ADANCED PLACEMENT BIOLOGY CHAPTER GROUP PROJECTS
DIRECTIONS: Read the assigned chapters with the accompanying objectives. Your presentation (however you choose to
give it) must answer AT LEAST all the topics assigned in the objectives. You must show pictures or animations of any
process or organism discussed. You must cover all the material in the allotted time. You must have a hands on activity
which you must give before during or after your presentation. You must be present the day of your presentation. Due to
the time restraint we are under IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT WE STICK TO THE SCHEDULE IN ORDER TO COVER ALL MATERIAL
BEFORE YOUR AP EXAM ON MAY 14.
****IF THERE IS ANY PROBLEM PLEASE SEE ME AHEAD OF TIME, NOTHING CAN BE FIXED THE DAY OF***
BELOW YOU WILL FIND THE DAY OF YOUR PRESENTATIONS AND THE CHAPTERS YOU ARE ASSIGNED.
STUDENT NAME
JUDITH AND ELIZABETH
JAVIERA AND ROSA
JOSEPH AND JOHN
ANTHONY AND NICK
ROMINA AND RUTH
LIANA
AILEEN
JUAN AND ADRIEL
DANIEL AND VANESSA
JAMIE AND JOSE
MARCOS AND MIRNA
CHAPTERS TO COVER
37 AND 38
43 AND 44
34 AND 35
41 AND 42
25 AND 26
33 AND 39
32
40 AND 45
36 AND 37
46 AND 49
24 AND 28
DAY OF PRESENTATION
MARH 22
MARCH 28
MARCH 9
MARCH 26
MARCH 1
MARCH 5 AND 7
MARCH 5
APRI 4TH
MARCH 20
APRIL 2
FEBRUARY 28
CHAPTER 24: FUNGI
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Describe the various types of fungal body plans, patterns of reproduction and natural history
Discuss the economic impact of fungi on humans
Provide at least one specific example of each of the major groups of fungi
Provide two examples of symbiotic relationships with fungi
CHAPTER 25: ANIMAL EVOLUTION-THE INVERTEBRATES
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Describe the major advances in body structure and function that made invertebrates and vertebrates
increasingly large and complex
Discuss the relationship between segmentation and the development of paired organs and paired appendages.
List the functions of a coelom, and describe the role of coelomic development played in animal evolution.
For each major invertebrate phylum, list the name, the distinguishing characteristics and common examples
Trace the development of symmetry, body cavity, cephalization and segmentation in the invertebrates. Think
about this information in terms of a phylogenetic tree like in fig. 25-7
CHAPTER 26: ANIMAL EVOLUTION- THE CHORDATES
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Describe the four characteristics that are distinctive of chordates.
Distinguish between invertebrates in general, invertebrate chordates, and vertebrate chordates.
Trace the trends in vertebrate evolution from fishes to mammals.
Give an example of each of the major classes of vertebrates, and tell how that class differs from the others.
Understand the general physical features and behavioral patterns attributed to early primates, and know
primates relationship to other mammals.
Trace primate evolutionary development through the Cenozoic era.
Understand the distinction between hominoid and hominid, and distinguish between Austrolapithecus and
Homo.
CHAPER 28: PLANT TISSUES
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Describe the generalized body plan of a flowering plant.
Define and distinguish among the various types of ground tissues, vascular tissues, and dermal tissues.
Explain how plant tissues develop from meristems.
Know the functions of stems, leaves and roots.
Explain what is meant by secondary growth, and describe how it occurs in woody eudicot roots and stems.
Distinguish between bark and the different types of wood in trees.
Understand the relationship between tree rings and environment.
Understand how some stems are modified and function in storage and reproduction.
CHAPTER 32: ANIMAL TISSUES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
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Describe the various levels of animal organization, and be familiar with the anatomical terms provided.
Know the characteristics of the four main tissues, noting their structure and function.
Know the types of cells that compose each tissue type, and cite some examples of organs that contain significant
amounts of each tissue type.
Characterize each of the major organ systems of the human body.
