Name: ____________________________ Period: ____
“Speech to the Virginia Convention”
by Patrick Henry
Close Reading Packet
Mrs. Thomas
American Literature Grade 11
Unit Standards
Reading Standard 2.1
Analyze both the features and the rhetorical devices of different types of public documents and the way in which
authors use those features and devices.
Reading Standard 2.6
Critique the power, validity, and truthfulness of arguments set forth in public documents; their appeal to both friendly
and hostile audiences; and the extent to which the arguments anticipate and address reader concerns and
counterclaims.
Reading Comprehension 2.2
Analyze the way in which clarity of meaning is affected by patterns of organization, hierarchical structures, repetition
of the main ideas, syntax, and word choice in the text
Listening & Speaking 1.1
Recognize strategies used by the media to inform, persuade, entertain and transmit culture (e.g.., advertisements;
perpetuation of stereotypes; use of visual representations, special effects, language)
Page 2
Speech to the Virginia Convention
by Patrick Henry
REVIEW SKILLS
LITERARY FOCUS: PERSUASION
Persuasion is a form of writing or speech that aims to
change the way a person thinks or feels. Some forms of
persuasion also contain a call to action—they call on people
to take action to solve a problem. To be persuasive, a writer
or speaker must provide good reasons that support an
opinion or course of action. Persuasive speakers can appeal
to the audience’s emotions or to their logic, or reason.
Listed below are two examples.
Refresh your ability to
evaluate as you read
“Speech to the
Virginia Convention.”
EVALUATION
Judgment of the
worth or quality of a
text or speech.
Emotional Appeal: How could you leave your homeland, the country of your
ancestors?
Appeal to Reason: If you leave the country, you will have to give up your
citizenship.
READING SKILLS: RECOGNIZING METHODS OF PERSUASION
In this speech to the Virginia Convention, Patrick Henry uses persuasive
techniques. He appeals to his audience’s reason by presenting logical arguments in
support of war. He also appeals to their emotions to win their support for his
political position. Notice that this speech also contains another persuasive
technique: a call to action.
Patrick Henry Arguing the Parson’s Cause (c. 1830), attributed to George Cooke. Oil on canvas.
Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia.
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Vocabulary in Context
DIRECTIONS: look up the actual definition of the word and record it in the column.
Word
Dictionary Definition
solace
insidious
martial
supplication
spurned
inviolate
adversary
vigilant
inevitable
Other Important Vocabulary:
1. Mr. President: Peyton Randolph (1721–1775), president of the Virginia Convention.
2. entertaining v.: having in mind; considering.
3. awful moment: great importance.
4. listen . . . beasts: In Greek mythology, the sirens are sea maidens whose seductive
singing lures men to wreck their boats on coastal rocks. In the Odyssey, Circe, an
enchanter, transforms Odysseus’s men into swine after they arrive at her island home.
Henry’s allusion combines these two stories.
5. our petition: The First Continental Congress had recently protested against new tax
laws. King George III had withdrawn the laws conditionally, but the colonists were
unwilling to accept his conditions.
6. comports v.: agrees.
7. subjugation n.: conquest; domination.
8. remonstrated v.: objected; complained.
9. interposition n.: intervention; stepping in to try to solve the problem.
10. fond adj.: foolishly optimistic.
11. formidable adj.: powerful; difficult to defeat.
12. delusive adj.: deceptive; misleading.
ANNOTATING THE
TEXT: Find all the
vocabulary words on
this page and
highlight them in the
speech. Write the
definition of each
word or phrase in the
margin of the text.
“Speech to the Virginia Convention”
--Patrick Henry
Mr. President: No man thinks more highly than I do of the
patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen
who have just addressed the House. But different men often see
the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope that it
will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen, if, entertaining
as I do, opinions of a character very opposite to theirs,
I shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve.
This is no time for ceremony. The question before the House is
one of awful moment to this country. For my own part I consider
it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery;
and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be
the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that we can
hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which
we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back my opinions
at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I should
consider myself as guilty of treason toward my country, and of
an act of disloyalty toward the majesty of heaven, which I
revere above all earthly kings.
Mr. President, it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions
of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful
truth, and listen to the song of that siren, till she transforms us
into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and
arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number
of those who, having eyes, see not, and having ears, hear not,
the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For
my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to
know the whole truth; to know the worst and to provide for it.
I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that
is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the
future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know
what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for
the last ten years, to justify those hopes with which gentlemen
have been pleased to solace themselves and the House? Is it that
insidious smile with which our petition has been lately
received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer
not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how
this gracious reception of our petition comports with these
warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land.
Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation?
Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled,
that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us
not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and
subjugation; the last arguments to which kings resort.
I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its
purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign
any other possible motives for it? Has Great Britain any enemy,
in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of
navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us;
1. Number every 5th line of the
speech.
2. Re-read lines 1–3. Whom is
Patrick Henry addressing?
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3. Re-read lines 8–18. What does
Patrick Henry see as the nature of
the question before the house?
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4. What reason does Henry give for
speaking his mind (lines 14–18)?
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5. Re-read lines 19–22. What does
Henry say people usually do when
faced with a painful truth?
