Table 1. High nicotine dependence by selected socio-demographic characteristics in men aged 26 years and over – univariable logistic regression
Variable
Sex
Female
Male
Age (years)
26–29
30–39
40–49
50–59
≥60
Age at smoking onset
< 14
14–17
18–20
≥ 21
Education
Primary
Vocational
Secondary
High
Occupational classification
Economically not active
Employed
Unemployed
Place of residence
Rural
Urban
Asset Index
High
Middle
Low
Rules regarding smoking at home
Smoking is allowed
Smoking is prohibited– with some exceptions
Smoking is completely prohibited
No rules.
Awareness of smoking health consequences
Yes
No
Poland (N=1939)
N
n
%
N=1939
785
170
21.7
1154
364
31.5
N=1939
182
33
18.1
453
103
22.7
523
154
29.4
521
174
33.4
260
70
26.9
N=1880
44
20
45.5
583
220
37.7
806
186
23.1
447
89
19.9
N=1934
294
101
34.4
746
229
30.7
696
170
24.4
198
33
16.7
N=1939
587
168
28.6
1187
307
25.9
165
59
35.8
N=1939
911
255
28.0
1028
279
27.1
N=1922
1495
390
26.1
377
116
30.8
50
24
48.0
N=1934
975
313
32.1
488
114
23.4
270
43
15.9
201
62
30.8
N=1782
1566
399
25.5
216
76
35.2
OR (95% CI)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.7 (1.4–2.1)a
1.0 (Ref.)
1.4 (0.9–2.1)
1.9 (1.2–2.9)b
2.3 (1.5–3.4)a
1.7 (1.04–2.7)c
3.4 (1.8–6.3)a
2.4 (1.8–3.3)a
1.2 (0.9–1.6)
1.0 (Ref.)
2.6 (1.7–4.1)a
2.2 (1.5–3.3)a
1.6 (1.1– 2.4)a
1.0 (Ref.)
1.1 (0.92– 1.4)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (1.1–2.2)b
1.04 (0.9–1.3)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.3 (0.98–1.6)
2.6 (1.5–4.6)a
2.5 (1.8–3.6) a
1.6 (1.1–2.4)c
1.0 (Ref.)
2.4 (1.5–3.7)a
1.0 (Ref)
1.6 (1.2–2.2)b
Romania (N=867)
N
n
%
N=867
272
50
18.4
595
170
28.6
N=867
88
14
15.9
207
37
17.9
233
75
32.2
209
67
32.1
130
27
20.8
N=867
52
21
40.4
266
98
36.8
338
69
20.4
211
32
15.2
N=860
58
19
32.8
200
53
26.5
476
127
26.7
126
22
17.5
N=863
181
40
22.1
561
136
24.2
121
43
35.5
N=867
355
99
27.9
512
121
23.6
N=856
447
108
24.2
293
78
26.6
116
36
31.0
N=860
446
138
30.9
162
26
16.0
220
41
18.6
32
15
46.9
N=861
812
202
24.9
49
17
34.7
Russia (N=3558)
OR (95% CI)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.8 (1.3-2.5)b
1.0 (Ref.)
1.2 (0.7–2.1)
2.8 (1.7–4.6)a
2.7 (1.6–4.4)a
1.5 (0.8–2.7)
3.6 (1.9–6.7)a
2.8 (1.8–4.4)a
1.5 (0.95–2.3)
1.0 (Ref.)
2.3 (1.2-4.5)a
1.7 (0.98-2.9)
1.6 (0.97-2.5)
1.0 (Ref.)
0.9 (0.7-1.3)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.8 (1.2–2.8)b
1.3 (0.96-1.7)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.1 (0.8-1.6)
1.6 (1.03-2.4)c
1.9 (1.3-2.8)a
0.9 (0.6-1.5)
1.0 (Ref.)
4.4 (2.1-9.2)a
1.0 (Ref.)
1.7 (0.9-3.0)
N
N=3558
600
2958
N=3558
399
945
886
845
483
N=3557
288
1291
1229
749
N=3556
91
1349
1228
888
N=3554
590
2611
353
N=3558
1676
1882
N=3558
1399
1956
203
N=3553
945
1296
1059
253
N=3417
3013
404
Ukraine (N=1865)
n
%
OR (95% CI)
80
969
13.3
32.8
1.0 (Ref.)
