Supporting information
Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials - a literature review of assessment status
M. Miseljic a*, S.I. Olsen a
a
Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Management Engineering (DTU-MAN), Division for
Quantitative Sustainability Assessment (QSA), 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
*Corresponding author: mirm@dtu.dk, +45 4525-1642 (telephone)
Table 3: Calculation of HC50 for spherical Ag ENMs from aquatic species data for three trophic levels. Details of
deriving HC50 can be found in Larsen & Hauschild (2007a & 2007b) and Rosenbaum et al. (2008).
Trophic level
Taxa
µg/L
ENM ø
mean or
median
size**
nm
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
355
25
Navarro et al., 2008
-3,45
Chlamydomonas reinhardii
92
25
Navarro et al., 2008
-4,04
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
190
26.6
Griffitt et al., 2008
-3,72
-3,72
Griffitt et al., 2008
-4,4
-4,4
Species
EC50
acute
References
logEC50
acute
AvgLogEC50
acute
log(kg/m
3)
Single
species
-3,74
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Algae
Crustacean
Daphnia pulex
40
44.5
Daphnia magna
15
58-71
Li et al., 2010
-4,82
Daphnia magna
16,7
681.4
Allen et al., 2010***
-4,78
Daphnia magna
31,5
39.4
Allen et al., 2010***
-4,50
Daphnia magna
1
773.6
Allen et al., 2010***
-6
Daphnia magna
1,1
5.9
Allen et al., 2010***
-5,96
Ceriodaphnia dubia
0,46
20-30
Gao et al., 2009
-6,34
Ceriodaphnia dubia
6,18
20-30
Gao et al., 2009
-5,21
Ceriodaphnia dubia
0,771
20-30
Gao et al., 2009
-6,11
Ceriodaphnia dubia
0,696
20-30
Gao et al., 2009
-6,16
Ceriodaphnia dubia
67
44.5
Griffitt et al., 2008
-4,17
Zebrafish - Danio rerio
15
12
Lee et al., 2007
-4,82
Zebrafish - Danio rerio
7070
44.5
Griffitt et al., 2008
-2,15
Zebrafish - Danio rerio
7200
44.5
Griffitt et al., 2008
-2,14
Zebrafish - Danio rerio
250000*
5-20
Choi et al., 2010
-0,60
2300
n.a.
Shahbazzadeh et
al., 2009
-2,64
34,6
49.6
Chae et al., 2009
-4,46
1030
25
Wu et al., 2010
-2,99
-5,21
-5,6
-2,43
Secondary
consumers
Fish
Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus
mykiss
Japanese medaka
- Oryzias latipes
Japanese medaka
- Oryzias latipes
-2,64
-3,72
Log HC50acute = -3,93 log(kg/m3)
HC50acute = 1,17E-04 kg/m3
HC50chronic = 5,83E-05 kg/m3
*Value deviating from the pattern of the other values used, but as no iregulations observed in the test method the value is used.
**Nominal ø mean size (if no range is given) of spherical engineered nanoparticles.
***Dynamic light scattering size measurements in deionized water (not nominal size measurements as also aggregates measured).
Table 4: Calculation of HC50 for spherical TiO2 ENMs (anatase & rutile, both included due to data scarcity) from
aquatic species data for three trophic levels. Details of deriving HC50 can be found in Larsen & Hauschild (2007a &
2007b) and Rosenbaum et al. (2008).
EC50
acute
Trophic level
Taxa
(ug/L)
ENM ø
mean or
median
size*
nm
Desmodesmus subpicatus
32000
25
Baun et al., 2008
-1,49
Desmodesmus subpicatus
44000
25
Baun et al., 2008
-1,36
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
87000
140
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
61000
380
Chlorella sp.
16120
198.1
Sadiq et al., 2011
-1,79
Chlorella sp.
120000
5-10
Ji et al., 2011
-0,92
Scenedesmus sp.
