COMMONWEALTH ASSOCATION FOR EDUCATION,
ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
ISSN NO 2322-0147
VOLUME 2 ISSUE 9
September
2014
Morphometric Analysis of Umred Watershed of
Wainganga River Basin: Using Cartosat DEM and GIS
techniques
(EDITOR-IN-CHIEF)
DR MUJIBUL HASAN SIDDIQUI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,
ALIGARH-202002,
UTTAR PRADESH,
INDIA
website: www.ocwjournalonline.com
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Research (Multi- subject journal)
Excellence International Journal Of Education And Research VOLUME 2 ISSUE 9
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Morphometric Analysis of Umred Watershed of Wainganga River Basin:
Using Cartosat DEM and GIS techniques.
By
Mohammad Suhail
Research Scholar
Department of West Asian Studies
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh.
India.
Email- Id: ms13153@gmail.com.
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to understand watershed morphometry with the integration of Cartosat
(DEM) of ISRO’s Stereoscope panchromatic mission (2.5 meter spatial resolution), LISS-III Optical data
with standard FCC band combination and GIS technique. Moreover, such morphometric analysis having
imperative space in any hydrological investigation and can play inevitable role in the development and
management of drainage basin and water resources. A critical evaluation and assessment of morphometric
parameters such as linear, aerial and relief, overall 27 parameters have been selected for this study which
includes Stream order, Bifurcation ratio, Stream length, Cumulative Stream length, Stream frequency,
Circulatory Ratio, Slope, Aspect, Relief ratio, Elongation Ratio, Drainage Density, Perimeter, Texture
Ratio etc. for Umred watershed of Wainganga river basin in Nagpur district of Maharashtra, India.
Further, the spatial characteristics and the analysis of these variables are taken into consideration
with the help of conventional tools as well as emerging geo-spatial techniques. Digital image processing
and edge enhancement process enables in this paper for extraction of substantial information and
interpretation of LISS-III data facilitated with the help of ARCGIS v. 9.3 and Erdas Imagine v. 9.2
softwares.
Finding shows that dendrite drainage pattern with low density in watershed pertaining to
permeable landscape and small runoff potential. Lesser bifurcation ratio has been noticed which indicates
lack of structural control on the drainage pattern. Line of best fit and 2nd order polynomial coefficient also
employ for establishment of logarithms of streams length and order relationship. Finally, this study would
help to understand watershed quantitive morphometry and its utilization for assessment and management
of the resources on a sustainable basis.
Keywords: Cartosat, DEM, Remote Sensing and GIS, Watershed, Morphometric Parameters.
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Introduction:
Watershed is a natural hydrological entity that drains streams and run-off to a common
outlet such as the outflow of a reservoir, mouth of a bay, or any point along a stream or channel.
It may consider as the basic unit of the water supply which evolves over a period of time. Ridges
and hills that disintegrate two watersheds are known as drainage divider. But fortunately, the
word watershed is sometimes used interchangeably use with drainage basin or catchment. The
size of a watershed can vary from fraction of hectares to thousands of square kilometers. On the
basis of area, watersheds can be classified into micro watershed (0 to 10 ha), small watershed (10
to 40 ha), mini watershed (40 to 200 ha), sub watershed (200 to 400 ha), macro watershed (400
to 1000 ha), river basin (above 1000 ha) (Sharmah, et, al. 2012). Question of Watersheds
management are become very pertinent in present scene because it provide seasonal flow of
water to domestic, industrial and agricultural water use. Rapid growth in population and
industrialization are leading to serious daunting of water resources. The factsheet focuses on
water pollution due to human activities such as by lead, mercury, cyanide; nitrates, radioactivity
and pesticides are the main threat to human health (Birley, MH, 1995, WHO (IPCS), 2000).