3.2 (2.5–4.1)a
96
225
256
304
168
24.1
23.8
28.9
36.0
34.8
1.0 (Ref.)
0.99 (0.8–1.3)
1.3 (0.98–1.7)
1.8 (1.4–2.3)a
1.7 (1.3–2.3)a
151
420
313
164
52.4
32.5
25.5
21.9
3.9 (2.9–5.3)a
1.7 (1.4–2.1)a
1.2 (0.98–1.5)
1.0 (Ref.)
41
406
412
190
45.1
30.1
33.6
21.4
3.0 (1.9–4.7)a
1.6 (1.3–1.93)a
1.9 (1.5– 2.3)a
1.0 (Ref.)
194
720
134
32.9
27.6
38.0
1.3 (1.1– 1.6)c
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (1.2–2.1)a
555
494
33.1
26.2
1.4 (1.2–1.6)a
1.0 (Ref.)
360
605
84
25.7
30.9
41.4
1.0 (Ref.)
1.3 (1.1–1.5)b
2.0 (1.5–2.8)a
333
377
254
83
35.2
29.1
24.0
32.8
1.7 (1.4–2.1)a
1.3 (1.1–1.6)b
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (1.2–2.1)b
883
117
29.3
29.0
1.0 (Ref.)
0.98 (0.8–1.2)
N
N=1865
240
1625
N=1865
217
541
433
385
289
N=1840
175
634
678
353
N=1861
122
802
649
288
N=1860
357
1185
318
N=1865
906
959
N=1865
755
884
226
N=1864
344
604
847
69
N=1753
1596
157
n
%
OR (95% CI)
25
458
10.4
28.2
1.0 (Ref.)
3.4 (2.2–5.2)a
27
136
125
116
79
12.4
25.1
28.9
30.1
27.3
1.0 (Ref.)
2.4 (1.5–3.7)a
2.9 (1.8–4.5)a
3.0 (1.9–4.8)a
2.7 (1.6–4.3)a
78
198
147
57
44.6
31.2
21.7
16.1
3.7 (2.5–5.6)a
2.4 (1.7–3.3)a
1.5 (1.04–2.0)c
1.0 (Ref.)
48
181
215
37
39.3
22.6
33.1
12.8
4.4 (2.7–7.3)a
2.0 (1.4–2.9)a
3.4 (2.3–4.9)a
1.0 (Ref.)
98
265
120
27.5
22.4
37.7
1.3 (1. 1–7)c
1.0 (Ref.)
2.2 (1.6–2.8)a
274
209
30.2
21.8
1.6 (1.3–1.9)a
1.0 (Ref.)
160
243
80
21.2
27.5
35.4
1.0 (Ref.)
1.4 (1.1–1.8)b
2.0 (1.5–2.8)a
119
169
173
22
34.6
28.0
20.4
31.9
2.1 (1.6–2.7)a
1.5 (1.2–1.9)a
1.0 (Ref.)
1.8 (1.1–3.1)c
394
55
24.7
35.0
1.0 (Ref.)
1.5 (1.1–2.0)b
Awareness of ETS health consequences
Yes
No
Level of support for tobacco control
High
Medium
Low
N=1624
1312
312
N=1476
829
416
231
353
91
26.9
29.2
1.0 (Ref.)
1.1 (0.9–1.5)
202
137
64
24.4
32.9
27.7
1.0 (Ref.)
1.5 (1.2–2.0)a
1.2 (0.9–1.7)
N=854
784
70
N=839
353
431
55
188
25
24.0
35.7
1.0 (Ref.)
1.9 (1.2-3.1)b
82
111
19
23.2
25.8
34.5
1.0 (Ref.)
1.1 (0.8-1.5)
1.53 (0.9-2.7)
p ≤ 0.001
p ≤ 0.01
c
p ≤ 0.05
N- total number of daily smokers
n - daily smokers highly dependent on nicotine (Heaviness of Smoking Index: score 4-6)
OR- odds ratio for high nicotine dependence by selected characteristics
95% CI-95% confidence interval
Ref. – reference group
a
b
N=3218
2544
674
N=3558
1950
1314
294
722
215
28.4
31.9
1.0 (Ref.)
1.2 (0.98–1.4)
532
403
114
27.3
30.7
38.8
1.0 (Ref.)
