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Making the Modern Middle East: World War I & Its Aftermath
INTRODUCTION
The context of the lesson is following a unit on the First World War and evaluation of each of the
powers.
This lesson is sequenced to follow a post-World War One focus on the Treaty of Versailles and
specifically the creation of the League of Nations. The Interwar Years and the critical role of the
League of Nations would be a unit taught before this focusing on the Mandate System and how
territories were shaped by the victors of the war.
Students will need the context of how the victors distributed the spoils of war and drew the geopolitical boundaries and the creation of treaties to determine the level of consequence
economically, politically and socially.
In addition, it can be carried forth with the emphasis on Turkeys geo-political location as
determined to be part of Europe or the Middle East. Evaluation of this context will require
examination of the differing views on this action
GRADE/CLASS: 11-12/IB 20th Century Europe & Middle East
1-2 80 minute blocks
• Organize in partners to evaluate the range of documents ( use modified or summarized
documents if needed that can be found at Library of Congress memory.loc.gov or
• Develop individual essay outline plan to analyze the differing perspectives on the creation of
the Middle East.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS
Students will understand the loss of the First World War led to the break up of the Ottoman
Empire
Students will evaluate how ‘history is a story told by the winners’.
Students will examine how the independent state of Turkey developed.
Extension
Students will examine how the European Union determines membership: economically,
politically and socially.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How do perspectives differ on the creation of the Middle East, and who belongs to what region?
How do maps reflect history, politics and economics?
To what extent did the First World War lead to the end of the Ottoman Empire?
Extension
To what extent is Turkey defined as the Europe or the Middle East?
RELEVANT STANDARDS
Group 3: IB Objectives
1. Assessment objective 1: Knowledge and understanding
• Recall and select relevant historical knowledge
• Demonstrate an understanding of historical context
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• Demonstrate an understanding of historical processes: cause and effect; continuity and
change
• Understand historical sources
• Deploy detailed, in-depth knowledge
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a specific historical topic
2. Assessment objective 2: Application and interpretation
• Apply historical knowledge as evidence
• Show awareness of different approaches to, and interpretations of, historical issues and
events
• Compare and contrast historical sources as evidence
3. Assessment objective 3: Synthesis and evaluation
• Evaluate different approaches to, and interpretations of, historical issues and events
• Evaluate historical sources as evidence
• Evaluate and synthesize evidence from both historical sources and background knowledge
4. Assessment objective 4: Use of historical skills
• Demonstrate the ability to structure an essay answer, using evidence to support relevant,
balanced and focused historical arguments
• Demonstrate evidence of research skills, organization and referencing
ASSESSMENT
Historical Argument that examines perspectives on causes of conflict in the Middle East and
develop a position on the geo-political location of the state of Turkey
On-demand essay or research-based essay with Works Cited
Requires a minimum number os sources referenced directly for their perspective or impact.
INSTRUCTIONS
Introduce the document with the context of the Episode 4: Jihad,” The First World War use
relevant clips to highlight for students the nature of the Ottoman Empire military and the role of
events that shape the context of the documents. Ask students to record key details from the
segment you use to develop perspective of how the Ottoman Empire contributed to the war and
the consequences of its actions in joining the Central Powers and defeat at the end of the war.
Students will work in pairs or small groups to closely read the document booklet to examine
different views. They will record evidence and relevant quotes that help examine the view
toward the Ottoman Empire.
Students will use their document chart of evidence and views to develop an essay outline that
argue To what extent did the First World War lead to the end of the Ottoman Empire? This
requires students support or refute the argument and provide relevant evidence to demonstrate
internal and external factors before and after the First World War.
Additionally, students could extend the document analysis to include additional cited sources
and clearly extend the factors beyond the social, political and religious to include military.
Resources and materials are provided for this extension.
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CHART Perspectives of the Ottoman Empire at the Beginning and End of the First World
War
Evaluate the following documents for the factors provided below to examine how the Ottoman
Empire broke apart and the different factors of political, religious and social based on the
perspective of the individual, group or organization.
Extension Opportunity
CHART Perspective Evidence using the Document Booklet and copies of sources 1-7
How do these countries/bodies view Turkey today? Use a variety of current articles and
research to record the different international views on Turkey’s position in the global. Cite
evidence and quotes that support their placement of Turkey in the region and what factors they
contribute to this placement. To what extent is Turkey defined as the Europe or the Middle
East?
Use current event articles and UN.Org for document sources on the reasons for Turkey to join
the European Union or those opposing. Provide an argument on behalf of Turkey, USA, EU
member countries and
ASSESSMENT TOOLS
FORMATIVE
CHART: Perspectives
Video Notes on the “Episode 4: Jihad,” The First World War
Essay Outline Guide
SUMMATIVE
Historical Argument Essay with IBO Mark Scheme for Paper 2
EXTENSIONS
Individual Research Projects on Turkish Battles: Why did the Ottoman Empire
Debate Turkey: EU membership?
RESOURCES & MATERIALS
CHART: Perspective
CHART: International perspective: How is Turkey viewed?
1914 Map of Ottoman Empire
Map of Turkey
Vocabulary Terms for Post-World War I and Interwar Years
“Peace Treaty of Sevres”
“President Wilson’s Letter Defining Armenia and Turkey”
San Remo Conference
“Treaty of Lausanne”
“Tripartite Agreement 10 August 1924”
“Turkish Constitution of 1924”
Optional selection of documentary film
**Note: Video does show graphic nature of war and genocide
TEACHER RESOURCES
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Albayark, Ayla. “Secular Turkey,” 100 Years, 100 Legacies. WSJ. 2014. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://online.wsj.com/ww1/
“A Tiny Thaw?,” The Economist. 23 February 2013. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://www.economist.com/node/21572244/print
Anderson, Scott. Lawrence in Arabia. New York: Anchor Books, 2013. Print.
