THE 2 ND ERA OF IMPERIALISM
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND IMPERIALISM:
THE MAKING OF THE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDER
I.
INDUSTRIALIZATION AS CATALYST a.
Industrialization i.
Made it possible to easily build empires ii.
Technology gave Europeans a technical superiority iii.
Technology allowed Europeans to reach all areas iv.
Scientific advances helped cure diseases harmful to Europeans b.
Industrialism changed European expansion i.
Trade no longer solely luxury goods
1.
Europe sought raw materials for its factories
2.
Markets for its manufactured goods. ii.
European navies required foreign bases to refuel
1.
Steam engines required coal, wood, water
2.
Later petroleum engines required oil to fuel machines
3.
Part of imperialism was finding naval bases, naval stores
II.
SWITCH TO LAND POWERS a.
In the early stages of imperial advance i.
Great trading companies led acquisition of territories
1.
Sought to avoid involvement in political rivalries
2.
Favored trade instead of wars as wars cut into profits b.
Later, companies drawn into regional conflicts i.
Had to negotiate with princes for land, make alliances ii.
Companies began to arm soldiers, build navies iii.
Acquired land as a result of successful wars iv.
With slow communications prior to industrialization
1.
Local commanders conquered large regions
2.
Home countries did not know what was happening c.
Examples i.
British East India Company
1.
Operating from Madras, Bombay
2.
Acquired Bengal and smaller enclaves ii.
Dutch East India Company
1.
Operating from Batavia
2.
Acquired Java and parts of other islands
3.
Acquired Ceylon iii.
French East India Company
1.
Possessed port cities and factories
2.
Tried to interfere with local princes to oust British from India

III.
Prototype: The Dutch Advance on Java a.
The Dutch at Batavia i.
Initially satisfied to be vassals of sultan of Mataram
1.
The kingdom that controlled much of Java's interior
2.
Intervention in succession wars within Mataram a.
Dutch received control over the region around Batavia b.
After 1670, Dutch won control of most of Java ii.
The local sultans
1.
Were able to retain only small kingdoms on the island
2.
Java became the core of the Dutch Asian empire b.
Dutch expand control in parts of East Indies i.
Control local ports and some area ii.
Leave interiors to native princes iii.
Control the import, export of goods iv.
Collect tribute
IV.
EARLY COLONIAL SOCIETY a.
In the Beginning i.
British, Dutch representatives
1.
Established themselves atop indigenous social hierarchies
2.
Europeans Had to accommodate themselves to the ecology
3.
New types of housing, dress, work habits adopted b.
A Blending i.
Colonial representatives were male
1.
Liaisons with indigenous women were common
2.
Intermarried with local women producing mixed groups
3.
Eurasian mixed races become common intermediaries
4.
Mixed races controlled exchanges between whites, locals
5.
Many mixed groups created their own ethnic hierarchies ii.
Syncretism of Styles and Religions
1.
Christianity arrived but two Christianities resulted
2.
A purely European and an ethnic, blended tradition
V.
REFORM a.
By the 1770s, rampant corruption within the East India Company i.
Forced the British government to enact reforms ii.
Sweeping reforms were undertaken by Lord Charles Cornwallis iii.
Cornwallis' reforms in 1790s
1.
Cleansed the East India Company administration
2.
Constricted the participation of Indians in their own government. iv.
Evangelical religious movements in Britain also induced reform. b.
Slavery was abolished c.
Campaigns launched against what were viewed as Indian social abuses i.
British utilitarians supported the cries for social reform ii.
Evangelicals, Utilitarians pressed for English-language instruction in India iii.
Reformers supported infusion of British technology. d.
At the center of the social reform program i.
Abolition of the practice of sati ii.
Despite some resistance, British insisted on an end to the practice

e.
British reforms also brought other cultural aspects i.
Centerpieces of Western civilization including law, government ii.
Including education, technology, and administrative organization iii.
Attempted to recast Indian civilization in the Western image.
VI.
DUTCH EAST INDIES a.
Interactions i.
War and Diplomacy
1.
Dutch conquer island interiors following Javanese revolt
2.
Dutch, English redrew political map according to their own desires; boundaries have lasted until current era
3.
New boundaries connected particular power centers within a Dutch colonial state, outside state to Netherlands ii.
Trade
1.
Export industries increased rapidly until they came to dominate the economy
2.
Capitalist, world-market-driven forces created national economic structures b.
State Structure i.
Dutch created new political framework
1.
Systematically replaced local rulers, states with colonial state;
Imposed modern bureaucratic systems
2.
Standardization of currency systems, banking systems, insurance firms, and all-purpose service institutions
3.
Left many local institutions, elites in place so long as they cooperated with Dutch, fulfilled their economic quotas ii.
Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union)
1.
United different kinds of Indonesian Muslims in one mass movement
2.
Modeled after Indian movements, Chinese Revolution and parties c.
Social and Gender i.
Forced culture system: government contracts with natives, crop control, and fixed prices ii.
Private enterprise, land ownership expanded in late 19th century; population subject to world price fluxuations d.
Cultural i.
Dutch Native Schools: primary schools, university education helped fuel
Indonesian nationalism ii.
Islamic reformism (education, self-reform) came to Indonesia via movements in Middle East iii.
Debate between revivalist, modernist reconstructions of Islam; rise of ethnic identities
1.
Prompted social and intellectual changes
2.
Resistance movements and new political parties

e.
Environment and Demography i.
Population steadily, rapidly increased; significant migrations into and within the area ii.
Chinese, Indian trading groups made up significant percentage of immigrants iii.
Introduction of coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa plantations; rice production expanded iv.
Dutch developed tin, oil industries
VII.
FRENCH INDOCHINA a.
Interactions i.
Diplomacy: Began century as Chinese tributary states, independent princely states ii.
Diplomacy: Negotiations left Thailand as buffer and led to annexation of Laos by 1902 iii.
Wars: French fought Chinese, Vietnamese, Siam to acquire colonies, protectorates 1859 - 1882 iv.
War: many peasant/guerrilla insurrection, Buddhist rebellions against
French influence b.
State Structure i.
Vietnam began as imperial state with Confucian bureaucracy modeled after
China ii.
French navy conquer southern area, including Cambodia iii.
Introduced European administration, taxing/fiscal systems but left many ruling elites in place iv.
French monopolies on salt, opium, alcohol, and all public facilities c.
Social and Gender i.
French colonial administrators assisted by French trained Vietnamese bureaucrats ii.
Confucian ruling elites, traditional social structures largely left in place but little influence d.
Cultural i.
Conversion of many Vietnamese to Christianity ii.
Attempted repression by emperor led to French intervention iii.
French practice policy of cultural assimilation , allow elites to rule locals iv.
Migration of Chinese merchants to area especially in South, to cities v.
Many Vietnamese intellectuals educated in French universities e.
Technology i.
Infusion of modern technology, irrigation, all weather roads, ports ii.
Conquest by technologies: warships, modern weapons, telegraph iii.
Coal mines and rice plantations were opened with French funding f.
Environment and Demography i.
Rise of Saigon, Hanoi, Haiphong due to French administration ii.
Export industries dominate: plantations for rubber, tea, rice

VIII.
RISE OF BRITISH IN INDIA a.
British gradually assumed a position of superiority i.
Establishment of British control in India
1.
Based out of Bombay which became center of trade, banking
2.
Had much to do with an imperial rivalry with the French
3.
Armed ships and fielded English led native levies of troops
4.
Signed alliances with local princes, fought opposition
5.
British emerged as victors and masters of an Asian empire ii.
British representative of BEIC was Robert Clive.
1.
Won initial victories in southern India
2.
Won a major battle over ruler of Bengal at Plassey in 1757
3.
Clive had help of Hindu bankers
4.
Successfully bought off the chief general, allies of rival b.
Clive's victory sealed British supremacy over France in India
IX.
CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH RULE a.
After Plassey i.
British representatives
1.
Involved themselves in succession disputes, wars
2.
Among the Indian rulers who bordered Bengal ii.
British East India Company
1.
Wrested control of India from a declining Mughal Empire
2.
Madras, Bombay, Calcutta became administrative centers
3.
British Presidencies incorporated territory controlled by BEC
4.
Other Indian states were left as dependent allies. b.
Despite their awareness of the growing power of the British i.
Indian princes continued to squabble among themselves ii.
Supplied recruits for the British armies. iii.
Armies recruited from India became a force in British empire iv.
Indian soldiers served British masters throughout empire
X.
INDIA: EXTERNAL a.
Interactions i.
War: French Revolution impacts seas, princes: English expand control ii.
War: Numerous colonial wars of conquest, revolts iii.
War: 1858 Sepoy Rebellion of Muslims, Hindus against British rule iv.
Diplomacy: UK gets external control, land, rights v.
Diplomacy: Indians get local self-rule, protection, prestige vi.
Diplomacy: India becomes a British imperial colony annexing Burma vii.
Trade: Export of opium, raw cotton, indigo dye, cotton textiles, tea, rubber viii.
Trade: British make Indian economy dependent on English trade, merchants ix.
Trade: Opening of Suez Canal made India economically very important

b.
State Structure i.
1750: Many princely states vie for leadership; English East India Company on rise ii.
1858: United Kingdom takes over EEIC after Sepoy Rebellion, rules India directly
1.
Cabinet system was introduced; civil service appointments were regulated
2.
Army reorganized, recruited increasingly from the Punjab and Nepal
3.
Code of civil procedure (1859), penal code (1860), code of criminal procedure (1861), high courts (1862)
4.
Legislative councils were appointed containing a small proportion of
Indian members
5.
High caste Indians allowed to hold higher positions iii.
Joint Anglo-Indian rule
1.
British: land revenue-based state, sedentary society, guarantees of property rights, and the “rule of law.”
2.
Regional rulers, local communities, local elites retained most social, political influence
3.
Locals advanced visions of what Indian society should be that were different from British administrators iv.
First nationalist movements, Hindu, Muslim reform movements
1.
Political leaders such as Gandhi begin to unite urban, rural and social, religious activities to unify nation
2.
1914 Indian Congress Party seeks independence for a united Hindu-
Muslim state
3.
1914 Muslim League seeking independence for Muslims from a Hindu state
XI.
INDIA: INTERNAL a.
Social and Gender i.
Profound social changes both by British, locals
1.
English hostile to worst aspects of traditions, caste system but rule through elite Muslims, Hindus
2.
Rise of English educated and technical elite; Indian bureaucracy, civil service largely native
3.
British abolish sati; tried to diminish effects of caste system
4.
Wealthy Indian merchants increasing buy land and do not invest in industry, trade ii.
Elimination of the Thugees, a murderous Kali cult by British iii.
Increasing tensions between Muslim, Hindus; Sikhs prominent in Indian
Army iv.
British officials accompanied by wives, socially and intellectually aloof from
Indian subjects. b.
Cultural i.
Founding of Anglo-Indian colleges, schools of higher education ii.
Rise of Orientalism, a European intellectual school favoring Indian studies
(Transcendentalists) iii.
Protestant, Catholic missionaries very active in India, especially south; resented by Muslims, Hindus