21200
198.1
Sadiq et al., 2011
-1,67
-1,67
Green alga - unknown
5830
n.a.
Aruoja et al., 2009
-2,23
-2,23
Ceriodaphnia dubia
3000
11.2
Hall et al., 2009
-2,52
Ceriodaphnia dubia
13400
11.2
Hall et al., 2009
-1,87
Ceriodaphnia dubia
11000
11.2
Hall et al., 2009
-1,96
Ceriodaphnia dubia
3600
11.2
Hall et al., 2009
-2,44
Ceriodaphnia dubia
15900
11.2
Hall et al., 2009
-1,8
-2
Species
References
logEC50
acute
AvgLogEC50
acute
log(kg/m3)
Single
species
-1,43
Primary producers
Algae
Warheit et al.,
2007
Warheit et al.,
2007**
-1,06
-1,14
-1,21
-1,36
-2,1
Primary consumers
Secondary
consumers
Crustacean
Fish
Ceriodaphnia dubia
10000
25-30
Cattaneo et al.,
2009
Daphnia pulex
6500
11.2
Hall et al., 2009
-2,19
Daphnia pulex
13000
11.2
Hall et al., 2009
-1,89
Daphnia pulex
10000
25-30
Cattaneo et al.,
2009
-2
Daphnia magna
2020
21
Zhu et al., 2010
-2,69
Daphnia magna
1620
21
Zhu et al., 2010
-2,79
Daphnia magna
143000
<20
Daphnia magna
5500
25-30
Daphnia magna
20000000
25-70
Heinlaan et al.
2008
1,30
Daphnia magna
5500
30
Lovern et al., 2005
-2,26
Rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus
mykiss
100000
21
Chen et al., 2008
-1
Fathead minnow
500000
10
Hall et al., 2009
-0,30
Fathead minnow
1000000
10
Hall et al., 2009
0
Zebrafish
124500
20-70
Xiong et al., 2011
-0,90
Cattaneo et al.,
2009
Cattaneo et al.,
2009
-2,02
-0,84
-2,26
-1,59
-1
-0,15
-0,90
Log HC50acute = -1,42 log(kg/m3)
HC50acute = 3,82E-02 kg/m3
HC50chronic = 0,02 kg/m3
*Nominal ø mean size (if no range is given) of spherical engineered nanoparticles.
**Dynamic light scattering size measurements in deionized water (not nominal size measurements as also aggregates measured).
Table 5: Overview of Ag ENM product release studies included and the characterised impact results based on the above calculated CF for Ag ENM in freshwater.
The studies have been scaled per gram of product weight.
Product
Product brand/
company name
1. Textile, X-STATIC
Description
Release
Total ENM mean Ag ENM
weight size (nm) weight
(g)
(µg)
Simulation
Test method/
media
Reference
Silver size
ISO textile
~91% >450 nm, 3% <450
test (ISO,
nm, 6% Ag+
1997)
ISO textile
~39% >450 nm, 11%
test (ISO,
<450 nm, 50% Ag+
1997)
ISO textile
~85% >450 nm, 15%
test (ISO,
<450 nm
1997)
ISO textile
~75% >450 nm, 25%
test (ISO,
<450 nm
1997)
ISO textile
~83% >450 nm, 12%
test (ISO,
<450 nm, 5% Ag+
1997)
ISO textile
test (ISO,
~100% >450 nm
1997)
ISO textile
~80% >450 nm, 20%
test (ISO,
<450 nm
1997)
ISO textile
~93% >450 nm, 5% <450
test (ISO,
nm, 2% Ag+
1997)
Weight
(µg)
Electrolytically deposited layer of Ag (several µm) on fiber containing
79% cotton, 14% polyamide, 6% X-static fiber, 1% Lycra Elasthane
1
104
21600
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
Plasma-coated fiber with Ag-NP
(about 100 nm) embedded in polyester matrix
1
104
390
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
AgCl (~200 nm) bound to cotton surface
1
37
8
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
4. Textile, AgClBINDER
AgCl (~200 nm) incorporated in binder on cotton surface
1
37
12
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
5. Textile, NP-PESSURF
Ag-NPs bound to polyester surface
1
104
29
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
Ag-NPs incorporated into polyester
1
104
99
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
Ag-NPs incorporated into 80% polyester and 20% polyamide
1
104
242
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
Nanosized silver nanoparticles
incorporated into 80% cotton & 20% Elastic Yarn
1
104
2660
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
9. Socks, Sharper
Image
Lounge sock (green)
1
<100
25,80
Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
n.a.