On the other hand, morphometry deals with the shape or geometry of any natural formbe it plant, animal or relief feature (Strahler, 1969). Often, morphometry refer as the
mathematical measurement, analysis and description of earth’s surface with respect to its shape,
dimensions and relief. Moreover, morphometric analysis of watershed requires measurement of
linear features, gradient of channel network and contributing ground slopes of drainage basin
(Lobeck, 1939; Dury, 1952; Clark, 1958). Convectional study of watershed morphometry based
on qualitative as well as qualitative approach includes Horton (1945), Miller (1953), Strahler
(1964), Morisawa (1959) etc. While, with the advancement of satellite technology, effective
analysis of morphometric parameters such as linear and aerial, the modern approach of remote
sensing and geographic information system (GIS) had been a common platform among the
researcher. (Srivastava et al., 1995; Srivastava, 1997; Nag, 1998; Agarwal 1998; Biswas et al.,
1999; Vittala et al., 2004; Reddy et al., 2004; Nag and Lahiri 2011; Sharmah, et, al. 2012).
Such morphometric analysis having imperative space in any hydrological investigation
and can play inevitable role in the development and management of drainage basin and water
resources. A critical evaluation and assessment of morphometric parameters such as linear and
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aerial parameters have been selected for this study which includes Stream order, Bifurcation
ratio, Stream length, Stream frequency, Sinuosity factor, Circulatory Ratio, Elongation Ratio,
Drainage Density, etc.
The main purpose of this study are to generate stream properties and hydrological
behavior from the measurement of various morphometric attributes which will bestow to forecast
the watershed discharge, drainage basin characteristics and simulation. Assortment of
hydrological events can be explore and evaluate by the analysis of morphometric variables. For
instances, mean annual flood is generally correlated with drainage area and drainage density
(Nouh, 1987). Present study will also be helpful for future work enhancement on watershed
management level into various arenas as Soil and land management, Water management, Crop
management, afforestation, energy management, community management and so on.
Study area:
Geologically, the study area comprises of Precambrian rocks to recent alluvium with the
thick succession of Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks deposits. Tectonically, watershed is a
part of NW-SE elongated Graben Valley of Godavari River. Sedimentary rocks are grouped into
Gondwana sequence that is known for its rich coal deposits. An elliptical shape watershed lies in
Umred Taluka of Nagpur district (Figure: 1). Geographically, watershed is spread over between
latitude 20˚51′48″ N to 20˚58′13″ N and longitude 79˚07′83″ E to 79˚18′04″ E with an area of
131.915 sq. km. Many of villages and Nagpur city along the watershed are situated and NH-7
bordering it at West, Nagpur City towards North, Muniya Reserved Forest to Southern and
Wainganga River at East. Further, watershed falls in Survey of India (1:50000) toposheets no. 55
L/1, 55 H/13, 55 K/4.
Moreover, It compasses semi arid climate, winter season endure from October to
February while, December and January are severely cold. The average day temperature is
about 270C and reaches at 140C in night but sometimes it can descend by 50C. Temperature
increase starts from the month of March and reach hottest in May with average at 400C to 470C.
Study area mainly experiences rainfall from south-west monsoon. It rains from June to
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September with average rainfall of 800-900 mm annually. The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours
recorded at Umred station was 330.20 mm. (13.00 inches) August 14, 1953
Figure: 1 Study area Location.
It also marks gravelly clay loam soil with severe erosion and low land capability with
some amount of fine sand and silt. Moreover, soil having medium porosity and higher bulk
density in the watershed region. In the watershed area land use / land cover having more than 60
percent of the land area in the agricultural land.
Database and methodology:
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To carry out the study and to analyze morphometric parameters remote sensing data,
other ancillary data, GIS and image processing software (Erdas Imagine v. 9.2, Arc GIS v. 9.3
and ILWIS v. 3.4), are used in an appropriate manner. The specifications of data used are
tabulated in the table 1. Moreover, methodology includes a systematic approach towards
morphometric parameters investigation of Umred basin watershed. First of all, toposheets are
geo-referenced with the help of Erdas Imagine software to the projection UTM, spheroid WGS84, datum WGS-84 and zone 44 with less than half pixel RMS error. Then, mosaic process had
done for all toposheets for making digitization to demarcate watershed boundary layer.
Table: 1 Acquired satellite and other data for the present study.
