WRITING CENTRE
Referencing Comparison Sheet
Harvard Style
Sometimes used in: Commerce; Mathematics; Nursing; Philosophy; English;
Psychiatry; Science; Architecture; Engineering; Gender Studies
Website
The English Project 2010, 'Location lingo', The English
project, viewed 12 October 2010,
<http://www.englishproject.org/>.
In-text: (The English Project 2010)
Journal article with three or more authors
Maier, H, Baron, J & McLaughlan, R 2007, 'Using online
roleplay simulations for teaching sustainability principles to
engineering students', International Journal of Engineering
Education, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1162-1171.
In-text: (Maier, Baron & McLaughlan 2007)
Journal article from a database (example only – check with
your lecturer)
Palmer, EJ & Devitt, PG 2008, ‘Limitations of studentdriven formative assessment in a clinical clerkship. A
randomised controlled trial’, BMC Medical Education, vol.
8, viewed 12 October 2010, (electronic PubMed Central).
In-text: (Palmer & Devitt 2008)
Book with two authors
Naidoo, K & Patel, F 2009, Working women: stories of
struggle, strife and success, Sage, New Delhi.
In-text: (Naidoo & Patel 2009)
Book chapter
McGowan, U 2008, 'International students: a conceptual
framework for dealing with unintentional plagiarism', in TS
Roberts (ed.), Student plagiarism in an online world:
problems and solutions, Information Science Reference,
Hershey, New York, pp. 92-107.
In-text: (McGowan 2008)
Book of readings (example only – check with your lecturer)
Gregory, JS 2003, The West and China since 1500,
Palgrave, New York, pp. 72-97, in 'Europe, empire and
the world 1492-1914: course reader', HIST1105, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, semester 1 2011.
In-text: (Gregory 2003)
Lecture notes given out during a lecture (example only –
check with your lecturer)
Cole, P 2010, 'Part 5: advanced electromagnetic theory',
lecture notes distributed in the topic 7052 Electromagnetic
theory and RFID applications, University of Adelaide, on
12 July 2010.
Notes

Sometimes used in: Applied Linguistics; Psychology
Website
The English Project. (2010). Location lingo. In The English
project. Retrieved from http://www.englishproject.org/
In-text: (The English Project, 2010)
Journal article with three or more authors
Maier, H., Baron, J., & McLaughlan, R. (2007). Using
online roleplay simulations for teaching sustainability
principles to engineering students. International
Journal of Engineering Education, 23(6), 1162-1171.
In-text: (Maier, Baron, & McLaughlan, 2007)
Journal article from a database
Palmer, E. J., & Devitt, P. G. (2008). Limitations of studentdriven formative assessment in a clinical clerkship: A
randomised controlled trial. BMC Medical Education, 8.
doi:10.1186/1472-6920-8-29
In-text: (Palmer & Devitt, 2008)
Book with two authors
Naidoo, K., & Patel, F. (2009). Working women: Stories of
struggle, strife and success. New Delhi, India: Sage.
In-text: (Naidoo & Patel, 2009)
Book chapter
McGowan, U. (2008). International students: A conceptual
framework for dealing with unintentional plagiarism. In
T. S. Roberts (Ed.), Student plagiarism in an online
world: Problems and solutions (pp. 92-107). Hershey,
NY: Information Science Reference.
In-text: (McGowan, 2008)
For in-text citation, use '&' in brackets and 'and' in the text.
If possible, include a page number for each quote or paraphrase
in your in-text citation, e.g. (McGowan 2008, p. 100).
The full reference details appear in alphabetical order at the end
of the paper with the heading References.
Vancouver Style
Sometimes used in: Nursing; School of Population Health and Clinical
Practice; Medicine; Food Science
Website
1. The English Project [Internet]. Winchester (UK): The
English Project; 2010. Location lingo; c2011 [cited 2010
Oct 12]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.englishproject.org/index.php?option=com_c
ontent&view=article&id=87&Itemid=126.
Journal article with three or more authors
2. Maier H, Baron, J, McLaughlan R. Using online
roleplay simulations for teaching sustainability
principles to engineering students. IJEE
2007;23(6):1162-1171.
Lecture notes given out during a lecture
No entry in reference list
In-text: (P. Cole, personal communication, July 12, 2010)
OR reference electronic version:
Cole, P. (2010). Part 5: Advanced electromagnetic theory
[Lecture notes]. Retrieved from http://www.eleceng.
adelaide.edu.au/personal/peter/peter/L5EMT&RFID10/
Part5.pdf
In-text: (Cole, 2010)
Notes



