STUDY GUIDE
Chapters 5 and 6 (L1)
Lesson 1
________________ is a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume.
3 kinds:
________________ stress force that pulls on the crust and thins rock in the middle; occurs
where two plates pull apart
________________ stress force that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks; occurs where two
plates come together
________________ stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions; occurs where
two plates slip past each other
When enough stress builds up in the rock, the rock breaks, creating a __________
3 types:
________________ where rock is pulled apart by tension in Earth’s crust; the fault cuts
through rock at an angle, so one block of rock sits over the fault (hanging wall), while the
other block lies under the fault (footwall); when movement occurs the hanging wall slips
downward; occur where two plates diverge
________________ where rock is pushed together by compression in Earth’s crust; the fault
cuts through rock at an angle, so one block of rock sits over the fault (hanging wall), while
the other block lies under the fault (footwall); when movement occurs the hanging wall is
pushed upward; occur where two plates converge
________________ where rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways, with
little up and down motion; shearing produces this fault; forms at a transform boundary
Plate Movement Creating New Landforms:
Rocks stressed by compression may push together and ________________ or bend without
breaking.
A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch is a(n) __________________________.
A fold in rock that bends downward to form a V shape is a(n) _______________________.
Sometimes mountains and valleys are formed due to tension in Earth’s crust. Such
mountains are called ________________________ mountains. This happens when two plates
move away from each other creating many _________________ faults.
Forces that raise mountains can also uplift, or raise a large, flat block of Earth called a
_____________________. This rock has many different flat layers and is wider than it is tall.
Lesson 2
A(n) _____________________________ is the shaking and trembling that results from
movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface. Most are too small to notice.
__________________________________ are vibrations that are similar to sound waves and
travel through Earth carrying energy released by an earthquake.
The ________________________ is the area beneath Earth’s surface where rock that was
under stress begins to break or move. This action triggers the earthquake. The point on
the surface directly above it is called the __________________________.
Three main categories:
_________ waves: the first waves to arrive; seismic waves that compress and expand the
ground like an accordion; can damage buildings; can move through solids and liquids
_________ waves: seismic waves that can vibrate from side to side or up and down; when
they reach the surface can shake structures violently; cannot move through liquids
_________ waves: move more slowly, but can produce severe ground movement that can
make the ground roll like ocean waves or shake buildings from side to side
The ____________________________________ scale rates the amount of shaking from an
earthquake; rated by people’s observations and not instruments; scales uses roman
numeral ranges (I-III, IV-VI, VII-IX, X-XII)
An earthquake’s __________________________ is a single number that geologists assign to an
earthquake based on the earthquake’s size.
The ____________________________ scale rates the magnitude of earthquakes based on the
size recorded by seismographs. However, news reports that mention this scale almost
always are referring to the earthquake’s ______________________________________.
When comparing an earthquake’s moment magnitude, each point on the scale
represents the release of roughly ________ more energy.
Geologists use _____________________________ to locate an earthquake’s epicenter. To do
this you need to read a graph to find the ____________________ from the seismograph to
the ____________________________. If you know the distance of ________ seismograph
stations, you can draw circles around each station; the point where the three circles
intersect is the ____________________________.
Lesson 3
A _________________________ consists of a pen connected to a weight and a drum of
paper that can rotate. Seismic waves cause the drum to vibrate, which in turn causes the
pen to record the drum’s vibrations. The ________________ remains stationary while the
________________ moves.
The pattern of (zigzag) lines called a __________________________ is the record of an
earthquake’s seismic waves produced by a seismograph. The __________________ of the
lines drawn by a seismograph is ______________ for a more severe earthquake or an
earthquake closer to the seismograph.
Can geologists currently predict when and where an earthquake may occur? ________
Maps created by geologists using past data from seismographs show that earthquakes
often occur ________________________________________________________________.
In the United States, where are the most frequent earthquakes located?
_________________________________________________ Why? _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
What other location in the U.S. is there a more moderate risk? (lab activity we did – can
also look at map on page 163) _______________________________________________________
What vast area of geologic activity do many of the world’s earthquakes occur?
___________________________________________________
What other natural force is common along these boundaries?
_______________________________________________
Chapter 6 Lesson 1
A ______________________ is a mountain that forms in Earth’s crust when molten material, or
magma, reaches the surface.
_________________________ is the molten material in the mantle and is called
_________________________ when it reaches the surface.
Volcanic belts form along the __________________ of Earth’s plates. Volcanoes can occur
where two plates ________________________ causing the crust to fracture. They can also
occur where two plates ___________________________ and one plate sinks beneath the
other causing magma to rise.
The ____________________________________ is a major belt of volcanoes that rim the Pacific
Ocean.
When boundaries converge the resulting volcanoes sometimes create a string of islands
called a(n) ________________________________________.
However, not all volcanoes form along plate boundaries. Some are the result of
_________________________________ in the Earth’s mantle where material from deep within
the Earth’s mantle rises through the crust and melts to form magma. An example of this is
____________________________________ Park in Wyoming and the ___________________ Islands
in the Pacific Ocean (one of the US 50 states).
Review the chart below: