ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LCI DATASETS FOR THE MINERAL CHAINSAW OIL
2
1.
Extraction of crude
2
2.
Base oil manufacture
2.1. Baseline scenario
2.2 Sensitivity analysis
3
3
5
LCI DATASETS FOR THE ADDITIVES
6
1.
Choice of the additives
6
2.
Modeling of the additives
7
Page | 1
LCI datasets for the mineral chainsaw oil
1. Extraction of crude
Table 1 Inventory of inputs associated with the extraction and the transport steps of crude oil
Extraction
Diesel consumption
Transport to the refinery
Heavy fuel oil
Value
Unit
(all data
per ton of
crude oil)
Source
490
MJ
Eurobitume 2011
18.1
kg
Eurobitume 2011
Table 2 Inventory of outputs associated with the extraction and the transport steps of crude oil
Value
EXTRACTION
Emissions to air
CO2
CO
SO2
NOx
CH4
NMVOC
Particulates
Unit
(all data
per ton of
crude oil)
Eurobitume 2011
70140
366
760
140
170
350
93
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Emissions to water
Oil
4.11
g
Emissions to soil
Oil
10.23
g
TRANSPORT
Emissions to air
CO2
CO
SO2
NOx
Hydrocarbon
Source
Eurobitume 2011
56443
64,3
964
864
4.95
g
g
g
g
g
Page | 2
2. Base oil manufacture
2.1. Baseline scenario
Crude oil
Atmospheric distillation
Gaz, naphta, gas oil
Atmospheric residue
Vacuum distillation
Vacuum gas oil
Vacuum residue
Asphalt
Deasphalting
Vacuum distillate
Deasphalted
fraction
Solvent
extraction
Aromatic
components
Dearomatized fraction
Hydro-treatment
Hydro-treated fraction
Solvent
dewaxing
Wax
Dewaxed fraction
Hydrofinishing
Impurities
Base oil
Fig. 1 Flowchart of the production of mineral base oil
Page | 3
Table 3 Yield ratios of products by the base oil production chain
Refining step
Atmospheric distillation
Gaz
Naphta
Gas oil
Atmospheric residue
Vacuum distillation
Vacuum gas oil
Distillate
Vacuum residue
Deasphalting
Asphalt fraction
Deasphalted fraction
Solvent extraction
Aromatic components
Dearomatized fraction
Hydro-treatment
Hydro-treated fraction
Solvent dewaxing
Wax
Dewaxed fraction
Hydrofinishing
Impurities
Base oil
Yield per
process step
(%w)
Source
Fehrenbach, 2005
2
21
36
41
Fehrenbach, 2005
4
56
40
Fehrenbach, 2005
30
70
Fehrenbach, 2005
35
65
Fehrenbach, 2005
100
Fehrenbach, 2005
20
80
Mortier et al. 2010
5
95
Table 4 Energy and auxiliary consumption of the process steps of base oil refining chain (Fehrenbach 2005)
Step
Atmospheric distillation
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Vacuum distillation
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Deasphalting
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Solvent extraction
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
NMP
Process water
Hydro-treatment
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Consumption
(data per ton of input)
415.6 MJ
221.5 MJ
36.98 MJ
18.4 MJ
415.6 MJ
221.5 MJ
36.98 MJ
18.4 MJ
183.4 MJ
554.3 MJ
6.21 MJ
1.96 MJ
623.5 MJ
429.0 MJ
48.18 MJ
27.39 MJ
0.8 kg
49 kg
452.1MJ
653.82MJ
34.28MJ
Page | 4
Natural gas
Dewaxing
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Dichloromethane
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Process water
Hydrofinishing
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Process water
13.8MJ
1160.3 MJ
1790.4 MJ
99.27 MJ
31.05 MJ
0.6 kg
0.4 kg
169 kg
368.94 MJ
461.38 MJ
33.19 MJ
11.49 MJ
73 kg
2.2 Sensitivity analysis
Table 5 Production yield ratios by the mineral base oil production chain according to Fehrenbach (2005) and
Mortier et al. (2010)
Refining step
Atmospheric distillation
Gaz
Naphta
Gas oil
Atmospheric residue
Vacuum distillation
Vacuum gas oil
Distillate
Vacuum residue
Deasphalting
Asphalt fraction
Deasphalted fraction
Solvent extraction
Aromatic components
Dearomatized fraction
High pressure hydrogenation
Hydrogenated fraction
Solvent dewaxing
Wax
Dewaxed fraction
Hydrofinishing
Impurities
Base oil
Yield per process step
(Fehrenbach 2005)
Yield per process step
(Mortier et al. 2010)
2
21
36
41
2
21
36
41
4
56
40
4
56
40
30
70
65
35
35
65
49
51
100
/
20
80
24
76
5
95
5
95
Page | 5
LCI datasets for the additives
1. Choice of the additives
Polymethacrylate (PMA) was chosen as a classical pour point depressant found in chainsaw
oils. PMA can be used in the formulation of mineral and vegetable based lubricants (PMA being
diluted either in mineral or in vegetable oil). PMA additives are synthesized by polymerization of
various methacrylate monomers that differ by length of the pendant side chains (Rudnick 2009).
Methacrylate monomers were chosen as representative for modeling PMA. These monomers can be
produced by the reaction of methyl methacrylate with alcohol. The steps involved in their production
are shown in Fig. 2.
R
OH
+
CH3
CH3
+
H2C
H2C
H3C
OH
OR
O CH3
O
O
Fig. 2 Methacrylate monomer synthesis
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was chosen as a classical anti-oxidant for vegetable oil.
Industrially, BHT is obtained by reacting p-cresol with isobutylene in the presence of a strong acid
(see Fig. 3). p-Cresol is commercially produced by toluene oxidation via sulfonation with sulphuric
acid (Sad et al. 2008). In industry, isobutylene is traditionally produced by dehydrogenation of
isobutane and butane (Sangalov et al. 2001 ).
OH
OH
CH3
+
2
(H 3C) 3C
C(CH 3)3
H2C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Fig. 3 BHT synthesis
Page | 6
2. Modeling of the additives
The proposed ecoinvent correspondences and assumptions for modeling additives are reported
in Table 6.
Table 6 Main data and assumptions for the simplified LCA of additives
Category
Selected
additive
Pour point
depressant
Polymethacrylate
(PMA)
Anti-oxidant
Butylated
hydroxytoluene
(BHT)
Proposed
correspondence
(Ecoinvent database)
 Methyl methacrylate,
at plant RER
 1-Pentanol, at plant
RER
 Toluene, liquid, at
plant RER
 Propane/Butane at
refinery, RER
Relative
compositi
on
54%
46%
49%
51%
Decision
criteria
Proxy
synthesis
process
Proxy
synthesis
process and
proxy product
Page | 7