1. What percentage of earth’s land mass are glaciers?
a. 12%
b. 20%
c. 45%
d. 10%
2. When snowflakes recrystallize what are they called?
a. Fjord
b. Firn
c. Basal
d. Abalation
3. Which of these a valley which is intrusive into a larger valley
a. Intrusive valley
b. Till
c. Hanging valley
d. Fjord
4. Where is the horn located
a. At the head
b. At the tip of the mountain
c. At the bottom
d. In the middle by the fjord
5. What is the term to describe the entire glacier mass slipping along the ground
a. Plastic Flow
b. Albation
c. Basal Slip
d. Floating
6. At what thickness does the glacier exhibit plastic flow
a. 30m
b. 50m
c. 75m
d. 1000m
7. What is not a factor affecting erosion?
a. Rate of glacial movement
b. Thickness if ice
c. erodibility of surface
d. animals living in the region
8. Abrasion is smoothing of the ground as the glacier moves over it.
a. True
b. False
9. What is the name of the process that creates icebergs?
a. Splitting
b. Calving
c. Slicing
d. Truncated Spurs
10. Ablation is:
a. The increase of glacier size
b. Formation of icebergs
c. Net loss of the glacial ice
d. Crevasses in the glacier
11. What is the pit that forms when a block of ice melts called?
a. Kettle
b. Kane
c. Drumlin
d. Tarn
12. What is deposited by meltwater in a stream?
a. Kane
b. Esker
c. a & b
d. Outwash plain
13. What direction does ice flow in a drumlin?
a. Towards the thicker end
b. Towards the tapered end (the tail)
c. North
d. Follows the direction of wind
14. Kettles usually eventually form lakes
a. True
b. False
15. Lateral moraines are which type of till:
a. Between two ice streams
b. At the end of the glacier
c. Along the sides of the valley
d. None of the above
16. Glacial debris transported by meltwater is?
a. Till
b. Stratified drift
c. Ground moraine
d. Gravel
17. In what country might you find ice caps
a. Antarctica
b. Greenland
c. Africa
d. Iceland
18. Ice shelves are:
a. Large masses of ice that are connected by adjacent land masses
b. Glaciers that have been split into two parts
c. Large masses of floating ice that extends off of a coast
d. Glaciers that have multiple compartments which store animals
19. What percentage of all fresh water on Earth is found in the glaciers?
a) 70%
b) 17%
c) 71%
d) None of the above
20. What characteristics of the soil affects the ability for water to flow through the ground?
a) Karst Topography
b) Aeration
c) Porosity
d) Recharge Rate
21. What is located between the zone of aerati9on and the zone of saturation?
a) Karst Spring
b) Sinkhole
c) Cone of Depression
d) Water Table
22. What are the barriers to groundwater flow called?
a) Aquicludes
b) Aquitards
c) A and B
d) Aquifer
23. What are the rock formations that hang from the top?
a) Stalagmite
b) Stalagtite
c) A and B
d) None of the above
24. For a meandering stream, what is the name of the locations where sediments are eroded and
deposited?
a. Cutback and Pointbar
b. Cutbank and Pointbar
c. Cutbank and Pointspar
d. Pointbacks
25. What occurs when a lake is oversatured with nutrients?
a. Oversaturation
b. Nutrient boom
c. Eutrophication
d. Suffocation
26. What happens when a stream exits in a fan on a flat plain?
a. Delta
b. Alluvial Fan
c. Braided Stream
d. Levee
27. Which of the following is not a drainage pattern?
a. Annular
b. Radial
c. Parallel
d. Oxbow
28. _________ form at the mouths of streams and allow lush growth of grasses and wildlife.