1.2 (1.01–1.4)c
1.7 (1.3–2.2)a
N=1604
1402
202
N=1865
936
881
48
332
74
23.7
36.6
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (1.2–2.0)a
220
256
7
23.5
29.1
14.6
1.0 (Ref.)
1.3 (1.1.-1.6)c
0.6 (0.3- 1.3)
Table 2. High nicotine dependence by selected socio-demographic characteristics in men aged 26 years and over – Multivariable logistic regressiona
Variable
Sex
Female
Male
Age (years)
26–29
30–39
40–49
50–59
≥60
Age at smoking onset
< 14
14–17
18–20
≥ 21
Education
Primary
Vocational
Secondary
High
Occupational classification
Economically not active
Employed
UnemployedPlace of residence
Rural
Urban
Asset Index
High
Middle
Low
Rules regarding smoking at home
Smoking is allowed
Smoking is prohibited– with some exceptions
Smoking is completely prohibited
No rules
Awareness of smoking health consequences
Yes
Poland
Romania
Russia
Ukraine
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.5 (1.1–2.0) b
1.0 (Ref.)
1.5 (1.01-2.2)d
1.0 (Ref.)
2.7 (2.1–3.5)b
1.0 (Ref.)
2.6 (1.7–4.2)b
1.0 (Ref.)
1.4 (0.8–2.3)
1.8 (1.1–3.1)d
1.9 (1.2–3.3)c
1.5 (0.8–2.9)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.5 (0.9–2.8)
4.1 (2.3–7.1)b
4.8 (2.7–8.4)b
2.0 (1.0–4.1)d
1.0 (Ref.)
1.0 (0.8–1.3)
1.3 (1.0–1.7)
1.7 (1.3–2.3)b
1.4 (0.9–2.0)
1.0 (Ref.)
2.4 (1.5–3.9)b
2.8 (1.8– 4.6)b
2.9 (1.8–4.8)b
2.2 (1.1–4.3)d
3.8 (1.8–8.4) b
2.5 (1.7–3.6) b
1.2 (0.8–1.6)
1.0 (Ref.)
5.0 (2.4–10.2) b
3.5 (2.1–5.8) b
1.7 (1.0–2.7) c
1.0 (Ref.)
3.0 (2.2–4.1)b
1.5 (1.2–1.9)b
1.1 (0.9–1.4)
1.0 (Ref.)
3.1 (2.0–4.9)b
1.9 (1.3–2.7)b
1.2 (0.8–1.7)
1.0 (Ref.)
2.6 (1.4–4.9)c
2.0 (1.2–3.6)c
1.7 (0.95–3.0)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.2 (0.5-2.9)
1.2 (0.6-2.1)
1.2 (0.7-2.0)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (0.9–2.6)
1.2 (1.0–1.5)
1.3 (1.0–1.6)d
1.0 (Ref.)
3.0 (1.7–5.4)b
1.5 (1.0–2.2)
2.3 (1.5– 3.5)b
1.0 (Ref.)
1.1 (0.8–1.6)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.4 (0.9–2.1)
0.9 (0.6-1.4)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.5 (0.9-2.3)
1.0 (0.7–1.4)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.2 (0.9–1.6)
0.9 (0.6–1.5)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (1.1–2.1)c
1.2 (1.0–1.4)d
1.0 (Ref.)
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.1 (0.8–1.5)
0.9 (0.4–1.8)
1.0 (Ref.)
0.8 (0.5-1.1)
0.7 (0.4-1.3)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.3 (0.9–1.8)
1.2 (1.0–1.4)
1.0 (Ref.)
0.8 (0.6–1.2)
0.8 (0.6–1.0)
1.9 (1.2–3.0)c
1.7 (1.1–2.6)d
1.0 (Ref.)
2.0 (1.2–3.5)c
2.0 (1.3-3.0)b
1.0 (0.6-1.7)
1.0 (Ref.)
3.0 (1.4-6.8)b
1.8 (1.4–2.2)b
1.3 (1.1– 1.6)c
1.0 (Ref.)
1.5 (1.1–2.1)d
2.1 (1.5–2.9)b
1.6 (1.2–2.1)b
1.0 (Ref.)
1.4 (0.8–2.5)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.0 (Ref.)
