Sample Questions – 2015 Trends in Biotechnology, MidTerm Exam
1. Genetic information is stored in DNA which can be __________ to make copies of that
information. DNA information is __________ into an RNA molecule. This information is then
__________ into a protein.
2. Genetic material - DNA – is in the __________.
3. DNA contains information for __________.
4. Nucleus is surrounded by two __________, together known as the nuclear envelope.
5. Nuclear __________ allow chemical messages to exit and enter the nucleus.
6. Each cell contains about __________ billion protein molecules of approximately __________
different varieties.
7. Proteins are responsible for many tasks, eg: Defence from invading microorganisms
(__________), and Speeding up chemical reactions (__________).
8. The first step in building proteins is reading the genetic code contained in DNA. This is called
__________.
9. RNA __________ are molecular machines that first pull apart the two strands of DNA, then
transcribe the DNA into RNA.
10. __________ molecules carry genetic messages to the cytoplasm, where they are used as
instructions to make proteins.
11. Once in the cell’s cytoplasm, each __________ molecule serves as a template to make a single
type of protein. This process, called __________, is carried out by __________, which move
along the __________ and follow its instructions.
12. The __________ instructions are a string of units that, in groups of __________, code for
specific protein building blocks called __________.
13. __________ read the mRNA units in sequence and string together the corresponding amino
acids in the proper order.
14. Ribosomes are molecular machines made up of more than 70 __________ and 4 strands of
__________.
15. Ribosomes assemble all the cell’s __________.
16. Newly made protein chains come out of ribosomes, and thread directly into the __________
__________ .
17. __________ add special sugars to the protein.
18. Molecules called __________ RNAs bring amino acids from the cytosol to the __________.
19. Inside the rough ER, enzymes add specialized chains of sugar molecules (carbohydrates) to
proteins in a process called __________.
20. Next, the proteins go through the __________, where the sugar groups may be trimmed or
modified in other ways to create the final protein.
21. 3D structures give a specific __________ to proteins.
22. Proteins are synthesized in the __________ and transported to where they are needed
23. The __________ complex.
•
receives newly made proteins and lipids from the ER,
•
finishes the production
•
add a molecular address
•
sends them to their final destinations.
24. __________ gives cells
–
shape,
–
strength,
–
the ability to move
–
constantly shrink and grow to meet the needs of the cell
25. Three fibers of the cytoskeleton –
•
__________ ,
•
__________ filaments, and
•
__________ filaments.
26. Microtubules
•
Made of __________
•
separating duplicate __________ when cells copy themselves
•
act as structures on which molecules and materials __________ .
•
hold the __________ and __________ in stacks
•
form the main component of __________ and __________ .
27. __________ filaments - vary greatly according to their location and function in the body.
28. Actin filaments
•
Two chains of the protein __________ twisted together.
•
Can gather together into __________ , weblike __________ , or even three-dimensional
__________ .
•
Shorten or lengthen to allow cells to __________ and change __________ .
•
Together with myosin, actin filaments make possible the __________ __________ .
29. A protein called __________ is in charge of moving cargo around inside cells and helping them
divide. It's powered by biological fuel called __________ as it moves along tube-like cellular
tracks called __________ .
30. __________ are protective membrane bubbles.
31. Cells use vesicles to carry nutrients and other materials into the cell in a process called
__________ .
32. Endocytosis occurs continuously, and cells use their entire membrane every __________
minutes.
33. Cells use __________ to put wastes out of the cell and to replace membrane.
34. Motors are used in the cell to get many things done —
•
__________ DNA (and fixing it when a mistake is made),
•
making __________ and __________ , and
•
putting molecules in the correct __________ during development to make sure the body is
assembled correctly.
In recent years, scientists have discovered that the workings of every motor they examined use the
same two ingredients:
•
__________ and
•
__________ .
35. Proteins form membrane __________ and __________
36. Proteins allow __________ molecules into and out of the cell.
37. __________ proteins transport ions like sodium and potassium that are critical to many
biological processes, such as the beating of the heart, nerve impulses, digestion, and insulin
release.
