APPENDIX
Supplemental Table 1. Association (β [SE]) per 50 mg/d increment in self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake with
coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification, in women and men of the Framingham Heart Study*
Women
Model†
CAC as ln(AS+1)
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
AAC as ln(AS+1)
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Men
n
β
SE
P value
n
β
SE
P value
1338
-0.19
-0.20
-0.31
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.03
0.02
0.01
1357
-0.12
-0.06
-0.21
0.07
0.06
0.09
0.07
0.36
0.02
1332
-0.17
-0.14
-0.20
0.09
0.09
0.11
0.06
0.11
0.08
1349
-0.15
-0.04
-0.08
0.07
0.07
0.10
0.04
0.62
0.45
*AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; AS, Agatston Score; CAC, coronary artery calcification; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
†Tobit regression analyses were adjusted for as follows: model 1 was adjusted for calcium and energy intake, age, and exam cycle. Model 2
adjusted as for model 1, plus body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-HDL cholesterol, use of hormone
replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease
prevention, or diabetes, and alcohol intake. Model 3 adjusted as for model 2, plus intake of vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber. Note that
tests for magnesium × sex interactions were not statistically significant: P for magnesium × sex cross-product term in model 3 analyses was 0.98
and 0.78 for CAC and AAC, respectively.
Supplemental Table 2. Adjusted means (SE) of coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification in quartile categories of energy-adjusted selfreported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake, in women and men of the Framingham Heart Study*
Women
Quartile
1
333
257.5
(149.6–
280.8)
Men
n
Median
(range),
mg/d
CAC as ln(AS+1)
Model 1†
1.33 (0.09)
2
333
299.9
(281.0–
322.9)
3
334
348.2
(323.2–
377.9)
4
333
420.6
(378.3–
611.8)
P linear
trend
1
341
266.8
(173.5–
289.6)
2
341
310.0
(289.6–
328.8)
3
341
353.3
(329.0–
381.7)
4
341
430.4
(381.9–
748.7)
P linear
trend
1.37 (0.09)
1.21 (0.09)
1.00 (0.09)
0.01
2.18 (0.11)
2.40 (0.11)
2.28 (0.11)
2.02 (0.11)
0.17
Model 2
1.36 (0.09)
1.37 (0.09)
1.20 (0.09)
0.98 (0.09)
0.001
2.14 (0.11)
2.38 (0.10)
2.31 (0.10)
2.04 (0.11)
0.28
Model 3
1.46 (0.10)
1.40 (0.09)
1.17 (0.09)
0.88 (0.10)
0.0001
2.22 (0.12)
2.41 (0.10)
2.30 (0.10)
1.95 (0.13)
0.08
AAC as ln(AS+1)
Model 1†
3.18 (0.14)
3.02 (0.13)
2.66 (0.13)
2.83 (0.14)
0.05
3.11 (0.13)
3.17 (0.12)
2.86 (0.12)
2.88 (0.13)
0.10
Model 2
3.18 (0.13)
2.99 (0.12)
2.66 (0.12)
2.86 (0.13)
0.06
3.00 (0.12)
3.14 (0.11)
2.95 (0.11)
2.93 (0.12)
0.42
Model 3
3.23 (0.14)
3.00 (0.12)
2.65 (0.12)
2.81 (0.14)
0.07
3.02 (0.13)
3.14 (0.12)
2.94 (0.11)
2.91 (0.14)
0.42
*For AAC, n=1332 women and 1349 men. AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; AS, Agatston Score; CAC, coronary artery calcification; HDL,
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
†Model 1 adjusted for calcium and energy intake, age, and exam cycle. Model 2 adjusted as for model 1, plus body mass index, smoking status,
systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-HDL cholesterol, treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention,
or diabetes, and alcohol intake. Model 3 adjusted as for model 2, plus intake of vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber.