Whenever possible, find and reference original or online versions
of readings and lecture notes.
For in-text citation, use '&' in brackets and 'and' in the text.
If possible, include a page number for each specific idea in your
in-text citation, e.g. (McGowan, 2008, p. 100).
The full reference details appear in alphabetical order at the end
of the paper with the heading References.
Footnote Style
Sometimes used in: Commerce management reports; Politics; History; Civil,
Environmental and Mining Engineering; Classics; Computer Science;
Education
Website
1. The English Project, 'Location lingo', The English
project, 2010, viewed 12 October 2010,
<http://www.englishproject.org/>.
Journal article with three or more authors
2. H Maier, J Baron, & R McLaughlan, 'Using online
roleplay simulations for teaching sustainability
principles to engineering students', International
Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 23, no. 6, 2007,
pp. 1162-1171.
Journal article from a database
3. Palmer EJ, Devitt PG. Limitations of student-driven
formative assessment in a clinical clerkship. A
randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Educ [Internet].
2008 [cited 2010 Oct 10]:8. Cited in: PubMed Central;
PMCID PMC2396159.
Journal article from a database (example only – check with
your lecturer)
3. EJ Palmer & PG Devitt, 'Limitations of student-driven
formative assessment in a clinical clerkship. A
randomised controlled trial', BMC Medical Education,
vol. 8, 2008, viewed 12 October 2010, (electronic
PubMed Central).
Book with two authors
4. Naidoo K, Patel F. Working women: stories of
struggle, strife and success. New Delhi: Sage; 2009.
245 p.
Book with two authors
4. K Naidoo & F Patel, Working women: stories of
struggle, strife and success, Sage, New Delhi, 2009.
Book chapter
5. McGowan U. International students: a conceptual
framework for dealing with unintentional plagiarism. In:
Roberts TS, editor. Student plagiarism in an online
world: problems and solutions. Hershey (NY):
Information Science Reference; 2008. p. 92-107.
Book of readings
Book of readings
Reference original version of reading (e.g. as a book
chapter or journal article).

In-text: (Cole 2010)


APA Style
Reference original version of reading (e.g. as a book
chapter or journal article). Provide additional details of
topic and university if desired.
Lecture notes given out during a lecture
Give reference details in running text only, e.g.
According to Peter Cole (Jul 12, 2010 lecture notes
distributed at the University of Adelaide; unreferenced) ...
Notes




Use [1] or (1) or 1 in text for the first source you refer to, then [2]
or (2) or 2 for the second source, etc. Use the same number
each time you refer to the same source.
More than one number can be used at the same point in-text
(e.g. [1,2] or 3-6).
The full reference details appear in numerical order at the end of
the paper with the heading References.
Page numbers are given for whole chapters and articles only,
not for specific ideas.
For more examples and details of the style manuals this
comparison sheet is based on,
please refer to the individual ALL Referencing Guides at
www.adelaide.edu.au/writingcentre/referencing_guides
Book chapter
5. U McGowan, 'International students: a conceptual
framework for dealing with unintentional plagiarism', in
TS Roberts (ed.), Student plagiarism in an online
world: problems and solutions, Information Science
Reference, Hershey, New York, 2008, pp. 92-107.
Book of readings (example only – check with your lecturer)
6. JS Gregory, The West and China since 1500,
Palgrave, New York, 2003, pp. 72-97, in 'Europe,
empire and the world 1492-1914: course reader',
HIST1105, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, semester
1 2011.
Lecture notes given out during a lecture (example only –
check with your lecturer)
7. P Cole, 'Part 5: advanced electromagnetic theory',
lecture notes distributed in the topic 7052
Electromagnetic theory and RFID applications,
University of Adelaide, on 12 July 2010.
Notes





Use a superscript number in text (e.g. 1) with a new number in
order each time you cite ideas from any source. If two sources
are cited at the same point in-text, use only one number.
The full reference details appear as footnotes at the bottom of
each page (or sometimes end notes).
After the first citation, footnotes can be shortened – provide just
enough detail to be unambiguous, e.g.
8.
McGowan, p.100
In first citations, page numbers are given for whole chapters and
articles only. After the first citation, include specific page
numbers for each specific idea if possible.
A bibliography is not usually required.
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