Describe how the four principal tissue types are organized into an organ such as the skin and stomach.
CHAPTER 33: NEURAL CONTROL
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Contrast invertebrate and vertebrate nervous system.
Describe the visible structure of neurons, neuroglia, nerves, and ganglia, both separately and together as a
system.
Describe the distribution of the invisible array of proteins, ions, and other molecules in a neuron both at rest and
as a neuron experiences a change in potential.
Understand how a nerve impulse is received by a neuron, conducted along a neuron, and transmitted across a
synapse to a neighboring neuron, muscle or gland.
Outline some of the ways by which information flow is regulated and integrated in the human body.
Describe the organization of peripheral versus central nervous systems.
Identify the parts of primitive brains, and explain how the human brain is more advanced.
CHAPTER 34: SENSORY RECEPTION
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Describe and note examples of each of the six general categories of sensory receptors.
Contrast the mechanism by which the somatic and visceral senses work.
Understand how the senses of taste, balance and hearing function.
Identify and describe the function of each of the parts of the human ear.
Describe how the sense of vision has evolved through time.
Identify and describe the function of each of the parts of the human eye.
CHAPTER 35: ENDOCRINE CONTROL
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Know the general mechanisms by which molecules integrate and control the various metabolic activities in both
vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
Understand how the neuroendocrine center controls secretion rates of other endocrine glands and responses in
nerves and muscles.
Know the major endocrine glands and their secretions
Be familiar with other endocrine glands and their role in the body
Know how sugar levels are regulated by hormones
Differentiate the modes of action of steroid and nonsteroid hormones
CHAPTER 36: STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
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Compare invertebrate and vertebrate motor systems in terms of skeletal and muscular components and their
interactions
Describe the details of bone construction
Explain in detail the structure of muscles, from the molecular level to the organ systems level.
Explain how biochemical events occurring muscle contractions and how antagonistic muscle action refines
movements.
Describe the impact of exercise, disease and aging on bone and muscles.
CHAPTER 37: CIRCULATION
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Explain how the cardiovascular systems of vertebrates differ from those of invertebrates
Describe the function and composition of blood
Trace the routes of blood flow in the human cardiovascular system, including pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Explain what is happening during each portion of the cardiac cycle.
Discuss the factors that cause blood to exist under different pressures.
Describe the composition and function of the lymphatic system.
CHAPTER 38: IMMUNITY
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Describe typical external barriers that organisms present to invading organisms.
Understand the process involved in the nonspecific inflammatory response
Understand how vertebrates (especially mammals) recognize and discriminate between self and nonself tissues.
Distinguish between antibody-mediated and cell-mediated patterns of defense.
Explain the mechanisms of immunological specificity and memory.
Explain the basis for immunization.
Describe some examples of immune failures, and identify as specifically as you can which weapons in the
immunity arsenal failed in each case.
CHAPTER 39: RESPIRATION
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Understand the behavior of gases and the types of respiratory surfaces that participate in gas exchange.
Compare the mechanisms used in invertebrate and vertebrate respiration.
Be able to trace the route of air into and out of the human lungs
Understand how the human respiratory system is related to the circulatory system, to cellular respiration, and
to the nervous system.
Understand how respiration can be disrupted by damage to respiratory centers in the brain, physical
obstructions, infectious disease, and pollutants.
Explain how humans and other animals adapt to deal with high altitude and deep water conditions.
CHAPTER 40: DIGESTION AND HUMAN NUTRITION
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Know the various ways in which a digestive system can be structured. Realize the behavioral limitations of
organisms with incomplete digestive systems.
Understand the structure and function of the various regions of the human digestive sytem.
Summarize the daily nutritional requirement of a 25-year-old man who works at a desk job and exercise very
little. State what he needs in energy, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, and name at least 6 vitamins, and
six minerals that he needs to include in his diet every day.
Explain how the human body manages to meet the energy and nutritional needs of the various body parts
even though the person may be feasting sometimes and fasting at other times.