No
Awareness of ETS health consequences
Yes
No
Level of support for tobacco control
High
Medium
Low
a
1.3 (0.9–2.0)
1.0 (0.7–1.5)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (0.9-2.7)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.6 (1.1–2.1)c
0.9 (0.6–1.3)
Fully adjusted model including stat.
p ≤ 0.001
c
p ≤ 0.01
d
p ≤ 0.05
OR- odds ratio for high nicotine dependence by selected characteristics
95% CI-95% confidence interval
Ref. – reference group
b
1.0 (Ref.)
1.4 (0.9–2.0)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.4 (1.1–1.7)c
1.3 (0.7–2.2)
1.0 (Ref.)
1.2 (0.9–1.6)
0.9 (0.3–2.9)
Table 3. Quitting advice and attempts among daily smokers
Poland
N=1939
Quit attempts during the past 12 months
Yes
568
No
1371
Visited healthcare provider in the last year
Yes
1171
No
767
Healthcare provider asked if smoking tobacco*
Yes
733
No
436
Healthcare provider advised quitting**
Yes
578
No
153
Thinking about quiting
Within the next month
169
Within the next 12 month
435
Someday but not within the next 12 month
367
Not interested in quitting
757
a
Romania
Not-heavily
dependent
smokers
n=1405
(72.4%)
Heavily
dependent
smokers
n =534
(27.6%)
430 (30.6%)
975 (69.4%)
Russia
N=867
Not-heavily
dependent
smokers
n=647
(74.6%)
Heavily
dependent
smokers
n=220
(25.4%)
138 (25.8%)
396 (74.2%)
301
564
228 (35.3%)
417 (64.7%)
859 (61.2%)
545 (38.8%)
312 (58.4%)
222 (41.6%)
439
428
521 (60.7%)
337 (39.3%)
212 (68.2%)a
99 (31.8%)
400 (77.1%)
119 (22.9%)
138 (11.1%)
347 (27.9%)
251 (20.2%)
509 (40.9%)
Ukraine
N=3558
Not-heavily
dependent
smokers
n=2509
(70.5%)
Heavily
dependent
smokers
n=1049
(29.5%)
N=1865
Not-heavily
dependent
smokers
n=1382
(74.1%)
Heavily
dependent
smokers
n =483
(25.9%)
73 (33.2%)
147 (66.8%)
949
2605
694 (27.7%)
1812 (72.3%)
255 (24.3%)a
793 (75.7%)
582
1282
439 (31.8%)
942 (68.2%)
143 (29.6%)
340 (70.4%)
341 (52.7%)
306 (47.3%)
98 (44.5%)a
122 (55.5%)
1810
1736
1300 (36.7%)
1201 (63.3%)
510 (48.9%)c
535 (51.1%)
506
1358
396 (27.1%)
985 (72.9%)
110 (22.8%)
372 (7725%)
374
65
296 (86.8%)
45 (13.2%)
78 (79.6%)
20 (20.4%)
864
946
590 (45.4%)
713 (54.6%)
274 (53.7%)c
236 (46.3%)
234
272
179 (45.2%)
217 (54.8%)
55 (50.0%)
55 (50.0%)
178 (84.0%)a
34 (16.0%)
318
56
251 (84.8%)
45 (15.2%)
67 (85.9%)
11 (14.1%)
656
205
442 (75.2%)
146 (24.8%)
214 (78.4%)
59 (21.6%)
183
51
138 (77.1%)
41 (22.9%)
45 (81.8%)
10 (18.2%)
31 (6.4%)b
88 (18.2%)c
116 (24.0%)
248 (51.3%)c
62
137
336
294
49 (8.0%)
114 (18.5%)
252 (41.0%)
200 (32.5%)
13 (6.1%)
23 (10.7%)b
84 (39.3%)
94 (43.9%)b
85
277
1491
1432
66 (2.9%)
219 (9.5%)
1143 (49.6%)
878 (38.1%)
19 (1.9%)
58 (5.9%)c
348 (35.5%)c
554 (56.6%)c
94
306
784
552
70 (5.5%)
250 (19.6%)
603 (47.3%)
351 (27.6%)
24 (5.2%)
56 (12.1%)c
181 (39.2%)c
201 (43.5%)c
p ≤ 0.05 heavily addicted smokers vs not-heavily addicted smokers.
p ≤ 0.01 heavily addicted smokers vs not-heavily addicted smokers.
c
p ≤ 0.001 heavily addicted smokers vs not-heavily addicted smokers.
* restricted to respondents who visited a healthcare provider within the past year
** restricted to respondents who visited a healthcare provider within the past year and were asked whether they smoked
b