c.
Technology i.
British introduced printing press in 1778 creating an intellectual revolution ii.
Printed media especially newspapers expanded in 19th century iii.
British developed public works, ports, roads, railroads, bridges, irrigation canals, telegraph, post iv.
Indian Great Rail System unites country for first time v.
Industrialization limited but some regional industrialization occurred in
Bombay, Bengal d.
Environment and Demography i.
Indian population increased with new food stuffs ii.
Increased urbanization iii.
Growth of plantation economics in areas: teas, rubber, opium iv.
Immigration of Indian labor throughout British Empire
XII.
COMPETITION a.
Nationalism as competition i.
Industrial competition as nationalism ii.
Militarism as a part of industrialization iii.
Increased military, technological advantage iv.
Competition among nations for colonies b.
Imperialism and colonialism i.
Race to establish international empires ii.
Colonies: economic insurance for industrialized nations
1.
They supplied raw materials, markets,
2.
Places where disgruntled workers could be shipped iii.
Improved transportation and communications permitted
1.
National leaders play direct roles in imperial conquest
2.
National presses gave governments the ability a.
To build up public support b.
To publicize victories abroad.
XIII.
FRENCH WEST AFRICA a.
Interactions i.
Jihads by Sokoto spread faith; slaving wars; civil wars between Muslim states ii.
By 1898 French reached Lake Chad, Nile; Fashoda Crisis nearly led to war with England iii.
Industrial capitalism shaped demand, supply of goods and service on a world scale iv.
Price fluctuations hurt West Africa v.
Export of vegetable oils, cottons b.
State Structure i.
Militant Muslim forces established Sokoto Caliphate, others in early to middle 19th century

ii.
French West Africa
1.
Established in 1895 to unify diverse, widespread French colonial possessions
2.
Government centralized, direct rule from Paris, by French governor; all levels of government, courts run by French
3.
All French colonies had to be self-supporting, taxable entities; little direct French investment in colonies iii.
Forms of resistance: migration, tax evasion, disobedience, disrespect
1.
Much less obvious, much more difficult to control; resistance continued throughout colonial period
2.
Africans turned to Christianity, Western education as means of resisting the power of colonial rule c.
Social and Gender i.
Expansion of slavery to interior contributed to agricultural, craft, trading, and herding activities; social prestige ii.
Mouridiyya brotherhood: peasants, former slaves, defeated warriors create
Muslim community during Colonial rule iii.
French expect men to migrate for work; while slavery abolished, many coerchive forms of labor used d.
Cultural i.
Islamic education, piety made significant advances; great Muslim revival ii.
White Fathers Mission charged with Catholic missionary work in Africa e.
Technology i.
French weapons, transportation, steamships facilitate conquest, control ii.
Quinine used to suppress malaria, permit Europeans to live in Africa f.
Environment and Demography i.
Expansion of peanut production (Peanut Revolution) throughout region ii.
Introduction of cotton production for export
XIV.
NIGERIA a.
Interactions i.
1750-1830 saw slaving wars between African states; later many civil wars for power ii.
1870-1914 colonial wars of conquest, British forced to put down resistance iii.
Industrializing countries sought tropical commodities (oils, cotton, ivory, indigo, gum) iv.
Increased slavery augmented production of goods for regional and international trade v.
Exploration: the Niger, interior of the continent b.
State Structure i.
Forest Regions: 1750 until conquest -Divine right monarchies assisted by elites, councils ruled small states ii.
Sudan/Sahel: 1750 until conquest- Muslim jihad, reformist purifying movement creates modern, model states iii.
Royal Niger Company instrumental in acquiring lands, facilitation British expansion to interior iv.
British establish two colonies: North, South and eventually merge both into one colonial entity