a. Swamps
b. Marshes
c. Wetlands
d. Bogs
29. How does saltation transport sand?
a. A rolling motion along the ground
b. Causing small particles to stay airborne
c. Causing a bouncing motion of larger particles
d. All of the above
30. What condition does not determine the shape of a sand dune?
a. Sand
b. Wind velocity
c. Amount of precipitation
d. Vegetation
31. Where are deserts located?
a. Hot countries
b. The equator
c. The tropics
d. Polar regions
32. What is sand usually made of?
a. Sandstone
b. Quartz
c. Gypsum
d. Feldspar
33. How does low precipitation affect desert erosion?
a. Increases erosion
b. Decreases erosion
c. Does not affect erosion
d. None of the above
34. What is a unique type of surface which is caused by the collapse of caves creating sink holes as a
result
a. Quick sand
b. Karst topography
c. Sink topography
d. Aquitards
35. Where is the zone of aeration located?
a. Above the zone of saturation
b. Below the zone of saturation
c. To the left of the zone of saturation
d. To the right of the zone of saturation
36. What percentage of fresh water is located in glaciers
a. 3%’
b. 30%
c. 7.1%
d. 71%
37. What rock formation form from dripstone
a. Stalactites
b. Stalagmites
c. Dripstone columns
d. All of the above
38. Where are confined aquifers located
a. In artesian wells
b. Above aquitards
c. Between aquitards
d. Below the refrigerator
39. Which of these correctly compare rill erosions and gully erosions?
a. Rill erosions transport more water and in gully erosions running water cuts the slope into small
channels and consequently soils more than gully erosions.
b. In rill erosions running waters cuts the slope into small channels and gully erosions transport
more water and consequently soils more than rill erosions.
c. In rill erosions running water cuts the slope into small channels and consequently soils more
than gully erosions and gully erosions transport more water.
d. Rill erosions transport more water and consequently soil more than rills and in gully erosions
more water cutes the slope into small channels.
40. How do tree lines help farmers?
a. Reduce speeds of wind (erosion)
b. Shade plants from harsh sunlight
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
41. What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
a. Erosions shrinks the size of the land and weather increases the size
b. Erosion is a form of wind barrier and weathering removes the wind barrier
c. Erosion is the removal of weathered rock. Weathering is the breakdown of coil/material
d. None of the above
42. What is the strongest force associated with erosion?
a. Inertia
b. Gravity
c. Wind
d. Thermodynamics
43. What erosions is/was most significant in Waterloo?
a. Glaciation
b. Chemical weathering
c. Erosion by water
d. Erosion by living things
44. What if frost wedging?
a. Shards of ice breaking through rock
b. Water expanding inside rock cracks at cold temperatures
c. When snow compacts on top of rock
d. When a glacier passes over rock
45. What is not a factor in chemical weathering?
a. Oxygen
b. Acid precipitation
c. Wind
d. Water
46. What of the following regions would chemical weathering have the greatest results?
a. A rainforest in Asia
b. The Northwest Territories
c. Mountains in Ireland
d. Beaches of Cuba
47. What rock type would weather faster?
a. Granite
b. Pumice
c. Limestone
d. Shale
48. As roots grow, pressure...
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Fluctuates
d. Stays the same
49. What will be discarded first from the stream load
a. Silt
b. Gravel
c. Sand
d. Water
50. What material is the best for retaining water
a. Sand
b. Bolders
c. Gravel
d. Pebbles
51. What is the best definition for the bed load?
a. Movement of water
b. Movement of water rocks and other particles in solution
c. Movement of material too heavy for the stream to carry
d. Movement of smaller particles
52. What is the equation for discharge
a. D=AxAxD
b. D=AxWxa
c. D=AWxAVxAD
d. D= AWxAVxAG
53. All streams flow
a. Uphill
b. Side to side
c. Downhill
d. Backwards
54. The snow steady downhill flow of loose weathered earth materials best describes which term
a. Creep
b. Slide
c. Slump
d. Flow
55. Which definition best describes flow?
a. Earth materials which slide down a mountain
b. Earth materials that flow as if they are liquid
c. Fast flowing Earth materials
d. Slow flowing Earth materials
56. What force causes the downslope movement of soil and weathered rock?
a. Magnetic fields
b. Electric fields
c. Nuclear strong force
d. Gravity
57. An avalanche is caused by:
a. A Swiss Yodeller singing in the mountains
b. Loose snow accumulating on an icy crust
c. Minor earthquake tremors
d. Caused by excessive melting of the mountains ice cap
58. Which are the places where you most likely will find rock fall
a. Rock walls and rocky shores
b. Rock walls and lakes
c. Rocky shores and Grand Canyon
d. Rock walls and valleys
1. D
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. A
12. B
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. A
17. B
18. C
19. C
20. C
21. D
22. C
23. B
24. B
25. C
26. B
27. D
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. C
32. B
33. B
34. B
35. A
36. D
37. D
38. C
39. B
40. A
41. C
42. B
43. A
44. B
45. C
46. A
47. C
48. A
49. B
50. A
51. C
52. C
53. C
54. A
55. B
56. D
57. B
58. A
59.