Satellite/Sensor
Tile name
Resourcesat-1/
LISS-III
F44T05
100
57
Resourcesat-1/
LISS-III
F44T01
100
57
Cartosat1/PAN(2.5m)
Stereo Data
Path
F44T
Upper right: X =
80E, Y = 21N
Lower right: X =
80E, Y = 20N
Row
Satellite Data
Acquisition Acquired date
Date
via FTP
19-Oct-08
2/1/2012
19-Oct-08
2/1/2012
20/08/2011
Upper left: X =
79E, Y = 21N
Lower left: X =
79E, Y = 20N
2/1/2012
Characteristics
Ortho-Rectified, Number of
Bands: 4 (VNIR and SWIR)
Spatial Resolution: 23.5 m.
Swath: 141 km.
Spectral Resolution: 7 Bit,
Revisit period 24 days.
Ortho-Rectified, Number of
Bands: 4 (VNIR and SWIR)
spatial resolution: 23.5 m.
Swath: 141 km.
Spectral Resolution: 7 Bit,
Revisit period 24 days.
Ortho-Rectified, Number of
Bands: 1 PAN (500-850 nm)
Spatial Resolution: 2.5 m (1arc
sec), Swath: 29.42 km.
Spectral Resolution: 10 Bit,
Revisit period 5 days.
Other Data
Source/Sources
Topo-Sheets
Survey of India: No. 55 L/1, 55 H/13, 55 K/4 at 1:50000
This layer is utilized for creating subset of Cartosat DEM and LISS-III derived image
data. The slope, aspect, drainage network map are generated using special analysis tools in Arc
GIS software to establish a spatial database for deciding watershed morphometric parameters.
Edge enhancement and filtering algorithms are applied on LISS-III data. Integration of these
layers of LISS-III data and Cartosat DEM are derived with the help of Erdas Imagine for
accuracy check.
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Further, analysis of morphometry has to be divided into three sections as linear, aerial,
and relief inquisition. Among linear and aerial morphometric parameters that were determined
by utilizing the digital special database are stream orders (Strahler), stream length, bifurcation
ratio, basin area, basin length, drainage density, form factor, circularity, elongation ratio,
perimeter etc. Relief factor includes channel gradient, watershed slope, aspect ratio, relief ratio,
ruggedness number and so on.
Result and Discussion:
The investigation of morphometric characteristic of Umred basin watershed had
been gone through a systematic approach towards quantization. Different parameters had
been studied but in simple understanding it is divided into three parts namely linear,
aerial and relief.
1. Linear aspect of studied watershed:
In order to analyze linear aspect of watershed the first step is to determine the stream
order classification with the help of Cartosat DEM. Channel segments has been
categorize according Strahler (1964) hierarchical approach.
Table: 2 linear parameters of watershed.
Tot_Seg
Cum_Strm
Bifur_ Strm_m Cum_M_
Log
Log
_Lngth
Seg_Lngth
Rt
_Ln
Strm_Ln
Nu
Lu
Lu (Km)
(Km)
(Rb)
(Lu')
(Km)
1
94
72.77
72.77
0.77
0.77
1.97 1.86
2
39
32.54
105.31
2.24
0.83
1.61
1.59 1.51
3
30
19.12
124.42
1.70
0.64
2.25
1.48 1.28
4
15
9.23
133.65
2.07
0.62
2.86
1.18 0.97
Mean
44.50
33.41
--2.00
Strm_Ord: Stream Order, N_Seg: No. of Segments, Tot_Seg_Lngth Lu: Total Segment Length,
Cum_Strm Seg_Lngth: Cumulative Stream Segment Length, Bifur_Rt: Bifurcation Ratio,
Strm_m_Ln: Stream mean length, M_Bifur_Rt: Mean Bifurcation Ratio, Cum_M_Strm_Ln:
Cumulative Mean Stream Length.
