Week 3
Organic Chemistry
For this week: 2 PPP Points & 1 Extra Credit Homework Assignment
1 Picture & 200 Word Abstract Assignment
Due Dates
Monday-Tuesday Lifelines
Friday, February 5th, by
11:59pm
Wednesday-Friday Lifelines
Saturday, February 6th, by
11:59pm
Don’t wait until the last minute to submit them!
The Basics – Bonding
 Each element can generally form a different
with other atoms depending on
its valence electrons.
Ex:
C = 4 bonds
O = 2 bonds
 The outer valence shell of second row elements can typically
hold a maximum of
total electrons
 Hydrogen goes by a different rule. It can only form
bond
because it has the first electron shell as its valence shell, which
can only hold
electrons.
The Octet Rule
 A rule of thumb chemists use to predict how an atom will
react with another atom based on the number of electrons in
its
(valence electrons).
 Atoms have a desire to possess
their outer shell (some exceptions).
electrons in
 This rule is for elements in the
periodic table.
of the
Skeletal Structures
 Carbon can form
separate bonds.
 Each line in a skeletal structure represents a bond.
 A carbon is present at every line intersection, and at
the
of a line.
 Carbon wants to form four bonds, the bonds that you don’t
see are the
atoms bonded to each carbon
atom.
Acids & Bases
 In aqueous (water) solutions:
o Acids typically
protons and produce
H+ ions.
o Bases typically
produce OH- ions.
protons (H+) and
Nomenclature
 Number of
designated by
atoms in a molecule are
:
o Meth- = 1 Carbon
o Prop- = 3 Carbons
• Eth- = 2 Carbons
• But- = 4 Carbons
o Pent- = 5 Carbons
• Hex- = 6 Carbons
 Functional groups are attachments that replace one or more
of the
bonded to the hydrocarbon.
Basic Functional Groups
 Functional groups are molecules grouped together based
on
.
 Functional groups are responsible for a molecule’s
specific
.

Functional Group
Name of Compound
1. Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Carboxyl
4. Amino
5. Phosphate
1. Alcohols
2. Ketones & Aldehydes
3. Carboxylic acids
4. Amines
5. Phosphates
Hydroxyl Group
 Alcohols: molecules where
carbon skeleton.
 Suffix:
is bonded to the
.
 Example: Ethan
.
Carbonyl Group
The carbonyl group is divided into two categories:

.
o Ketones have their carbonyl carbon atom sandwiched
between two other atoms.
o Suffix:
.
o Example: Propan

.
.
o Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen bonded to the
carbonyl carbon atom (typically the carbonyl group
found at the end of a molecule).
o Suffix:
.
o Example: Propan
.
Carboxyl Group
 Molecules in this group form when a hydroxyl group and a
carbonyl group are bonded to the
carbon atom.

can donate their hydrogen atom (from
the hydroxyl) in an acid/base reaction.
 Suffix:
.
 Example: Ethan
.
Amino Group

: Nitrogen atom bound to
atoms, and a carbon skeleton.
.
 Amines (basic/alkaline) are derivatives of ammonia (NH3)
which is
.
 Suffix:
 Example: Methyl
.
.
Phosphate Group
 A phosphate group is formed when a
is surrounded by
oxygen atoms.
 Phosphates can be found in:
o Energy carrier/transfer molecules (ATP)
atom
o The backbone of
molecules
 Suffix:
.
Macromolecules
 Large organic molecules grouped by their chemical porperties
that serve different functions.
 4 classes:
o
– Fuel our bodies and are structural
components of plants (cellulose).
o Lipids –
hormones, and
, insulate our bodies, act as
.
– 3D polymers of amino acids (include
o
enzymes and other structural proteins).
o Nucleic Acids –
(blueprint for proteins) and
RNA.
 All are composed of:
o Carbon skeletons
o
.
Functional Groups
Structure
Suffix
Macromolecules