Bali, Asli. “Courts and Constitutional Transition: Lessons from the Turkish Case,” Bali Lecture
Series. UC Davis, 21 April 2014. YOUTUBE.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7CmOSyFMDs
“Battlefield Maps—Gallipoli Front,” First World war.Com. ed. Michael Duffy. 22 August 2009.
WEB. 3 JULY 2014. http://www.firstworldwar.com/maps/gallipolifront.htm
“British Documentary: The Ottoman Empire in World War I,” World War I in The Middle East. ed
Foster, Nathan. BLOG. < http://islamandthegreatwar.umwblogs.org/british-documentary-theottoman-empire-in-world-war-i/>
“First World War,” Australian War Memorial, n.d. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww1/
“Gallipoli—A Turkish Perspective,” The Great War. PBS.Org. WEB. 3 July 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/hist_tuncoku_01_gallipoli.html>
“Gallipoli: Maps & Battles of World War I,” The Great War. PBS.Org. WEB. 3 July 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_gallipoli.html>
Gelvin, James L. The Modern Middle East: A History. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2011.
Print.
Hadley, Kathryn. “Norman Stone on Turkish History,” History Today Podcast. 17 March 2011.
WEB. 4 July 2014. http://www.historytoday.com/blog/books-blog/kathryn-hadley/normanstone-turkish-history>
Hempson, Donald A. “European Disunion: The Rise and Fall of a Post-War Dream?,” Origins.
Ohio State, September 2013, Vol. 6, 12. http://origins.osu.edu/article/european-disunion-riseand-fall-post-war-dream
“Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe Bibliography,” Rethinking the Region: New
Approaches to 9-12 US Curriculum on the Middle East & North Africa,” MENA.Org. WEB. 3
July 2014. <http://www.teach-mena.org/bibliography.html>
Ottoman History Podcasts. WEB. 3 July 2014.
<http://www.ottomanhistorypodcast.com/2013/08/world-war-i-ottoman-empire.html>
“Podcasts,” Teaching History with Technology. edTech Teacher. 2014. WEB 3 July 2014.
http://thwt.org/multimedia/podcasts/
Potter, Pitman B. "Origin of the System of Mandates under the League of Nations” The
American Political Science Review, Volume 16. 1 November 1922. N.d., WEB. 4 July 2014.
JSTOR. < https://archive.org/details/jstor-1943638>
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“The Peace Treaty of Sevres 1920,” Hellenic Resources Network. 25 September 1997. WEB.
3 July 2014. < http://www.hri.org/docs/sevres/>
“Using Primary Sources,” Library of Congress. U.S. Govt. Web. 3 July 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/mla.html>
Winter, Jay. “Mustafa Kemal—Turkish Military Legend,” The Great War. PBS.Org. WEB. 3 July
2014. <http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/hist_winter_08_mustafa.html>
SOURCES
“Ataturk’s Address to Turkish Youth October 20, 1927,” 30 January 2014. WEB. 4 July 2014.
<http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk/hitap.htm>
“Battle At Gallipoli,1915,” EyeWitness to History, 2001. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/gallipoli.htm
“Empire, Republic, Democracy: A History of Turkey,” Choices.Edu. Brown University. June
2014. Pdf. <http://choices.edu/resources/detail.php?id=207>
“Episode 4: Jihad,” The First World War. Hamilton Film Partnership, WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-first-world-war/
“History of Turkey: Primary Documents,” Eurodocs. BYU. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Turkey:_Primary_Documents
—. “Treaty of Lausanne” Eurodocs. BYU. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Turkey:_Primary_Documents
—. “San Remo Conference,” Eurodocs. BYU. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Turkey:_Primary_Documents
Justin McCarthy and Carolyn McCarthy. “Who are the Turks? A Educators Manual,” The
American Forum for Global Education. 2003. PDF.
http://www.globaled.org/announcement050227.php
League of Nations Photo Archives. Indiana University, October 2002. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://www.indiana.edu/~league/>
“Part II: The Last Years of Peace,” British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898-1914, GP
Gooch and Harold Temperley, eds. Volume X, 1938, pps 824-838.
Shuster, Mike. “The Middle East and the West, a Troubled History,” NPR.Org. 20 August 2004.
WEB. 3 July 2014. < http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3860950>
Steuer, Kenneth. “Prison Camps:Turkey,” Pursuit of an ‘Unparralleled Opportunity’ Gutenberge.Org. June 2008. WEB. 3 July 2014. http://www.gutenberge.org/steuer/archive/AppendixA/turkey/
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“The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey,” WWI Document Archive. BYU Library, 2
August 1914. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Treaty_of_Alliance_Between_Germany_and_Turkey
“Turkish-Greek conflict (1919-1923),” ICRC, 25 January 2005. WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5gke3d.htm
Turkish and Ottoman Studies Research Guide. Cornell University, 22 May 2014. WEB. 3 July
2014. http://guides.library.cornell.edu/content.php?pid=368033&sid=3013516
”Unit 1: Australia is at War,” Commemorations. Australia Education. N.d., WEB. 3 July 2014.
http://www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/commemorations/education/Documents/Gallipoli_Anza
cs_Unit1.pdf
Woodward, David. R. “The Middle East during World War One,” BBC History. 10 March 2011.
WEB. 30 June 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml