Table S1. Shifts in the range margin of nothern (N) butterfly species (n = 41) and southern (S) butterfly species (n = 22) in South Korea. A
sub-sampled data in 1996-2011 was used to equalize recording efforts (Fig. S2c). The five most marginal records of non-migratory species
were used for analysis. Positive margin shift values indicate a northward shift, whereas negative values indicate a southward shift. Details for
occurrence and change in occurrence is shown in the text.
Family (Subfamily)
Species
Distribution
type
Habitat
type
t-test
t
Occurrence
P
1938-1950
1996-2011
Occurrence
change
Latitudinal Margin
Range Shift
1938-1950
1996-2011
Latitude (o)
km
Papilionidae
Parnassius stubbendorfii
N
O
-0.426
0.681
21
19
-0.043
35.08
35.2
0.11
12
Papilionidae
Luehdorfia puziloi
N
F
0.193
0.852
12
10
-0.079
35.68
35.6
-0.09
-10
Pieridae
Leptidea amurensis
N
O
-3.431
0.009
27
9
-0.477
35.24
35.8
0.61
68
Pieridae
Leptidea morsei
N
O
-3.98
0.004
10
5
-0.301
37.1
37.8
0.7
79
Pieridae
Gonepteryx maxima
N
O
-6.506
0
18
4
-0.653
35.84
37.8
1.94
217
Lycaenidae
Artopoetes pryeri
N
O
-0.274
0.791
5
4
-0.097
37.3
37.5
0.15
17
Lycaenidae
Thecla betulae
N
O
-0.286
0.782
8
7
-0.058
36.48
36.6
0.14
15
Lycaenidae
Satyrium herzi
N
O
1.061
0.32
7
5
-0.146
37.52
37.3
-0.22
-25
Lycaenidae
Satyrium eximius
N
O
-4.096
0.003
13
5
-0.415
35.9
37.5
1.57
175
Lycaenidae
Scolitantides orion
N
O
-1.946
0.088
20
13
-0.187
35.58
36.3
0.69
77
Satyrinae
Coenonympha oedippus
N
O
-1.061
0.32
11
4
-0.439
35.8
36.6
0.76
84
Satyrinae
Kirinia epimenides
N
O
-4.389
0.002
15
6
-0.398
35.16
37.3
2.14
238
Satyrinae
Ninguta schrenckii
N
O
-0.969
0.361
7
5
-0.146
36.54
37.2
0.61
68
Satyrinae
Oeneis mongolica
N
O
-3.576
0.007
17
8
-0.327
35.42
36.7
1.27
142
Satyrinae
Minois dryas
N
O
0.971
0.36
59
37
-0.203
33.54
33.4
-0.15
-17
Satyrinae
Erebia wanga
N
O
1.431
0.19
7
15
0.331
36.26
35.7
-0.55
-62
Nymphalidae
Argynnis anadyomene
N
O
-1.48
0.177
18
12
-0.176
35.28
35.8
0.51
57
Nymphalidae
Brenthis ino
N
O
-0.866
0.412
4
3
-0.125
37.44
37.6
0.18
20
Nymphalidae
Boloria oscarus
N
O
-1.618
0.144
8
6
-0.125
36.12
37.1
0.99
111
Nymphalidae
Boloria perryi
N
O
-10.974
0
25
4
-0.796
35.26
37.1
1.84
206
Nymphalidae
Limenitis doerriesi
N
O
1.895
0.095
26
28
0.032
35.2
34.9
-0.29
-33
Nymphalidae
Limenitis helmanni
N
O
1.79
0.111
38
35
-0.036
34.22
33.6
-0.59
-66
Nymphalidae
Limenitis sydyi
N
O
0.314
0.762
22
15
-0.166
35.54
35.4
-0.1
-11
Nymphalidae
Limenitis moltrechti
N
F
-0.273
0.792
5
3
-0.222
37.78
37.8
0.04
4
Nymphalidae
Neptis philyra
N
F
0.164
0.874
11
12
0.038
35.84
35.8
-0.06
-7
Nymphalidae
Neptis philyroides
N
F
2.815
0.023
6
13
0.336
36.84
35.2
-1.65
-184
Nymphalidae
Neptis rivularis
N
O
-1.837
0.104
18
12
-0.176
35.5
36
0.5
56
Nymphalidae
Neptis thisbe
N
F
1.873
0.098
12
16
0.125
36.42
35.6
-0.84
-94
Nymphalidae
Apatura metis
N
F
-2.173
0.062
36
19
-0.278
34.98
35.5
0.51
57
Nymphalidae
Apatura iris
N
F
0.142
0.891
11
6
-0.263
36.4
36.3
-0.09
-10
Nymphalidae
Mimathyma schrenckii
N
F
3.658
0.006
11
13
0.073
36.52
35.3
-1.17
-131
Nymphalidae
Araschnia levana
N
O
-2.132
0.066
12
6
-0.301
36.72
37.4
0.7
79
Nymphalidae
Araschnia burejana
N
O
2.942
0.019
15
26
0.239
35.78
35
-0.76
-85
Nymphalidae
Polygonia c-album
N
F
-2.087
0.07
12
7
-0.234
37
37.4
0.38
42
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis xanthomelas
N
O
-3.509
0.008
17
7
-0.385
35.5
37.4
1.94
217
Nymphalidae
Melitaea protomedia
N
O
-1.979
0.083
12
4
-0.477
35.04
36.8
1.75
195
Hesperiidae
Satarupa nymphalis
N
F
1.403
0.198
6
7
0.067
37.66
36.9
-0.78
-88
Hesperiidae
Heteropterus morpheus
N
O
-0.679
0.516
21
12
-0.243
35.4
35.7
0.25
28
Hesperiidae
Ochlodes ochraceus
N
O
0.789
0.453
12
10
-0.079
35.52
34.8
-0.71
-79
Hesperiidae
Hesperia florinda
N
O
0.881
0.404
12
5
-0.38
35.78
34.8
-0.96
-107
Hesperiidae
Polytremis zina
N
O
0.544
0.601
9
5
-0.255
35.7
35.5
-0.18
-20