38. Proteins __________ and __________ how specific proteins are made.
39. Cells are different yet every cell (with just a few exceptions) is enclosed in a __________ ,
contains a __________ full of genes, and has __________ , __________ , __________ , and
__________ .
40. Developing cells turn into all the different types in your body in a process, called __________ .
41. Cells control the expression of genes by controlling RNA __________ .
42. __________ stem cells have gene expression so wide that it has unlimited potential to become
any kind of cell in the body. These __________ cells cease to exist a few days after conception.
43. __________ reactions be regulated so the cell can biosynthesize and get energy.
44. Reactions are brought together in __________ .
45. Through a series of chemical reactions, __________ transfer energy in small packets from
glucose into __________ .
46. Cells convert nearly __________ percent of the energy stored in glucose into ATP.
47. There are many reactions in the cell and many are linked to form __________ pathways.
48. Scientists interested in __________ study how metabolism (the body’s breakdown of certain
molecules and the synthesis of others) is governed by thousands of __________ and
__________ networks in an organism.
49. Enzymes __________ biochemical reactions.
50. Cells __________ environmental signals and respond the correct way.
51. Cells send out __________ signals.
True or False
1. Electrons have a shorter wavelength than visible light and therefore will have a
lower resolving power.
2. Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells.
3. The cell theory states that all living things are made of atoms.
4. The polar portion of the phospholipid molecule (head) is soluble in water, whereas
the two hydrocarbon chains (tails) are not.
5. Biotechnology is multidisciplinary.
6. Penicillin is the only antibiotic from other organisms.
7. carbohydrates are not based on a genetic template
1. X-ray diffraction experiments conducted by _____________ led to the determination of the
structure of DNA.
A)
Francis Crick
B)
James Watson
C)
Erwin Chargaff
D)
Rosalind Franklin
2. Beadle and Tatum's experiment showed that each enzyme is specified by a single
A)
chromosome.
B)
gene.
C)
nucleotide.
D)
mutation.
3. In order to ensure he had pure-breeding plants for his experiments, Mendel
A)
cross-fertilized each variety with each other.
B)
let each variety self-fertilize for several generations.
C)
removed the female parts of the plants.
D)
removed the male parts of the plants.
4. What technique was most helpful to Watson and Crick?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
X-ray crystallography
cloned DNA
radioactive labeling
electrophoresis
transgenic animals
5. For DNA
A)
the ratio of A to C is close to 1:1 and the ratio of G to T is close to 1:1
B)
the ratio of A to G is close to 1:1 and the ratio of T to C is close to 1:1
C)
A+G>T+C
D)
A+T=G+C
E)
the ratio of A to T is close to 1:1 and the ratio of G to C is close to 1:1
6. The information in DNA is contained in
A)
the sequence of nucleotides along the length of one strand of the DNA molecule
B)
the sequence of amino acids that make up the DNA molecule
C)
the type of sugars used in making the DNA molecule
D)
the variation in the structure of nucleotides that make up the DNA molecule
E)
all of these
7. Which one of the following statements does NOT apply to the Watson-Crick model for DNA?
A)
The two strands of the DNA helix are upside down with respect to each other.
B)
The purines (double rings) base pair with the pyrimidines (single rings).
C)
The nitrogenous bases are attached to the deoxyribose molecules.
D)
The framework of the helix consists of sugar-phosphate units of the nucleotides.
E)
The two strands of the helix are held together by covalent bonds.
8. The statement that each new molecule of DNA contains one parental and one newly
synthesized strand of DNA refers to _____.
A)
the de novo synthesis of DNA
B)
the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis
C)
transcription
D)
a model of DNA replication
E)
the formation of replication bubbles
9. A gene is usually _____.
A)
the same thing as a chromosome
B)
made by a ribosome
C)
the information for making a polypeptide
D)
made of RNA
E)
made of protein
10. Which one of the following is NOT associated with RNA?
A)
phosphates
B)
C)
D)
E)
a sugar
uracil
single-strandedness
thymine
11. The DNA code is CGT. What messenger RNA is made from this?
A)
CTA
B)
ATU
C)
GCA
D)
UCG
E)
TCU
12. Information is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells in the form of
_____.
A)
nucleic acids
B)
sterols
C)
lipids
D)
carbohydrates
E)
proteins
8. Fermentation:
A. Is a microbial process which enzymatically changes organic compounds.
B. produces foods such as bread, wine, and beer.
C. was used for thousands of years because people knew about microorganisms.
D. Was used to grow bigger corn.
9. The fundamental unit of life is the
E. organism
F. organ system
G. organ
H. tissue
I. cell
10. ______ is the ability to distinguish between two adjacent points.