v.
British dominate highest positions including military; ruled indirectly through local elites vi.
Educated Africans become government civil servants, lawyers, police, teachers under British supervision c.
Social and Gender i.
Before British arrival, slave trade redirected to interior and expanded; many economic, social benefits ii.
African slavery contributed to patriarchy because slave wives had fewer rights than freeborn wives iii.
Traditional elites remained but undermined by European educated elites,
Christians, businessmen d.
Cultural i.
British, American missionaries set up schools, begin activities (Presbyterians,
Methodists, Anglicans) ii.
Rise of western educated elite due to missionaries, education which challenged traditional elites iii.
In villages were men migrated to work, women assumed many traditional male roles iv.
British economics, education disrupted many tradition patterns and changed social focus e.
Technology i.
Steamboats used in environment; weapons; modern medicines made conquest easier ii.
Railroads, electricity, roads, port facilities expanded and created a unified colony f.
Environment and Demography i.
Abolition of Atlantic slave trade in 19th century but expansion of slavery within African interior ii.
Peanuts, yams introduced into region, a major food crop: population expanded in 19th century iii.
Rise of Lagos as administrative capital, port
XV.
COLONIAL WARS a.
Europe by the late 19th century i.
Nations could wage devastating war ii.
Small armies had enormous power
1.
Technology gave them great power
2.
Machine guns, steam power, iron hulls b.
The peoples of Asia and Africa i.
Not able to provide effective resistance ii.
Asian, African leaders continued to resist iii.
Although they were able to win some victories
1.
Local states could not sustain conventional wars
2.
Most effective resistance was offered by guerrillas c.
Case of Congo in Africa i.
Henry Stanley never had more than 1000 men ii.
His army had machine guns, cannons, steamers iii.
Conquered Congo Free State (Zaire) for Belgium iv.
State is half the size of the continental USA

XVI.
RESISTANCE a.
Africans, Asians Resist i.
Resisted as best they could ii.
Refused to cooperate iii.
Slowed work, output iv.
Disappeared to avoid work v.
Often resorted to war b.
Sepoy Rebellion 1857 i.
Hindu, Muslims sepoys rebel ii.
Crushed by British troops iii.
UK annexes India from East Indies Co. c.
Ethiopia i.
Italy invaded in 1896 ii.
At Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia wins d.
Zulu Wars i.
1870s ii.
English, Boer in region: seek Zulu land iii.
Zulus resist iv.
Battle of Isandhlwana
1.
Zulus defeat British
2.
Too little to win war
XVII.
PATTERNS OF DOMINANCE a.
European Superiority i.
Fueled desire for Western learning ii.
Asian, African elites cooperated to try to maintain their powers iii.
Asian and African middle classes westernized
1.
Europeans needed lower echelon bureaucrats to run empire
2.
New middle classes, urban classes especially clerks worked with
Europeans
3.
Fueled westernization issues as many adopted European standards b.
Two primary types of colonies i.
Tropical dependencies
1.
Small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of indigenous peoples
2.
Europeans there to exploit resources but not settle
3.
Often left for better life after making their money, reputation ii.
Settlement, settler colonies.
1.
Within the settlement colonies there were two patterns.
2.
In the White Dominions, such as Canada and Australia a.
Much of the population descended from European immigrants b.
Possible because of the die-off of native peoples
3.
In contested settler colonies, such as Algeria, Kenya, New Zealand,
Hawaii a.
Large numbers of European immigrants vied with indigenous peoples b.
Europeans tried to monopolize best lands, resources

XVIII.
TROPICAL DEPENDENCIES a.
Followed models established in India, Java i.
Exploited religious or ethnic divisions
1.
Europeans rigidified differences
2.
Divided indigenous peoples into artificial tribes ii.
Rule through one tribe
1.
Europeans often placed one tribe over other tribes
2.
Europeans ruled through this tribe
3.
The powerful tribe often exploited other tribes, peoples
4.
Ashanti in Gold Coast, Kikuyu in Kenya, Buganda in Uganda
5.
Brahmin and Kshatriya castes, Sikhs in India b.
Europeans gained control over vast regions of Asia, Africa i.
Few Europeans governed masses of indigenous peoples
1.
With the help of Western-educated African, Asian subordinates.
2.
British also drew on educated Indians to support administrative ii.
In Africa, unlike other colonized regions
1.
Education left in the hands of missionaries rather than the state
2.
This policy stunted the growth of an African middle class
3.
Such policies: a.
Intentionally eliminated the development of nationalist leaders b.
Isolated groups within the colonized peoples
XIX.
CHANGING SOCIAL RELATIONS a.
After 1850 i.
Europeans in Asia, Africa tended to isolate themselves ii.
Inclusion of European women in the colonies
1.
Ended liaisons between European males, local women
2.
Laws were established forbidding mixed marriages.
3.
Measures were passed to prevent social interactions b.
White Racial Supremacy i.
Europeans increasingly felt they were racial superior ii.
Looked down upon all colored or darker races iii.
White Man’s Burden
1.
Whites as superior civilization had a duty to inferiors
2.
Whites imparted civilization to inferiors iv.
Development of Social Dawinism
1.
Based on Darwin’s theories
2.
Saw whites as survival of the fittest
3.
Other races were lower on the evolutionary scale
4.
Used to justify European imperialism, myth of racial superiority c.
Administrators and colonists i.
Increasingly saw Africans, Asians as savages, uncivilized ii.
Attempted to create European enclaves iii.
Lived in increasing isolation from Asians, Africans iv.
Took best lands from natives and introduced European lifestyles v.
Place locals at bottom of all social pyramids

