds. Fertikov,
V. I., Syroechkovsky, E. E. & Novikov, B. V.),
pp325-337. Triada-farm publ., Moscow.
White, R.G., Holleman, D.F., Hubbert, M.E. &
Staaland., H. (1987) Herbivores in cold climates. In
The Nutrition of Herbivores (ed. by J.B. Hacker
and J.H. Tennouth), pp. 465-486. Academic Press,
Sydney.
Zheleznov-Chukotsky, N. K. & Panovik, V. N.
(2003) Modern status of wild reindeer in Chukotka.
In Reindeer in Russia, 1982-2002 (Severnyi olen v
Rossii 1982-2002), (eds. Fertikov, V. I.,
Syroechkovsky, E. E. & Novikov, B. V.), pp325337. Triada-farm publ., Moscow.
14