28,53
10. Sock, Sharper
Image
Lounge sock (blue)
1
n.a.
57,80
Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
n.a.
67,58
11. Socks, Sharper
Image
Lounge sock (blue)
1
n.a.
57,80
Washing (1h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
Mainly <20 nm (72% on
Ag+ form)
5,31
12. Socks, Sharper
Image
Lounge sock (blue)
1
n.a.
57,80
Washing (second 1h simulation in
bottle)
Ultrapure
water
Mainly <20 nm (76% on
Ag+ form)
10,07
13. Socks, Sharper
Image
Lounge sock (blue)
1
n.a.
57,80
Washing (third 1h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
Mainly <20 nm (86% on
Ag+ form)
21,98
14. Socks, Fox River
(Xstatic)
Casual sock (black)
1
100-500
1358,30
Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
n.a.
7,17
15. Socks, Fox River
(Xstatic)
Casual sock (black)
1
100-500
1358,30
Washing (1h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
Mainly >400 nm (5% on
Ag+ form)
3,48
16. Socks, Fox River
(Xstatic)
Casual sock (black)
1
100-500
1358,30
Washing (second 1h simulation in
bottle)
Ultrapure
water
Casual sock (black)
1
100-500
1358,30
Washing (third 1h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
2. Textile, PLASMA-NP
3. Textile, AgCl
6. Textile, NP-PES
7. Textile, NP-PES/PA
8. Textile, AgKilBact
17. Socks, Fox River
(Xstatic)
~50% >450 nm and
~50% <20 nm (25% on
Ag+ form)
Mainly <20 nm (69% on
Ag+ form)
Characteris
ed impact
PAF*m3*da
y/g product
314
Geranio et al.
2009
1,35E-3
67
Geranio et al.
2009
2,88E-4
2,7
Geranio et al.
2009
1,16E-5
2,4
Geranio et al.
2009
1,03E-5
10,1
Geranio et al.
2009
4,33E-5
1,3
Geranio et al.
2009
5,58E-6
4,3
Geranio et al.
2009
1,85E-5
377
Geranio et al.
2009
1,62E-3
6,96
6,52
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn &
Westerhoff,
1,22E-4
2,9E-4
2,28E-5
4,32E-5
9,43E-5
3,08E-5
1,49E-5
2,99E-5
2,8E-5
2008
18. Socks, AgActive
London
19. Athletic shirt,
Puckskin
20. Unfinished cloth
fabric, Puckskin
21. Unfinished cloth
fabric, Puckskin
22. Medical mask,
Nanbabies
23. Medical cloth,
Nanbabies
24. Toothpaste,
Silvafresh
25. Shampoo, Primos
26. Detergent, Primos
Casual sock (black)
1
n.a.
0,91
Texcare nanosilver fabric
1
n.a.
30
Texcare nanosilver fabric
1
n.a.
44
Texcare nanosilver fabric
1
n.a.
44
Silver (advertised form of silver)
1
n.a.
270000
Silver (advertised form of silver)
1
n.a.
230000
Collodial (advertised form of silver)
1
n.a.
7,6
Collodial, ionic (advertised form of silver)
1
n.a.
1,4
Collodial (advertised form of silver)
1
n.a.
3,4
1
n.a.