Strm_
Ord(u)
N_Seg
(Nu)
It is consider that ordering of stream follows a proportional relation with the size of
watershed and channel dimension to the stream discharge. Water flows from the head towards
the mouth in a river system, streams gradually increase their width and depth with increasing
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volume of discharge. Watershed represents 4th order and relatively less discharge due to
homogeneity in texture and lack of structure control (all linear results are summarized in table: 2
and figure: 2). Dendrite drainage pattern also observed in the study area with a parallel drainage
channel that joined the main channel at approximately same angle. It has suggested that the study
area has gentle and uniform slope.
Moreover, to analyze surface runoff characteristic of
watershed basin, stream length is another significant hydrological feature. Short length stream
are represents the area of fine texture and steep slope whereas long length vice versa. Present
study considers both length of streams and cumulative length for the watershed. Length
measurement has been taken through GIS technique in special analyst tool of Arc GIS software.
Figure: 2 (A and B) Cartosat derived digital elevation model and drainage order system.
For understanding geometry and lithological control of present watershed classical
bifurcation ratio (Strahler, 1964; Horton, 1945) has been utilized. Estimated ratio represents
elongation of watershed and lower value of bifurcation as comparative to typical range of 3 to 5.
Watershed does not have any impact of structural disturbances.
The second order polynomial regression line also had been fit between stream order as
independent variable and stream number and length dependant variable for verification Horton’s
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(1945) principle of stream order. It is states that the numbers of stream segments of each order
follow an inverse geometric relationship with small deviation from a straight line (Figure: 3).
Figure: 3 Regression and 2nd order polynomial line of stream order as independent variable
with respect to algorithm stream number and order dependently.
2
y = 0.0203x2 - 0.3518x + 2.2819
y = -0.2505x + 2.1806
R² = 0.9682
R² = 0.9632
Log Nu
2
y = 0.0083x2 - 0.3337x + 2.1772
R² = 0.9952
Log
Lu
1.8
1.6
Log of Stream Length (Lu)
Log of Stream Number (Nu)
2.5
1.4
1.5
y = -0.2921x + 2.1356
R² = 0.9945
1.2
1
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0
1
2
3
4 Stream Order (u)
0
1
2
3
4 Stream order (u)
According to that the present study area had gone behind similar stream order
characteristics. Prediction also put together on about stream order rationale. Regression
coefficients are positive with respective to both about stream length and orders. It is indication of
homogeneous rock material and low relief feature and also elongated shape but rock material is a
subject to weathering and mass wasting. Weathering and mass wasting needs a separate study, so
the discussion about it ignored in present context. In general, finding of linear arena of present
watershed shows that region has occupied by the low relief feature and shifting toward base
level.
2. Aerial parameterization of studied watershed:
Illustrations are made on parameterization of aerial behavior of watershed to investigate
basin shape and dimensions. This section is devoted to various quantitative variables which are
summarized in table 4. Basin area and perimeter of watershed are the two most significant
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variables which are 131.915 sq. Km. and 20.788 Km. respectively. Studies of basin
morphometric analysis (Chorley, et. al, 1957; Singh and Srivastava, 1974) establish pertinent
hydrological relationship between magnitude of peak and mean runoff to storm hydrograph.
Further, the size of storm and maximum flood discharge per unit had significant inverse
relationship.
Table: 4 Aerial parameters of watershed.
Basin Area sq. km.
Length of Basin (Lb) Km.
Stream frequency
Texture Ratio
Basin Perimeter (P) Km.
Circularity Ratio (Rc)
Shape Factor ratio
Drainage Density
Form Factor (Rf)
Elongation Ratio (Re)
131.915
20.7885
1.349
1.566
60.0385
0.45988
3.2760
1.01315
0.30524
0.62342
Stream frequency (Hortan, 1932) and texture (Schumm, 1965) ratios are 1.35 and
1.57 respectively. It shows that low percolation into groundwater adjacent to shear zone
whereas texture ration indicate coarse size rock particles. In addition to this, it is control
by underlying lithology, infiltration capacity and relief aspect ratio. Dimension of
watershed is near to elongated because of low form factor as 0.31 but shape factor
approving it ellipsoid. It also imply that the watershed have a cajole peak of flow for
longer duration. Flood like phenomenon will be effortless to manage than of the high
form factor watershed.
