Latin II
Final guide
I. Grammar Define the following terms:
Term
Definition
Accusative
Action verb
Adjective
Adverb
Case
Conjugation
Conjunction
Declension
Direct object
Gender
Imperative
Indirect object
Indicative
Infinitive
Inflection
Interjection
Linking verb
Macron
Mood
Nominative
Noun
Number
Object of preposition
Person
Predicate nominative/noun,
adjective
Preposition
Pronoun
Subject
Tense
Vocative
Voice
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Final guide
II. Nouns
A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives
follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”
Genitive provides the noun stem, quantity/partitive and shows possession.
e.g. Oculi monstri flammas emittebant. ____________________________________________________
Turba ancillarum a Quintô fugerunt. ________________________________________________
Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or
what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obsto, appropinquo, promitto, studeo, pareo,
resisto, confido, noceo, persuadeo, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative
case.
Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse,
decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis.
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action
verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.
apud __________________
post ________________________
ad ____________________
prope _______________________
per ___________________
in + Acc. ___________________
ante __________________
Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that
start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.
sine_______________________________
sub _______________________________
in____________________________
pro _______________________________
dē____________________________
ā/ab______________________________
cum_______________________________
ē/ex______________________________
Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case
1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________.
2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in -us, the vocative ends in _____.
For 2nd declension nouns ending in -ius, the vocative ends in _____.
3. The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb.
4. Give the singular and plural vocative for son _______________
_______________
5. Give the vocative for Rufus _______________
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Final guide
B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.
Nouns of the first declensions are generally _______________ gender;
second declension nouns are _______________ and _______________ gender;
third declension nouns are _______________ , _______________ and _______________ genders;
fourth declension nouns are _______________ and _______________ ; and
fifth declension nouns are generally _______________ gender.
From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the _______________ singular and the
stem/base.
Neuter nouns have the same endings in the _______________ and _______________ cases;
the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter _____ ; and
neuter nouns are found in the _____ , _____ and _____ declensions.
Decline the following nouns:
donum
Singular
Plural
canis
Singular
manus
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
flumen
Singular
Plural
Plural
effigies
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
cornu
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
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Final guide
III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in _______________,
_______________, and _______________. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives
use the endings of _____ and _____ declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use _____ declension endings and
change the ablative singular to _____ and genitive plural to _____. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree
with the nouns they describe in declension.
Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudele
Masculine of laetus
Singular
Plural
Feminine of laetus
Singular
Plural
Neuter of laetus
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine of crudelis
Singular
Plural
Feminine of crudelis
Singular
Plural
Neuter of crudelis
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Give the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules –
same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending!
Happy
Cruel
1. Quintus _____ erat.
________________
________________
2. cives _____ leones spectant.
________________
________________
3. mercator feminis _____ togas monstravit.
________________
________________
4. Quintus Clementem _____ liberavit.
________________
________________
5. Quintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit.
________________
________________
6. Grumio ancillae _____ basium dedit.
________________
________________
7. ancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat.
________________
________________
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Final guide
8. Salvius ancillas _____ vituperavit.
________________
________________
9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.
________________
________________
10. servus e villā Salvii _____ effugit.
________________
________________
Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:
e.g.
notus_______________
notior_______________
notissimus_______________
celer_______________
celerior_______________
celerrimus_______________
IV. Pronouns
Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:
Nominative Singular
Genitive Singular
ego – I
XXXXXX
tu – you
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
Reflexive — self
sui
Dative Singular
Accusative Singular
Ablative Singular
Nominative Plural
Genitive Plural
Dative Plural
Accusative Plural
Ablative Plural
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Final guide
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a
noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are
translated as _____________, _____________, or _____________.
Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in ___________________ and ________________ only.
They take their ___________________ from how it is used in the relative clause.
Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.
Singular
Nominative
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
qui
quae
quod
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud are ________________________. They can be used as adjectives, which
means they _______________ a noun, or as pronouns, which means they _______________ a noun . In
both cases, they follow the same rule as adjective agreement, which states that modify nouns in
_______________ , _______________ and _______________ . hic, haec, hoc is translated as
___________ or __________. ille, illa, illud is translated as ___________ or ____________.
Write out the forms of hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud in the charts below.
Nominative
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
hic
haec
hoc
ille
illa
illud
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Tell the case, number, and gender of the demonstrative(s) in each sentence. Then translate.
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Final guide
1. Rufilla hanc ancillam semper vituperat, sed illos servos saepe laudat.
2. Bregans in hāc villā habitare non vult.
3. Quintus his templis appropinquavit.
4. Clemens haec templa non visitavit sed semper ad illud templum Isidis venit.
5. haec puella semper libros legit sed ille puer numquam legit.
is, ea, id is the __________________ ____________________. It is used to replace a noun. It must have
the same case, number, and gender as the noun it replaces. It is translated as __________, __________,
or ___________.
Fill in the chart with the forms of the personal pronoun.
Singular
Nominative
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
is
ea
id
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Give the correct form of the personal pronoun to replace the underlined nouns.
1. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
2. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
3. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
4. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat.
5. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat.