XX.
ECONOMIC EXTRACTION a.
Coercive Means of Colonialism i.
Efforts made to increase production of exports ii.
Often used coercive means
1.
Head, hut taxes imposed payable only in commodities
2.
Forced locals to mine minerals, tap rubber for Europeans iii.
Worse Case = Congo Free State iv.
No rules governing colonization and King of Belgium wanted an empire v.
Hired Henry Stanley with small armies to create his own new state vi.
Called Congo Free State vii.
Forced locals to harvest rubber under pain of death, punishment viii.
Labor quotas little more than slavery ix.
Eventually his atrocities discovered, state taken over by Belgium b.
Development of Infrastructure i.
To facilitate the movement of raw materials, agricultural crops
1.
Imperial nations built roads, railroads from colonial interiors to ports.
2.
Mining and agricultural productivity increased in the colonies
3.
But profits went to European imperialists.
4.
African and Asian workers scarcely benefited from their labor. ii.
Colonial economies reduced to dependence on industrialized Europe.
XXI.
MISSIONARIES AND IMPERIALISM a.
The Flag Followed The Faith i.
Missionaries
1.
Were active before imperialists
2.
Often penetrated interior of Asia, Africa
3.
Brought faith and many other goods, ideas ii.
Missionaries were active as social imperialists
1.
Missionaries favored Western ways
2.
Insisted that conversion meant westernization b.
Native vs. European Clergy i.
Three Christian traditions developed
1.
Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions – very similar
2.
Protestant traditions like Presbyterians were late starters
3.
Indigenous Clergy and African Christian movements a.
Developed after some time b.
Often did not belong to any established tradition c.
Very strongly Afro-centric and often pentecostal ii.
Europeans dominated African Christianity until 1950s
XXII.
Nguni & Mfecane a.
Nguni i.
Bantu tribal language family in Southern Africa ii.
Arrived 1600s in Cape area iii.
Arrive in area same time as Dutch settled Capetown iv.
Tribes: Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Swahzi, Nbelle, Shona v.
Many moved into area following decline of Zimbabwe vi.
Corn introduced from Americas: rise of population vii.
Scarce resources during 10 year drought: conflict