Moreover, circularity ratio (Muller, 1953) found as 0.45 Km-1 in study area, which
is an indication of elongated and permeable geological conditions with low runoff. Again
elongation ratio as 0.62 Km-1 and drainage density as 1.01 Km-1 shows that low relief and
base level condition. Drainage density (Hortan, 1945 and Strahler, 1958) is a pertinent
tool for quantitative expression of dissected analysis of morphogenesis of landforms.
Low drainage density of study area is due to negligible soil and vegetation cover, buried
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pediment, younger alluvium, denudational hill and flat top of plateau which is also
observe in standard FCC of LISS-III optical data.
3. Relief morphology of study area:
Relief variable includes aspect, slope, channel gradient, relief ratio, ruggedness number
and relative relief factor in present paper which are summarize in table 5. North aspect ratio
represents around 57 percent of relief whereas south aspect around 43 percent as a result of
direction of major fracture and fault lines (figure: 4) and these fractures and fault lines are
running along the N-S direction (Brown, et.al, 1989). However, aspect ratio is an important
hydrological parameter due to runoff induction and infiltration of water into capillary.
Table: 5 Relief parameters of watershed.
Relief Ratio (Rh = H/Lb)
Ruggedness Number (Rn = D*H)
Relative Relief Ratio
Channel Gradient
Aspect Ratio (North)
Aspect Ratio (South)
0.005
0.103
0.170
1.172
56.580
43.420
Moreover, inclination of terrain depends on several factors as climate, geology,
tectonic action, relief feature and so on. General behavior of inclination of terrain has
been analyzed through area under covered by the slope (table: 6 and figure: 4). Further,
Around 92 percent of total area is fall within 1-5 percent inclination in the present study
area. Channel gradient as 1.17 is very low and indicate that drainage density has the little impact
on denudational agents. Surface runoff will not slickly remove from watershed area and hence
drift the region into flooding and erosion. Increase in discharge enables sediment load toward
transportation capacity but it is still subject to changing slope. Sediment characteristic and rock
wasting are the result of relief ratio (Schumm, 1956).
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Table: 6 Slope statistics of the study area.
Sl. no.
Slope
Area in sq km
Area in (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1-3%
3-5%
5-10%
10-15%
15-35%
35-50%
71.52
49.88
3.56
1.66
4.18
1.11
54.21879
37.81366
2.69881
1.258434
3.168827
0.841483
It has been observed that low relief value as 0.005 is due to resistant basement rock and
associated slope degree. Large area covered by squat degree of slope with lesser relief suggested
trivial amount of sediment loose per unit area.
Figure: 4 Aspect and Slope map of study area.
In addition to that Ruggedness number (Strahler, 1968) suggests gentle slope with low
relief. It means that present study area is not as much of prone to soil erosion and inherent
structural control over a period of time.
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Conclusion:
Remote Sensing and GIS techniques are immense imperatives as significant tool in
hydrological and morphological study of watersheds and river basin evaluation. New vistas of
digitally derived satellite data with fine spatial resolution are providing precise geometry and
dimensionality for watershed analysis. The prospect of quickly coalesce of spatial data of
different layers in GIS environment has leading towards investigation of hydrological
applications and simulation. Present study is the output of Cartosat derived digital elevation
model with the integration of some spatial information. Different layers have been generated
through various mathematical algorithms in GIS environment. Algorithms include flow
direction, flow accumulation, slope, aspect, drainage network and so on. Result shows that
watershed is a 4th order stream network with dendrite type of drainage of low density. It has
homogeneity in texture with coarse to fine grained rock granule and lack of structural control due
to resistance of rock material. Study area is flat top with low slope and relief which verified
channel gradient law of positive relationship with relief ratio (Singh, 1994). It is also observed
that around 92 percent of total area is less than 1 to 5 degree of inclination.
Acknowledgment: I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to National Remote
Sensing Centre, Hyderabad for providing me satellite data for present outcome. I am also
indebted to training team of NRSC, especially head of the training division Dr. D. Vijyan, Sr.
Scientist, for giving me valuable training and stimulation for understanding the concept of
remote sensing.
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