CHAPTER 41: MAINTAINING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
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Explain how the chemical composition of extracellular fluid is maintained by mammals
Compare how invertebrates and vertebrates maintain fluid balance.
Describe the components of the human urinary system.
Understand the processes of urine formation and excretion and the hormonal controls involved in these
processes.
Understand the degrees to which ectotherms, endotherms, and heterotherms can control their body
temperatures.
Explain how heat gain and loss occur in birds and mammals and how these animals maintain a steady body
temperature.
CHAPTER 42: ANIMAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
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Understand how asexual reproduction differs from sexual reproduction. Know the advantages and problems
associated with having separate sexes.
Describe the structure and function of the human male and female reproductive systems.
Know the principal means of controlling human fertility.
Know the various STD’S presented in this chapter and the various modes of transmission.
CHAPTER 43: ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
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Describe the early embryonic development and distinguish each: oogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation,
organ formation, and tissue specialization.
Outline the principal events of prenatal development
Understand the importance of the placenta to the developing embryo.
Describe the evolutionary constraints on development
Understand the effects of nutrition, infectious agents, alcohol, caffeine, smoking and prescription drugs on
embryonic development.
CHAPTER 44: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
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Understand how scientists have proven that some behavioral traits are genetic.
Learn about the concepts of instinctive behavior, learned behavior, imprinting and conditioning.
Be able to describe how adaptive behaviors develop.
Study the various forms of communication between individuals of a species.
Know the basis for sexual selection and parental care in various animal populations.
Compare the pros and cons of animals living in groups.
Understand why some animals exhibit subservient behavior for the wellbeing of the population.
Examine how human behavior relates to animal behavior as far as pheromones and morality are concerned.
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CHAPTER 45: POPULATION ECOLOGY
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Know the different types of population distributions and their characteristics.
Learn how population sizes are estimated.
Describe what is meant by zero population growth and exponential growth and their effects on the overall
population size.
Characterize the density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect a population’s growth.
Be able to describe what is meant by a life table and know the 3 types of survivorship curves.
Understand how natural selection influences population growth.
Learn the stages of growth in human populations over the years.
Observe how the total fertility rates differ in countries and understand the reasons why they differ.
Characterize the demographic transition model which illustrates human population growth rates.
Explain how the aging population will impact population growth.
CHAPTER 46: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND BIODIVERSITY
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Learn some basic ecological terms: habitat, niche, commensalisms, mutualism, and symbiosis.
Know how mutualism can be beneficial to both species involved.
Understand the complex relationships between competitive species.
Describe the different types of predator responses to increases in prey densities.
Know how predators and prey adapt to be more successful.
Learn the lifestyle of parasites and parasitoids.
Know how cowbirds have adapted to changes over time.
CHAPTER 47: ECOSYSTEMS
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Understand the trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Learn the highly interacted relationships of a food web.
Know the way energy flows through an ecosystem through the study of biomass and energy pyramid.
Realize the way that toxic substances become highly concentrated in the top carnivores of a food web.
Be able to explain how elements are cycled through living organisms and the environment.
Explain how water goes through the cyclical process of traveling between bodies of water, land and the
atmosphere.
Understand how carbon is cycled between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Be able to explain how greenhouse gases have an adverse effect by helping to create global warming.
Know how nitrogen changes form and travels between the atmosphere and the land.
Explain the phosphorous cycle and how it passes between the ocean and the land.
CHAPTER 49: HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE
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Realize that there have been five mass extinctions that occurred naturally and we could be heading to an era of
a manmade extinction.
Be able to describe how many species are endangered or threatened due to deforestation, hunting, and species
introduction.
Know that we are aware of many threatened species, but there are probably many more that we think.
List the efforts made to protect habitats and regions at risk.
Know that many species are affected by our process of overdevelopment and over-utilization of non-renewable
resources.
Realize that many grasslands are changing into desserts due to poor farming techniques that lead to soil erosion.
Understand how plastic trash harms animal species.
Know that humans can positively impact organisms by appropriate farming and by educating the public at large
about environmental issues.