270
1
n.a.
70
27. Yellow cloth
Nanosilver (advertised form of silver)
(towel), Good4U
28. Teddy bear, Pure
Nanosilver (advertised form of silver)
Plushy
29. Interior foam from
plush toy, unkn. prod. 30. Baby blanket,
unknown brand
-
Washing (4x24h simulation in bottle)
Ultrapure
water
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Washing (1h mixing in bottle, at room
temperature)
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
Municipal tap
water
1
n.a.
48,2
Use (24h, heated twice in microwave Municipal tap
(to 38oC) and stored in refridgirator)
water
1
n.a.
109,8
Use (24h, heated twice in microwave Municipal tap
(to 38oC) and stored in refridgirator)
water
31. T-shirt, unknown
brand
"Silver" (labeled) in 83% polyester and 17% wool
1
n.a.
183
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
32. T-shirt, unknown
brand
"Silver ions" (labeled) in 100% polyester
1
n.a.
45
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
"Nanosize silver particles are incorporated into cotton fibers" (labeled) in
80% cotton and 20% elastic yarn
1
n.a.
292500000
0
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
1
n.a.
41
Washing (30 min at 40 oC)
33. Socks, unknown
brand
34. Trousers, unknown
brand
In 93% polyamide and 7% elastane
ISO textile
test (ISO,
1997)
ISO textile
test (ISO,
1997)
ISO textile
test (ISO,
1997)
ISO textile
test (ISO,
1997)
n.a.
90,41
74 % <100nm, 41 % <20
nm
0,56
55 % <20 nm
0,5
34 % <100nm, 28 % <20
nm
0,5
94 % <20 nm
11
96 % <20 nm
46
40 % <100nm, 12 % <20
nm
41 % <100nm, 32 % <20
nm
16 % <100nm, 4 % <20
nm
n.a., but values detected
below 20 nm
n.a., but values detected
below 20 nm
18
0,9
1,8
0,5
0,1
Benn &
Westerhoff,
2008
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
Benn et al.,
2010
3,88E-4
2,40E-6
2,15E-6
2,15E-6
4,72E-5
1,97E-4
7,73E-5
3,86E-6
7,73E-6
2,15E-6
4,29E-7
0,24
Quadros et
al., 2013
1,03E-6
n.a.
1,6
Quadros et
al., 2013
6,87E-6
77% >450 nm, 21%<45
nm, 2% dissolved
36,6
Lorenz et al.,
2012
1,57E-4
79% >450 nm, 20%<45
nm, 1% dissolved
6,66
Lorenz et al.,
2012
2,86E-5
35% >450 nm, 58%<45 6873750 Lorenz et al.,
nm, 7% dissolved
00
2012
2,95E3
55% >450 nm, 25%<45
nm, 20% dissolved
3,10E-5
n.a.
7,216
Lorenz et al.,
2012
Table 6: Overview of TiO2 ENM product release studies included and the characterised impact results based on the above calculated CF for TiO 2 ENM in freshwater.
The studies have been scaled per gram of product weight.
Product
Release
Product brand/
company name
Description
Simulation
Test method/
media
Titanium-di-oxide/titania size
1. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash),
Hyphen GmbH
Nano-TiO2 with 80 %polyamide and 20 %
polyester textile (stated by company)
1
0,5 % <260
(% of total Ti)
7149
Washing (30 min at 40
oC)
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
About 150 nm (qualitative image assessment of
primary particles)
235,92
Windler et
al., 2012
2. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), Nano-TiO2 with 80 %polyamide and 20 %
Hyphen GmbH
polyester textile (stated by company)
3,08E-6
1
0,5 % <260
(% of total Ti)
7149
10 washes, each 30 min
at 40 oC
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
n.a.
478,98
Windler et
al., 2012
6,26E-8
3. Pants (children, 1 wash),
Hyphen GmbH
Nano-TiO2 with 82 %polyamide and 18 %
elastane textile (stated by company)
1
12 % <260
(% of total Ti)
6772
Washing (30 min at 40
oC)
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
n.a.