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6. Rhetorical questions are
persuasive devices. They pose
questions to which no answers are
necessary, and they point out
obvious truths. Locate and underline
two rhetorical questions in lines 39–
43.
they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and
rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been
so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we
try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years.
Have we anything new to offer on the subject? Nothing. We have
held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it
has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble
supplication? What terms shall we find which have not been
already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves
longer. Sir, we have done everything that could be done, to avert
the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned;
we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated
ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition
to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament.
Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrance’s have produced
additional violence and insult; our supplications have
been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt,
from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we
indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no
longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free—if we mean to
preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we
have been so long contending—if we mean not basely to abandon
the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged,
and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the
glorious object of our contest shall be obtained, we must fight!
I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God
of Hosts is all that is left us!
They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so
formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will
it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are
totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in
every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction?
Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance, by lying
supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of
hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir,
we are not weak, if we make a proper use of the means which
the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of
people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country
as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our
enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our
battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies
of nations; and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for
us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant,
the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we
were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from
the contest. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery!
Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the
plains of Boston! The war is inevitable—and let it come! I
repeat it, sir, let it come!
Page
7. Re-read lines 44–51. According
to5
Henry, why has the army of Great
Britain been sent?
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8. Henry uses parallel structures
(repeated words and phrases) to
hammer his point home. Locate and
underline examples of parallel
structures in lines 59–66.
9. In lines 68–75, Henry repeats the
main point of his persuasive
argument. Find and circle his main
point.
10. Re-read lines 76–85. What
counterargument is Henry preparing
to tear down?
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11. Pause at line 91. According to
Henry’s argument, what two
strengths do the colonists have?
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12. According to Henry in lines 92–
97, what will happen if the war is not
fought?
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It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may
cry peace, peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually
begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to
our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already
in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen
wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as
to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it,
Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as
for me, give me liberty, or give me death!
13. Underline the famous ending of
Henry’s speech (line 106). What does
Henry say he is willing to die for?
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VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
DIRECTIONS: Write words from the Word Box to complete this paragraph. Use each
vocabulary word only once. Not all words will be used.
WORD BOX
Patrick Henry was one of the most famous leaders in the
struggle for independence. He was well-known for his speeches
insidious
in which he attacked Great Britain, a powerful (1)
martial
_________________________. Patrick Henry considered
supplication
England a sly or (2) ________________________ foe. Henry
avert
was among the (3) __________________________, a
spurned
patriot who was always on the lookout for any political act that
inviolate
threatened the colonies. Colonists protested England’s new
adversary
laws, which treated them unfairly. Despite some people’s
vigilant
wishes to stay out of war, Patrick Henry knew that war with
inevitable
Great Britain was (4) _________________________. For
this reason he encouraged his listeners to fight, not to try to
(5) _________________________ the conflict.
solace
WORDS FROM POLITICS
DIRECTIONS: Patrick Henry was actively involved in the politics of early America. Many
of the political words he used in his famous speech are also in common use today. The
words listed below all spring from Latin words and roots. Match each word on the left with
its Latin origin on the right. Write the correct letters on the numbered lines.
POLITICAL TERM LATIN ORIGIN AND MEANING
______ 1. patriot
a. tradere, meaning “to give over or up”
______ 2. martial
b. natus, meaning “born”
______ 3. treason
c. liber, meaning “free”
______ 4. liberty
d. patris, meaning “fatherland”
______ 5. nation
e. martialis, meaning “of Mars, god of war
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Annotating & Summarizing
 ANNOTATING THE TEXT
When you write on a text or take notes on a passage, it is called an annotation. Annotating
a text is a great way to interact with a text so you do not lose focus. As you read, make
the following annotations:
On the left side of the text: Identify thesis, main points, evidence, etc.
On the right side of the text: Write your reactions and connections to the text
 Circle any words you DO NOT know
 Underline all main claims and evidence
 Box words or phrases that illustrate mood or tone
 SUMMARIZING THE TEXT
In his Speech, _________________________________, Patrick Henry
argues that ______________________________________________.
He thinks this because_______________________________________
_________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________. He
tries to convince the audience, _______________________________
______________________, by ______________________________
_________________________________________________________
___________________________. Overall, I feel that he was/ was not
persuasive because __________________________________________
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Recognizing Modes of Persuasion
DIRECTIONS: The chart below contains details from Patrick Henry’s “Speech to the
Virginia Convention.” Each detail is a persuasive appeal. Read each appeal. Then, in column
two, identify what it appeals to—a listener’s logic or emotion. Then, evaluate the
effectiveness of the speech in the space provided. Give reasons for your evaluation.
Example of Persuasive Appeal
Type of Persuasive Appeal
“Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our
petition comports with these warlike preparations
which cover our waters and darken our land.”
(lines 36–39)
“Shall we gather strength by irresolution and
inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual
resistance, by lying supinely on our backs, and
hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our
enemies shall have bound us hand and foot?” (lines
80–83)
“There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery!
Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be
heard on the plains of Boston!” (lines 94–96)
Evaluate the Speech
Review the persuasive appeals in the chart above as well as others you identified while
reading “Speech to the Virginia Convention.” How well do you think Patrick Henry
presented his case? Explain, giving reasons for your answers.
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