6. Rufilla Barbillo fabulas narravit.
7. Rufilla pecuniam Barbilli cupivit.
V. Verbs
A. Principal parts
Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.
Principal part
First principal part
Second principal part
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Example
porto “I carry, do
carry, am carrying”
portare “to carry”
Use
First person singular present active
Present active infinitive:
 yields the present active stem
 used for present and imperfect tenses
active
 used for imperative active mood
 identifies the conjugation
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Final guide
Principal part
Third principal part
Fourth principal part
Example
portavi “I carried, did
carry, have carried”
Use
First person singular perfect:
 yields perfect active stem
 used for perfect active tense
portatus “having been Perfect passive participle:
carried”
 functions as a verbal adjective
 used to form Perfect passive tenses
The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which
conjugation the verb belongs.
First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre.
Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre.
Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere.
Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
laudāre
vidēre
dūcere
audīre
N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific
conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a
consistent and predictable manner.
e.g.
sum, esse, fui, futurus
possum, posse, potui, —
volo, velle, volui, —
nolo, nolo, nolui, —
fero, ferre, tuli, latus
eo, ire, ii, itus
N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning:
_______________ , _______________ , and _______________ .
e.g. Salvius Bregantem punire poterat. _____________________________________________________
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Final guide
B. Conjugating verbs
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
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Latin II
Final guide
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potui, — “able.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
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Final guide
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for volo, velle, volui, — “want, wish.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for nolo, nolle, nolui, — “not want, wish.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
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Final guide
C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)
Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs:
Singular
Plural
amo amare amavi amatus
sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus
e.g. dā cibum servō! __________________________________________________________________
e.g. legite epistulas! ____________________________________________________________________
Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.
e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! __________________________________________________________
puerī, nōlīte currere! _______________________________________________________________
D. Participles
Participles are also known as __________________ __________________ because they are part verb
and part adjective. Like verbs, they have tense, which tells the time of the verb, and voice. Like
adjectives, they have _____________, _____________, and _____________ , all three of which must
agree with the noun that they describe.
Present active participles are formed from the present stem of the verb (1st/2nd principal part). The
nominative singular ends in ______, the rest of the forms change this ending to ______ and then add 3rd
declension endings.
Perfect passive participles are the fourth principal part of verbs. They may often be translated with the
ending -ed into English. N.B. They are not always translated with -ed: singed, telled, sinked, thinked.
Give the Present active and Perfect passive Participles for the following verbs and translate.
Present active
Translation
clamo, clamare
“shout”
terreo, terrēre
“scare”
garrio, garrire
“gossip”
contendo,
contendere “hurry”
capio, capere –
“take”
Participles are declined like 3rd declension adjectives. Give the forms for laudans, laudantis “praising”
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Final guide
Masculine of laudans
Singular
Plural
Feminine of laudans
Singular
Plural
Neuter of laudans
Singular
Plural
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Underline the participle and connect it to the noun it describes. Then translate each sentence.
1. tum Plancus nobiscum ibat garriens. ___________________________________________________
2. Ego deum in templum sedentem adorabam. ______________________________________________
3. sacerdotes effigiem portantes ad templum contedunt. ______________________________________
4. Salvius Clementem salutans ridet. _____________________________________________________
5. Salvius Clementem ridentem salutat. ___________________________________________________
6. dominus latronem e villā servum fugientem necat. ________________________________________
7. servus punitus e villā contendit. _______________________________________________________
8. Metella in foro ambulans togam Quinto natalem celebranti quaerebat.
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. Servi Salvium vulneratum ad villam portaverunt. _________________________________________
VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Some adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri.
1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3rd declensions add -iter.
Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs.
Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs.
VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences.
servi lectum ex triclinium/tricliniô in hortum/hortô trahunt.
Quintus canem in viam/viâ videt.
Melissa cum Grumionem/Grumione prope theatrum/theatrô lentê ambulabat.
Bregans apud Salvium/Salviô lacrimat.
Plancus, a tabernam/tabernâ ambulans, de templos/templîs narravit.
VIII. Dependent clauses
In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses
are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the
_______________ . A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional
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Final guide
information about the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in _______________
and _______________ , but their _______________ comes from their grammatical function or use in
their own clause.
Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the
sentences into English.
1. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habêre vult.
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Rex, cuius servi in fundô laborant, est Cogidubnus.
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Rex servum, qui in horto laborat, laudat.
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Ancillae, quos/quas/quae rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt.
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Templum, cui/quem/quibus in Alexandriā appropinquavi, magnum erat.
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Subito Salvius servos, qui/quae/quae non laborabant, punivit.
_________________________________________________________________________________
IX. Quam
With the positive adjective, quam means how.
With the comparative adjective, quam means than.
With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.
Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun.
e.g. quam callidus est Quīntus! __________________________________________________________
e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. __________________________________________________
e.g. pugnāvit quam fortissimē. ___________________________________________________________
e.g. puella quam video est Cornelia. ______________________________________________________
IX. Interrogatives/Question words
-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.
nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.
num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.
e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _________________________________________________________
e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _____________________________________________________
e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? ______________________________________________________
Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.
e.g. quis _______________ quid _______________ ubi _______________ cūr _______________
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