AP Psychology
Unit 8 – Motivation and Work – Guide to Your Study
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Motivation
Freudian motivation
Instinct
Drive-reduction theory
Homeostasis
Incentive/incentive theory
o Conditioned
incentives (craving
vs. wanting)
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic
motivation
Overjustification
Cognitive consistency theory
o Cognitive
dissonance
o Self-perception
theory
Hierarchy of needs
o Self-transcendence
needs
o Self-actualization
needs
o Esteem needs
o Belongingness and
love needs
o Safety needs
o Physiological needs
Agency
Pathways
Evolutionary theory
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Natural selection
Genetic
predispositions
Arousal theory
Ethology
Optimal arousal theory
Sensation-seeking
Glucose
Insulin
o Hypo vs.
hyperglycemic
o Diabetes
Hypothalamus
o VMH
o LH
o Arcuate
Glucostatic theory
Ghrelin
Leptin
CCK
Social coaction
Thrifty genes and obesity
Set point
Basal metabolic rate
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder
Objectification theory
Sexual motivation
Sexual response cycle
Excitement phase
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Vasocongestion
Plateau phase
Orgasm phase
Refractory period
Resolution
Gender differences in
sexuality
Sexual disorder
Estrogen
Testosterone
Sexual orientation
Studies on sexual aggression
and rape
ostracism
Flow
Industrial-organizational
psychology
Personnel psychology
Organizational psychology
Human factors psychology
Structured interviews
Achievement motivation
Task leadership
Social leadership
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Martin Seligman
Cumulative Information
Biology, Learning + Essay
Review questions:
1. From what perspectives do psychologists view motivated behavior?
2. What physiological factors produce hunger?
3. What psychological and cultural factors influence hunger?
4. How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological forces
on physiologically motivated behaviors?
5. What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
6. What stages mark the human sexual response cycle?
7. Do hormones influence human sexual motivation?
8. How do internal and external stimuli influence sexual motivation?
9. What factors influence teen pregnancy and risk of sexually transmitted infections?
10. What has research taught us about sexual orientation?
11. Is scientific research on sexual motivation value free?
12. What evidence points to our human need to belong?
13. How do personnel psychologists help organizations with employee selection, work placement, and performance
appraisal?
14. What is the role of organizational psychologists?
Practice Questions
1.
__________ is the idea that physiological needs
create an aroused state that motivates an organism
to reduce the need.
a. Instinct theory
b. Drive-reduction theory
c. Self-assertion theory
d. Arousal theory
e. Hierarchy of needs
2.
Attempts to control social behavior by using the
punishing effects of isolation is an example of
a. Attachment disorder
b. Ostracism
c. Exploitation
d. Wanting to belong
e. Conforming
3.
4.
5.
___________ explains why, when our biological
needs are satisfied, we may still feel driven to
experience stimulation
a. Incentive
b. Homeostasis
c. Instinct
d. Arousal theory
e. Physiology
Why does weight loss come slowly following a rapid
loss during the initial three weeks of a rigorous
diet?
a. The number of fat cells makes further
weight loss impossible
b. When a person’s hunger increases,
metabolism increases
c. When an obese person’s set point has
been reached, weight loss increases
dramatically
d. The body reacts as if it’s being starved and
metabolic rates drop
e. An obese person cannot maintain a
rigorous weight loss diet
In Eric Stice’s study of adolescent girls, vulnerable
girls were more likely to exhibit which of the
following tendencies?
a. Increased body dissatisfaction
b. Less self-consciousness
c. Increased acceptance of their own body
image
d. Reduction in eating disorders
e. Decrease in academic performance
6.
Which of the following is the best biological
explanation for why the human body stores fat?
a. Fat signals affluence and social status
b. Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when
food is scarce
c. Fat is a display of abundant food sources
d. Fat keeps the body warm in winter
climates
e. Fat combats the global epidemic of
diabetes
7.
What do we call a need or desire that energizes and
directs behavior?
a. Incentive
b. Refractory period
c. Emotion
d. Motivation
e. Instinct
8.
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a
framework that
a. Aims to eliminate arousal
b. Explains our homeostatic system
c. Helps to describe human motivation
d. Helps people read self-transcendence
e. Is universally fixed
9.
Which of the following will likely increase an
adolescent’s odds of pregnancy or contracting a
sexually transmitted disease?
a. High intelligence
b. Father presence
c. Religious engagement
d. Sexual orientation
e. Ignorance
10. Current research suggests that sexual orientation is
most likely the result of
a. Biology
b. Intelligence
c. Social problems
d. Mental health
e. Culture
11. What is the tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state?
a. Hierarchy of needs
b. Basal metabolic rate
c. Homeostasis
d. Instinct
e. Motivation
12. A person who eats excessively and never seems to
feel full may have which of the following
conditions?
a. Tumor in the hypothalamus
b. Too much insulin
c. Stomach ulcer
d. Stomach bypass surgery
e. Too much obestatin
13. Which of the following is one of the stages of the
human sexual cycle?
a. Plateau
b. Vasocongestion
c. Attraction
d. Compensation
e. Bingeing
14. Which of the following would fall within the realm
of human factors psychology?
a. Developing hiring procedures that enable
businesses to hire the right person for the
a job
b. Applying successful motivational
techniques in the workplace
c. Focusing on workers’ rights to a safe work
environment
d. Researching the fairest way for
management and labor to negotiate
contracts
e. Designing controls for a machine that
allow people to operate it efficiently and
safely
15. A fast-growing profession that applies psychology’s
principles to the workplace is called
a. Industrial-organizational psychology
b. Gallup psychology
c. A psychological contract
d. Attention user interface
e. Harnessing strengths
16. Managers who excel at social leadership
a. Organize work tasks efficiently
b. Keep work groups on task
c. Set appropriate goals
d. Produce high morale in their workers
e. Are directive in their interactions with
their workers
17. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has observed that between
the anxiety of being overwhelmed and stressed,
and the apathy of being underwhelmed and bored,
lies a zone in which people experience
a. A calling
b. External rewards
c. Flow
d. Dissatisfaction
e. distraction