Supplemental Table 3. Adjusted odds (95% CI) of any or high coronary artery and abdominal aortic calcification across quartile categories of
energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake, in women and men of the Framingham Heart Study*
Women
Men
Quartile
1
2
3
4
n
Median
(range),
mg/d
CAC>0
333
257.5
(149.6–
280.8)
333
334
333
Model 1†
1 (Ref)
Model 2
1 (Ref)
Model 3
1 (Ref)
1
2
3
4
341
266.8
(173.5–
289.6)
341
341
341
P
linear
trend
310.0
(289.6–328.8)
353.3
(329.0–381.7)
430.4
(381.9–748.7)
0.01
1 (Ref)
0.003
1 (Ref)
0.002
1 (Ref)
1.18 (0.82–
1.70)
1.10 (0.76–
1.60)
0.95 (0.64–
1.40)
0.99 (0.69–
1.44)
0.93 (0.64–
1.36)
0.72 (0.47–
1.10)
0.73 (0.49–
1.07)
0.69 (0.46–
1.03)
0.43 (0.25–
0.74)
1.54 (1.01–
2.34)
1.51 (0.98–
2.33)
1.51 (0.96–
2.35)
1.09 (0.69–
1.70)
1.11 (0.70–
1.77)
1.12 (0.68–
1.85)
1.02 (0.63–
1.64)
0.97 (0.59–
1.60)
0.97 (0.53–
1.76)
0.56
1.29 (0.88–
1.90)
1.23 (0.82–
1.85)
1.19 (0.78–
1.80)
0.85 (0.57–
1.25)
0.86 (0.57–
1.30)
0.81 (0.51–
1.26)
0.91 (0.60–
1.37)
0.93 (0.60–
1.43)
0.84 (0.49–
1.45)
0.30
299.9
(281.0–322.9)
348.2
(323.2–377.9)
420.6
(378.3–611.8)
1.08 (0.73–
1.60)
1.02 (0.68–
1.54)
0.95 (0.62–
1.44)
0.79 (0.52–
1.18)
0.74 (0.49–
1.13)
0.65 (0.41–
1.04)
0.63 (0.41–
0.97)
0.55 (0.35–
0.86)
0.47 (0.27–
0.80)
1.06 (0.68–
1.63)
0.98 (0.62–
1.55)
0.95 (0.59–
1.52)
0.81 (0.51–
1.29)
0.76 (0.47–
1.23)
0.73 (0.42–
1.25)
0.66 (0.39–
1.10)
0.60 (0.35–
1.02)
0.57 (0.30–
1.08)
0.06
1 (Ref)
0.04
1 (Ref)
0.06
1 (Ref)
0.95 (0.64–
1.41)
0.89 (0.58–
1.35)
0.82 (0.53–
1.27)
0.59 (0.39–
0.90)
0.56 (0.36–
0.88)
0.50 (0.30–
0.82)
0.73 (0.47–
1.14)
0.72 (0.45–
1.16)
0.61 (0.34–
1.11)
0.08
1 (Ref)
0.11
1 (Ref)
0.09
1 (Ref)
P
linear
trend
0.05
0.04
0.001
CAC≥90th
Model 1†
1 (Ref)
Model 2
1 (Ref)
Model 3
1 (Ref)
0.47
0.56
AAC>0
Model 1†
1 (Ref)
Model 2
1 (Ref)
Model 3
1 (Ref)
(continued)
0.42
0.33
AAC≥90th
Model 1†
1 (Ref)
Model 2
1 (Ref)
Model 3
1 (Ref)
1.03 (0.70–
1.50)
0.93 (0.61–
1.41)
0.87 (0.56–
1.35)
0.68 (0.45–
1.03)
0.62 (0.39–
0.97)
0.58 (0.35–
0.95)
0.80 (0.52–
1.23)
0.75 (0.47–
1.20)
0.68 (0.39–
1.21)
0.16
1 (Ref)
0.14
1 (Ref)
0.15
1 (Ref)
0.91 (0.62–
1.35)
0.90 (0.59–
1.37)
0.83 (0.54–
1.28)
0.54 (0.35–
0.83)
0.58 (0.37–
0.92)
0.50 (0.30–
0.82)
0.93 (0.61–
1.41)
0.96 (0.61–
1.51)
0.74 (0.42–
1.31)
*Any calcification defined as AS 0 vs. >0; high calcification as AS < vs. ≥90th percentile for age and sex based on a healthy reference population.
For AAC, n=1332 women and 1349 men. AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; AS, Agatston Score; CAC, coronary artery calcification; HDL,
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
†Model 1 adjusted for calcium and energy intake, age, and exam cycle. Model 2 adjusted as for model 1, plus body mass index, smoking status,
systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-HDL cholesterol, treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention,
or diabetes, and alcohol intake. Model 3 adjusted as for model 2, plus intake of vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber.
0.50
0.71
0.22
1A
1B
Supplemental Figure 1. Adjusted means (±SE) of coronary artery calcification [A] and abdominal aortic calcification [B] (as ln[Agatston
Score+1]) according to median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in quartile
categories in women (open circles) and men (closed circles) of the Framingham Heart Study. Values are adjusted for age, exam cycle, body mass
index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of hormone replacement
therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or
diabetes, and intake of energy, calcium, alcohol, vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber. Quartile category median values of energy-adjusted
self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in men: 266.8, 310.0, 353.3, and 430.4; and in women: 257.5, 299.9,
348.2, and 420.6.
2A
2B
Supplemental Figure 2. Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of any (Agatston Score >0) coronary artery calcification (CAC) [A] and abdominal aortic
calcification (AAC) [B] according to median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in
quartile categories in women (open circles) and men (closed circles) of the Framingham Heart Study. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, exam cycle,
body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of hormone
replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease
prevention, or diabetes, and intake of energy, calcium, alcohol, vitamins K and D, saturated fat, and fiber. Quartile category median values of
energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in men: 266.8, 310.0, 353.3, and 430.4; and in women:
257.5, 299.9, 348.2, and 420.6.
3A
B
3B
B
Supplemental Figure 3. Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of high (Agatston Score ≥90th percentile for age and sex in a healthy referent population)
coronary artery calcification (CAC) [A] and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) [B] according to median values of energy-adjusted self-reported
total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake (mg/d) in quartile categories in women (open circles) and men (closed circles) of the
Framingham Heart Study. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, exam cycle, body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin,
total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, use of hormone replacement therapy (women only), menopausal status (women only), treatment
for hyperlipidemia, hypertension or cardiovascular disease prevention, or diabetes, and intake of energy, calcium, alcohol, vitamins K and D,
saturated fat, and fiber. Quartile category median values of energy-adjusted self-reported total (dietary and supplemental) magnesium intake
(mg/d) in men: 266.8, 310.0, 353.3, and 430.4; and in women: 257.5, 299.9, 348.2, and 420.6.