b.
Mfecane i.
Zulu for the scattering or crushing ii.
Rise of Zulu Empire c. 1780 – 1840 iii.
Created by Shaka Zulu, the use of modern iron swords iv.
Zulu war machine forced Ngoni tribes to scatter v.
Let to rise of Zulu-like states throughout region c.
Mfecane meets Great Trek i.
British rule increasingly unacceptable to Dutch Farmer (Boer) ii.
British oppose slavery which Boers support iii.
Boer picked up entire communities and migrated to interior iv.
The Great Trek of Boers collided up against Mfecane
XXIII.
SOUTH AFRICA a.
Interactions i.
Diplomacy: British acquire land from Dutch following Napoleonic war ii.
Wars: European border wars with Bantu; Anglo-Boer War 1899 iii.
Bantu Mfecane caused by Zulus; Great Trek: Boers immigrated into interior to get away from British iv.
Imperialism: gold, diamonds led British to seek to control Boer Republics b.
State Structure i.
Cape Colony, Natal were British settler colonies; Transvaal, Orange Free
State were independent ii.
Indirect British rule of Africans through chiefs; 1853 British settlers acquire legislature, self-rule iii.
Union of South Africa as a British federal crown dominion in 1910 united all states, provinces
1.
Immigration Act of 1913 restricted rights of Indians, led to arrest, rise of Gandhi
2.
Native Land Act of 1913 restricted African landing holding to under
8%
3.
African National Congress founded by blacks in 1913; South African
Nationalist party founded in 1914 c.
Social and Gender i.
1795 Slaves outnumbered European colonists ii.
19th century saw expulsions of Bantu from lands; heavy English settler immigration to colonies iii.
Casted society with misgenation laws, racial segregation laws in place
1.
English Settlers; Afrikaaner (Boer) Settlers dominate society
2.
Indian indentured labor in sugar plantations; mixed populations in
Cape Colony, Natal
3.
African (Bantu) populations relegated to homelands, tribal lands d.
Cultural i.
Conversion of many Africans to Protestantism ii.
Europeans dominated all levels of the government, economy e.
Technology i.
Railroads, modernized ports ii.
Heavy mining of gold, diamonds led to industrial capitalism

f.
Environment and Demography i.
Ranching and farming introduced ii.
Cities were often heavily Caucasian, Indian, Mixed populations: black suburban slums
XXIV.
Boer Great Trek a.
Dutch in South Africa i.
17 th century Dutch occupy Capetown Province ii.
Dutch, French Huguenots settle in Cape Province iii.
Society develops called Boer iv.
People speak Afrikaans, a dialect of Dutch v.
Create a settler society based on ranching, slavery b.
British Acquire Cape Province i.
Following Napoleonic Wars, British annex Cape Province ii.
British abolish slavery and English immigration increases c.
Great Trek i.
Waves: semi-nomadic pastoralists and skilled artisans, merchants, farmers ii.
Reasons for migration
1.
Felt their life style and traditions were threatened by the British
2.
Disliked Anglicization policies in society and faith
3.
Disagreed with British abolition of slavery
4.
Felt British were unreceptive to attacks by Bantu Nguni tribes on borders
5.
Sought good farm land which was in short supply in Cape Province
6.
Boers had a large, expanding, young population d.
Results i.
Establishment of three Boer Republics in interior ii.
These republics did not permit slavery but established racial segregation iii.
Conflicts between Boers and Bantu especially Zulu and Xhosa increase
XXV.
CONTESTED SETTLER COLONIES a.
Australia, South Africa, Kenya, New Zealand, Algeria b.
Contested settler colonies i.
Attracted large numbers of European immigrants
1.
Earlier settler colonies a.
Disease decimated indigenous populations b.
Europeans able without much trouble to take best lands c.
Introduced complete European society inc. food, animals ii.
“Neo-Europes”
1.
Created abroad including food, animals
2.
Society an exact replication of Europe
3.
American colonies
4.
Canada and Quebec iii.
19th-century settler colonies
1.
Were in areas with large indigenous populations
2.
Conflict, competition between indigenous, settler

XXVI.
EUROPEANS SETTLE AUSTRALIA a.
Early Settlement of Australia i.
May 1787 11 ships sailed from England bound for Botany Bay ii.
British Crown Colony of New South Wales 1788
1.
Included the current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales
2.
Van Diemen's Land now known as Tasmania settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825 iii.
Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829
1.
1835 the Colonial Office implemented the legal doctrine of terra nullius
2.
Land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession
3.
Quashed earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoples
4.
All people found occupying land without authority of government considered illegal trespassers b.
Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales i.
South Australia in 1836; New Zealand in 1840; Victoria in 1851; Queensland in 1859 ii.
Northern Territory founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South
Australia iii.
1829 Swan River Colony founded: later became Western Australia
1.
Western Australia was founded as a free colony
2.
Later accepted transported convicts because of an acute labor shortage iv.
The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and
1868 v.
Massive areas of land were cleared for agriculture and various other purposes c.
1850: Gold Rushes led to massive immigration i.
Immigration from England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales ii.
Immigration from United States and Canada iii.
Immigration of Chinese laborers to support European construction, service industries d.
1901: Australia granted Dominion Status
XXVII.
THE PACIFIC a.
European, American, and Japanese colonialism i.
Resulted in demographic disasters and social disruption ii.
New Zealand and Hawaii serve as examples iii.
War of 1898 made US a Pacific Power iv.
USA acquired Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa b.
New Zealand i.
Contact between Europeans, Maoris occurred end of 18th century ii.
European settlement was not extensive iii.
Exposure to diseases, dissemination of firearms resulted in massive population loss