Papilionidae
Graphium sarpedon
S
F
-0.466
0.653
10
9
-0.046
35.3
35.6
0.34
38
Papilionidae
Papilio protenor
S
O
-1.603
0.148
9
10
0.046
35.94
37
1.09
122
Papilionidae
Papilio macilentus
S
O
-3.055
0.016
37
39
0.023
37.8
38
0.2
23
Pieridae
Eurema mandarina
S
O
0.558
0.592
25
25
0
37.56
37.5
-0.06
-7
Pieridae
Eurema laeta
S
O
-1.317
0.224
34
19
-0.253
36.5
36.8
0.25
28
Lycaenidae
Taraka hamada
S
F
-6.951
0
7
9
0.109
35.28
37.1
1.78
199
Lycaenidae
Callophrys ferreus
S
O
-2.337
0.048
12
16
0.125
37.54
37.8
0.26
29
Lycaenidae
Lampides boeticus
S
O
0.163
0.874
10
9
-0.046
36.96
36.9
-0.07
-8
Lycaenidae
Zizeeria maha
S
O
0.438
0.673
56
38
-0.168
37.78
37.7
-0.05
-6
Lycaenidae
Zizina otis
S
O
-1.73
0.122
9
5
-0.255
35.82
36.5
0.71
80
Nymphalidae
Libythea lepita
S
F
-2.004
0.08
7
31
0.646
37.16
38.1
0.98
109
Satyrinae
Parantica sita
S
O
1.775
0.114
9
11
0.087
37.5
36.6
-0.86
-96
Satyrinae
Mycalesis francisca
S
O
-3.746
0.006
22
33
0.176
37.64
38.1
0.44
49
Satyrinae
Mycalesis gotama
S
O
-2.401
0.043
36
36
0
37.84
38
0.2
22
Nymphalidae
Argynnis hyperbius
S
O
-1.114
0.298
13
17
0.117
36.9
37.4
0.51
57
Nymphalidae
Dichorragia nesimachus
S
F
-2.913
0.019
6
9
0.176
34.84
36.6
1.77
198
Nymphalidae
Hestina persimilis
S
F
1.012
0.341
15
16
0.028
37.66
37.5
-0.15
-17
Nymphalidae
Hestina assimilis
S
F
-2.453
0.04
37
26
-0.153
37.68
37.9
0.26
29
Hesperiidae
Choaspes benjaminii
S
O
-2.645
0.029
8
11
0.138
35.14
36.5
1.38
154
Hesperiidae
Pelopidas jansonis
S
O
0.174
0.866
27
16
-0.227
37.72
37.7
-0.03
-3
Hesperiidae
Pelopidas mathias
S
O
-1.175
0.274
5
4
-0.097
33.56
34
0.42
47
Hesperiidae
Parnara guttata
S
O
-1.766
0.115
36
40
0.046
37.86
38.1
0.24
27
Fig. S1a. Recording localities of butterflies during 1938-1950. Dark areas indicate seven metropolitan areas in South Korea..
Fig. S1b. Recording localities of butterflies during 1996-2011. Dark areas indicate six metropolitan areas in South Korea..
Fig. S1c. Sub-sampled recording localities of butterflies in 1996–2011. A total of 244 localities were randomly selected from 402 localities to equalize
recording efforts, in Fig. S1b. Dark areas indicate seven metropolitan areas in South Korea.
Table S2. Number of recording localities according to city proximity or latitudinal location during the two atlas periods. Metropolitan proximity grids
mean grids (0.5o, latitude and longitude, Fig. S1) containing the metropolitan area (dark area in Fig. S3). Sub-sampled data in 1996–2011 (Fig. S1c)
were used.
Category
City Proximity
Latitudinal Location
Group
Metropolitan proximity grids
Other grids
further north than N 37o
Number of localities
1938-1950
1996-2011
71
87
173
157
86
78
from N 35o to N 37o
96
92
further south than N 35o
62
74
x2-test
x2 = 2.4, df = 1, p = 0.12
x2 = 1.52, df = 2, p = 0.47
Fig. S2a. Northern margin shifts (km) and latitude (N) of five northernmost localities during 1938–1950 in southern species. As butterfly recordings
could not be conducted further north than the northern military boundary during 1996–2011, the variation in margin shifts decreased (hatched line
area) due to an underestimation of margin shifts (boundary effect).
Fig. S2b. Northern margin shifts (km) and latitude (N) of five northernmost localities during 1938–1950 in southern species. More southerly recorded
species of which the average latitude of five northernmost localities are further south than N 37o were selected to control the boundary effect (Fig.
S2a). The linear relationship between margin shift and latitude was not significant in these selected species (p > 0.05). Hence, these selected
southern species were used to evaluate margin shifts after controlling for the boundary effect.
Fig. S2c. Southern margin shifts (km) and latitude (N) of five southernmost localities during 1938–1950 in northern species. Margin shifts are not
significantly related with latitude.