243,79
Windler et
al., 2012
3,19E-6
4. Pants (children, 10 washes), Nano-TiO2 with 82 %polyamide and 18 %
Hyphen GmbH
elastane textile (stated by company)
1
13 % <260
(% of total Ti)
6772
10 washes, each 30 min
at 40 oC
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
n.a.
2139,95
Windler et
al., 2012
2,8E-5
5. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash),
TiO2 with 46 % Lenzing ModalSun (cellulose),
Sunsible, EXA System GmbH 46 % cotton, 8 % elastane (stated by company)
1
0,9 % <260
(% of total Ti)
2983
Washing (30 min at 40
oC)
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
60-300 nm (qualitative image assessment of
primary particles)
220,74
Windler et
al., 2012
2,89E-6
6. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), TiO2 with 46 % Lenzing ModalSun (cellulose),
Sunsible, EXA System GmbH 46 % cotton, 8 % elastane (stated by company)
1
0,9 % <260
(% of total Ti)
2983
10 washes, each 30 min
at 40 oC
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
n.a.
441,48
Windler et
al., 2012
5,77E-6
7. T-shirt (children, 1 wash),
Sunkids GmbH
TiO2 with 91 %polyamide and 9 % elastane
textile (stated by company)
1
14,4 % <260
(% of total Ti)
8584
Washing (30 min at 40
oC)
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
n.a.
248,93
Windler et
al., 2012
3,25E-6
8. T-shirt (children, 10
washes), Sunkids GmbH
TiO2 with 91 %polyamide and 9 % elastane
textile (stated by company)
1
14,4 % <260
(% of total Ti)
8584
10 washes, each 30 min
at 40 oC
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
n.a.
248,93
Windler et
al., 2012
3,25E-6
9. T-shirt (children, 1 wash),
Sunkids GmbH
TiO2 53 % polyester, 47 polybutylene
terephthalate (PBT) (stated by company)
1
6,3 % <260
(% of total Ti)
4482
Washing (30 min at 40
oC)
ISO textile test
(ISO, 1997)
n.a.
116,53
Windler et
al., 2012
1,52E-6
10. T-shirt (sports use-acidic
Some TiO2 content in AgCl-NP in 83% polyester
sweat), unknown brand
and 17% wool
1
200-400
(prod. label)
2153
788
Lorenz et
al., 2012
1,03E-5
11. T-shirt (sports use-acidic
Some TiO2 content in AgCl-NP in 83% polyester
sweat), unknown brand
and 17% wool
1
200-400
(prod. label)
2153
226
Lorenz et
al., 2012
2,95E-6
n.a.
>300
n.a.
n.a.
20-300
n.a.
n.a.
>300
n.a.
n.a.
20-300
n.a.
n.a.
>300
n.a.
n.a.
20-300
n.a.
12. Facade paint (raw), model TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the
facade weathering
facade
13. Facade paint (centrifuged), TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the
model facade weathering
facade
14. Facade paint (raw), real
TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the
facade weathering
facade
15. Facade paint (centrifuged), TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the
real facade weathering
facade
16. Facade paint (raw), urban TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the
facade weathering
facade
17. Facade paint (centrifuged), TiO2 particles are spread homogeniously on the
urban facade weathering
facade
Total ENM mean TiO2 ENM
weight size (nm)
weight
(g)
(µg)
Reference Characteris
ed impact
Weight
PAF*m3*da
(µg)
y/g product
ISO textile test
63ug < 450 nm, 725ug < 450 nm, dissolved
Sport use, sweating cycle
(ISO, 1997) (ISO, fraction not detected (under the detection limit of
(30 min in acidic sweat)
1994)
12,5 ug/g/l)
ISO textile test
38ug < 450 nm, 188ug < 450 nm, dissolved
Sport use, sweating cycle
(ISO, 1997) (ISO, fraction not detected (under the detection limit of
(30 min in alkaline sweat)
1994)
12,5 ug/g/l)
Rain runoff
Facade aging/runoff
n.a.