iv.
By middle of 19th century
1.
The surviving Maoris had begun to establish sedentary agricultural communities
2.
Used European technology and domesticated animals
3.
British settlement began in earnest in the 1850s
4.
European immigrants seized the most fertile lands; Maoris driven to interior of the islands
5.
Maoris survived by acculturating to British law and government
6.
New Zealand was able to construct a multiracial society in which elements of the Maori culture flourished. c.
Hawaii i.
Captain James Cook opened Hawaii to Western development in 1777 ii.
With use of Western weapons, Kamehameha united all of Hawaii 1794 to
1810 iii.
Kamehameha encouraged economic exchange with Western merchants iv.
In 1819, US missionaries began to convert the Hawaiians to Christianity v.
Missionaries brought in their wake cultural change and Western education vi.
Exposure to Western diseases decimated the population of the Hawaiian islands vii.
Westerners soon began to experiment with plantation crops viii.
As Hawaiian monarchy declined, planter groups called for more active U.S. intervention ix.
The United States formally annexed Hawaii as a colony in 1898.
XXVIII.
SETTLEMENT OF NEW ZEALAND a.
1000-1300 i.
Arrival of Polynesians b.
1642 i.
Dutch visit islands c.
1769 i.
Cook visits islands d.
1790 i.
60% of Maori on North Island die due to disease e.
1793 – 1806 i.
First European settlers ii.
First European women arrive f.
1814 i.
First Christian mission begin ii.
Sheep, cattle, chickens, horses g.
1820s – 1840s i.
Maori wars using muskets h.
1840 – 1841 i.
Major European settlements ii.
New Zealand becomes British

XXIX.
WHY WESTERN DOMINANCE? a.
Concept of Decline Is Common to All Civilizations i.
Internal Weaknesses
1.
Slow, vulnerable communications hinders cohesion
2.
Long term cohesion of political unity begins to disappear
3.
Ethnic, religious, regional differences re-emerge
4.
Self-serving corrupt elite make pleasure predominate
5.
Elites lose control
6.
Deterioration of government, military increase social tensions ii.
External Weaknesses
1.
Influx of nomadic peoples were a factor through 1450
2.
Neighboring states clash in wars b.
Western Europe was different when it emerged in 1450s i.
European naval power and diseases had enormous impact ii.
17 th and 18 th Industrial and technological revolution
1.
Europeans sought to master the natural world – know it, use it
2.
Resources exploited to maximum, manufacturing encouraged
3.
War ability to project military power was vastly greater than locals
4.
Material culture was very advanced and innovation accepted
5.
Vibrant culture of risk taking rewarded: other cultures frowned upon it iii.
Other cultures copied European models, westernized in many cases
XXX.
IDENTIFICATIONS a.
Colonialism b.
Imperialism c.
Robert Clive d.
Sepoys e.
Sepoy Rebellion f.
British Raj g.
Battle of Plassey h.
Princely States i.
Crown States j.
Nabobs k.
“White Dominions l.
Tropical Colonies m.
White Racial Superiority n.
Social Darwinism o.
Boers, Afrikaaners p.
Cecil Rhodes q.
Boer War r.
Leopold of Belgium s.
Congo Free State t.
Zulus u.
v.
w.
Battle of Isandhalwana
Menelik II of Ethiopia
Battle of Adowa