A. Magnification
B. Resolving power
C. Ionization
D. Emulsification
E. Multiplication
11. The ______ membrane separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding
environment.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
plasma
nuclear
Golgi
mitochondrial
lysosomal
12. A threadlike material called chromatin is located within the ______.
A. nucleus
B. nucleolus
C. mitochondria
D. lysosome
E. Golgi apparatus
13. ______ are lipids containing phosphorus that are very important in cell
membranes.
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty acids
3. Triglycerides
4. Steroids
5. Phospholipids
14. __________ is the commercial use of living organisms or their components to
improve animal and human health, agriculture, and the environment.
A. Bioconversion
B. Biotechnology
C. DNA fingerprinting
D. Bioremediation
15. The renowned French Chemist __________ eventually established that yeast
and other microbes are directly linked to fermentation.
A. Louis Pasteur
B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
C. Shen Nan
D. CGIAR
16. __________ is added to fruit juice to improve taste.
A. Lysine
B. Methionine
C. Cysteine
D. Alanine
17. __________ is used in Japan to make bread a more complete protein.
A. Cysteine
B. Alanine
C. Lysine
D. Methionine
18. Fermentation has been modified to make:
A. glycerol for explosives
B. aseptic techniques
C. antibiotics
D. butanol
19. Development of staining techniques:
A. Made it easier to see cell parts with a microscope
B. Made the cells pretty colors
C. Showed that living things come from other living things
D. Showed that cells come from cells
20. Which of these are fluorochromes?
A. GFP
B. Primary antibodies
C. Phalloidin
D. Fluorescent protein
21. Which has most magnification?
A. Scanning electron microscope
B. Transmission electron microscope
C. Fluorescent microscope
D. Light microscope
22. Indirect immuno-cytochemistry is very sensitive because:
A. The primary antibody is recognized by many molecules of the secondary
antibody
B. A fluorophore can be directly conjugated to the primary antibody
C. This techniques uses highly specific binding of an antibody to its antigen
D. Fluorescent stains are drugs or toxins which bind to specific cellular structures
and have been made with a fluorescent reporter
23. STED-microscopy uses
A. The fluorescence of single molecules being turned on and off
B. Electrons which have a much shorter wavelength than light
C. Many images of the same area
D. Two laser beams, one to stimulate the fluorescent molecules and the other to
cancel out fluorescence
24. Because the cell has many things in it:
A. Different reactions and products are localized to different areas
B. Molecules are used to organize the cell processes
C. Transport in the cell is very important
D. Less than a thousand reactions occur
25. In X-ray crystallography x-rays are fired at a crystal of molecules. The shape
of the molecule can be calculated because:
A. The resulting diffraction pattern is dependent on the internal structure of the
crystal
B. The ordering of the molecules in the crystal diffracts or scatters the x-rays into
hundreds of strong rays
C. The crystal is cooled by cold nitrogen gas to help it withstand the radiation
D. By measuring the strength and position of the diffraction pattern we can work
back to the structure of the molecule
26. It is important to find the structure of bacterial ribosomes because we can:
A. Find antibiotics which block the tunnel through which proteins leave the
ribosome
B. Find antibiotics which stop the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
C. Find antibiotics which stop the correct translation from RNA into proteins
D. Color the proteins blue, or green, and the rRNA molecules orange.
27. Gleevec
A. Is an example of rational drug design
B. Is an example of targeted therapy
C. Is a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
D. Can be used to treat multiple cancers
28. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) :
A. involves the proliferation of leukemia cells
B. Is caused by a chromosomal translocation
C. Involves a defective tyrosine kinase protein
D. Causes much less white blood cells in the blood