collection
Rain runoff
Facade aging/runoff
n.a.
collection
Rain runoff
Facade aging/runoff
n.a.
collection
Rain runoff
Facade aging/runoff
n.a.
collection
Rain runoff
Facade aging/runoff
n.a.
collection
Rain runoff
Facade aging/runoff
n.a.
collection
610
560
350
300
560
275
Kaegi et
al., 2008
Kaegi et
al., 2008
Kaegi et
al., 2008
Kaegi et
al., 2008
Kaegi et
al., 2008
Kaegi et
al., 2008
7,97E-6
7,32E-6
4,58E-6
3,92E-6
7,32E-6
3,59E-6
1E+04
1. Textile, X-STATIC
2. Textile, PLASMA-NP
3. Textile, AgCl
1E+03
1E+02
PAF*m3*day
(from Ag release per g total product) (log-scale)
4. Textile, AgCl-BINDER
y = 1E-06x
R² = 0.999999986
5. Textile, NP-PES-SURF
6. Textile, NP-PES
7. Textile, NP-PES/PA
8. Textile, AgKilBact
1E+01
9. Socks, Sharper Image
10. Sock, Sharper Image
11. Socks, Sharper Image
1E+00
12. Socks, Sharper Image
13. Socks, Sharper Image
14. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic)
1E-01
15. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic)
16. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic)
1E-02
17. Socks, Fox River (Xstatic)
18. Socks, AgActive London
19. Athletic shirt, Puckskin
1E-03
20. Unfinished cloth fabric, Puckskin
21. Unfinished cloth fabric, Puckskin
22. Medical mask, Nanbabies
1E-04
23. Medical cloth, Nanbabies
24. Toothpaste, Silvafresh
1E-05
25. Shampoo, Primos
26. Detergent, Primos
27. Yellow cloth (towel), Good4U
1E-06
28. Teddy bear, Pure Plushy
29. Interior foam from plush toy, unkn. prod.
1E-07
1E-01
30. Baby blanket, unknown brand
31. T-shirt, unknown brand
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
1E+10
32. T-shirt, unknown brand
33. Socks, unknown brand
Ag ENM content (µg)
(per g total product) (log-scale)
34. Trousers, unknown brand
Fig. 11: Ecotoxicity impact from release of Ag (total metal) from products containing Ag ENM, data displayed
according release related ecotoxicity per g total product. Based on figure 4 (article), table 3 and 5 (supporting
PAF*m3*day
(from TiO 2 release per g total product) (log scale)
information).
1. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash), Hyphen GmbH
3E-05
2. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), Hyphen GmbH
3. Pants (children, 1 wash), Hyphen GmbH
y = 2E-09x
R² = 0.00894
2E-05
4. Pants (children, 10 washes), Hyphen
GmbH
5. T-shirt (adults, 1 wash), Sunsible, EXA
System GmbH
6. T-shirt (adults, 10 washes), Sunsible, EXA
System GmbH
8E-06
7. T-shirt (children, 1 wash), Sunkids GmbH
8. T-shirt (children, 10 washes), Sunkids
GmbH
9. T-shirt (children, 1 wash), Sunkids GmbH
4E-06
10. T-shirt (sports use-acidic sweat),
unknown brand
11. T-shirt (sports use-acidic sweat),
unknown brand
2E-06
2E+03
4E+03
8E+03
TiO2 ENM content (µg)
(per g total product) (log-scale)
Fig. 12: Ecotoxicity impact from release of TiO2 (total metal) from products containing TiO2 ENM, data displayed
according release related ecotoxicity per g total product. Based on figure 5 (article), table 4 and 6 (supporting
information).
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