Psychology 1
Study Guide #3, page 1 of 2
Margaret L. Louie
CHAPTER READINGS (Chapters 6 & 7)
CHAPTER 6 – STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
(SLEEP AND DREAMS)
(Biological Rhythms and Sleep)
Circadian Rhythm
REM Sleep
Why Do We Sleep?
The effects of sleep loss
Sleep theories
Dreams
Why we dream
CHAPTER 7 – LEARNING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Pavlov’s Experiments
Extinction and spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Skinner’s Experiments
Shaping Behavior
Types of Reinforcers
Primary and conditioned reinforcers
Reinforcement schedules (ignore interval/ratio schedules)
Punishment
Extending Skinner’s Understanding
(Cognition and Operant Conditioning)
Intrinsic Motivation
Skinner’s Legacy
(Applications of Operant Conditioning)
At Home
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
LEARNING BY OBSERVATION
Applications of Observational Learning
Positive Observational Learning
STUDY TOPICS FOR THE MULTIPLE CHOICE EXAM
Chapter 6
Know the research on circadian cycles, including the role of the pineal gland. Know the research
on PMS (an infradian cycle).
Know the outcomes of sleep deprivation.
Know/Understand the theories of sleep.
Psychology 1
Study Guide #3, page 2 of 2
Margaret L. Louie
Know the research regarding REM/NREM sleep.
Know/Understand the theories of dreams. Know the symbols associated with Freudian theory.
Understand lucid dreaming.
Chapter 7
Know/Understand classical conditioning principles/concepts.
Know/Understand the operant conditioning principles/concepts.
Understand “reframing” and “catch ‘em when they’re good.”
Know the research associated with physical punishment.
Know the research on intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation.
Know the principles and research associated with observational learning.
THE ESSAY EXAM
At the class meeting after the multiple choice exam (Exam #3), you will be given an Essay exam;
be sure to be prepared – I will not remind you.
For the Essay exam, you will be given 3 essay topics to choose from: you will choose 2 essays to
write; you will have the entire class time to work on these 2 essays.
Each essay is worth 8 points; that means that I expect you to come up with at least 8 complete
concepts/ideas associated with this topic. If you merely list 8 concepts/ideas, you will not score
well; each of these concepts/ideas must be explained well.
When I grade essays, I think to myself: does the student understand the concept/idea well enough
that s/he can explain it to a person who has no background in psychology? Along those lines, if
you are writing b.s. or going in circles saying the same thing, or merely listing things you’ve
copied off the board and memorized, you will not score well. You should take your time and
explain each concept so that it makes sense to your reader. It is always good to provide
examples.
Below are the topics you will be able to choose from. Be aware that the questions on the Essay
exam will be much more specific.
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Be prepared to write an essay on the theories of why we have dreams.
Be prepared to write an essay on positive punishment.
Be prepared to write an essay on how to apply operant conditioning principles.