Electronic supplementary material for: Native plant diversity increases herbivory to
non-natives Pearse, IS & Hipp AL.
Table S1: Site information for the eight arboreta included in this study.
Non-
Arboretum
Abbrev.
Arboretum Name
Latitude
Longitude
Mean
Mean
native
Native
annual
annual
oak
oak
temperature
precipitation
species
species
University of California
CA-1
Botanical Gardens
37.87361
-122.23755
58.1
26.74
39
7
38.52866
-121.76341
61.2
19.6
55
1
UC Davis Arboretum CA-2
Shields Oaks Grove
University of
Washington Botanic
WA
Gardens
47.65646
-122.29131
53.1
39.88
52
1
CO
Denver Botanic Gardens
39.73162
-104.96160
50.2
17.18
26
1
IL
The Morton Arboretum
41.81288
-88.07043
48.8
38.52
29
9
The North Carolina
NC
Arboretum
35.49763
-82.60942
54.3
48.02
18
10
NY
Cornell Plantations
42.45068
-76.47322
46.7
37.3
30
5
PA
Scott Arboretum
39.90402
-75.35237
55.9
41.53
14
9
1
1
Table S2: Description of oak taxa and phylogenetic treatment.
Species
treatment
clade
rationale or citation
added at base of tree, with
1my yr separation between
Notholithocarpus Quercus and
densiflorus
Notholithocarpus
Notholithocarpus
(1)
Q acutissima
in core phylogeny
Cerris
(3)
polytomy with
Q. acuta
Cyclobalanopsis
Cyclobanalopsis
Cyclobalanopsis
monophyletic (6,13)
Eurasian white oaks
infraspecies and synonyms
Q. acutidentata
sister to Q. aliena
s.s.
placed sister
Q. agrifolia
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
American white
Q. alba
Q. aliena
in core phylogeny
sister to Q. acutidentata
oaks
(3)
Eurasian white oaks
infraspecies and synonyms
s.s.
placed sister
American white
Q. arizonica
sister to Q. englemanii
oaks
(12)
Q. ballota
in core phylogeny
Cerris
(3)
Monophyly of Latin
Q. benthami
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
American white
Q. berberidifolia
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
2
eastern white oaks with
polytomy with bur and
American white
resemblance to bur oak;
Q. bicolor
bicolor
oaks
microsatellite data (11)
Q. brandegei
in core phylogeny
Geminata group
(3)
Q. buckleyi
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
Ilex group of Cerris
Q. calliprinos
in core phylogeny
section
(3)
Eurasian white oaks
Q. canariensis
in core phylogeny
s.s.
(3)
Monophyly of Latin
Q. canbyi
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3,12)
Q. candicans
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
Q. castaneifolia
in core phylogeny
Cerris
(3)
Q. cedrosensis
polytomy with Protobalanus
Protobalanus
(5,6)
Q. cerris
in core phylogeny
Cerris
(3)
Treated as an infraspecies
of Q. acutissima;
Q. chenii
sister to Q. acutissima
Cerris
infraspecies placed sister
Q. chrysolepis
in core phylogeny
Protobalanus
(3)
Q. coccifera
in core phylogeny
Ilex group of cerris
(3)
Lobatae
morphology; (4)
sister to Q. ellipsoidalis; with
Q. coccinea
Q. velutina
Monophyly of Latin
Q. costaricensis
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
3
Q. crassifolia
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
Q. crassipes
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
Q. petraea polytomy, at
Q. dalechampii
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
(9)
Monophyly of Eurasian
Q. dentata
Asian white oak polytomy
Eurasian white oaks
white oaks (3);
s.s.
biogeography
American white
Q. diversifolia
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
American white
Q. douglasii
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
polytomy with Q. johntuckeri, Q. turbinella, Q.
Q. dumosa
Q. durandii
dumosa, Q. durata, Q
American white
pacifica
oaks
Morphology, (10)
American white
infraspecies and synonyms
oaks
placed sister
sister to Q. sinuata
polytomy with john-tuckeri,
Q. durata
turbinella, dumosa, durata,
American white
pacifica
oaks
Morphology (10)
sister to coccinea; with Q.
Q. ellipsoidalis
velutina
Lobatae
(4)
Q. engelmanii
in core phylogeny
American white
(3)
4
oaks
Monophyly of Eurasian
Q. fabri
East Asian white oak
Eurasian white oaks
white oaks (3);
polytomy
s.s.
biogeography
Eurasian white oaks
Q. faginea
in core phylogeny
s.s.
(3)
Lobatae
(12)
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
(9) roburoids geneticaly
Q. frainetto
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
identical
Q. fusiformis
in core phylogeny
Geminata group
(3)
base of eastern North
Q. falcata
American Lobatae
Q. petraea group, at
American white
Q. gambelii
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
American white
Q. garryana
in core phylogeny
Q. garryana var.
breweri
oaks
(3)
American white
sister to garryana
oaks
Varieties placed sister
Monophyly of Latin
Q. gentryi
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
Lobatae
Morphology
base of eastern North
Q. georgiana
American Lobatae
polytomy with
Q. gilva
Cyclobalanopsis
Cyclobanalopsis
Cyclobalanopsis
monophyletic (6,13)
5
Eurasian white oaks
Synonyms and infraspecies
Q. glandulifera
sister to serrata
s.s.
placed sister
Q. glauca
in core phylogeny
Cyclobalanopsis
(3)
Monophyly of Latin
Q. graciliformis
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
Q. gravesii
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
American white
Q. gregii
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
American white
Q. grisea
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
(9) roburoids geneticaly
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
identical
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
(9) roburoids geneticaly
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
identical
polytomy with gambelii,
American white
Biogeography;
garryana
oaks
morphological similarity
petraea polytomy, at
Q. haas
petraea polytomy, at
Q. hartwissia[na]
Q. havardii
petraea polytomy, at
Q. iberica
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
(9) roburoids clustered
Ilex group of cerris
Q. ilex
in core phylogeny
section
(3)
Q. ilicifolia
base of eastern North
Lobatae
Morphology,
6
Q. imbricaria
American lobatae
biogeography (8)
base of eastern North
Morphology,
American lobatae
Lobatae
biogeography (8)
Eurasian white oaks
Q. infectoria
in core phylogeny
s.s.
(3)
Q. ithaburensis
in core phylogeny
Cerris section
(3)
polytomy with Q. johntuckeri, Q. turbinella, Q.
Q. johntuckeri
dumosa, Q. durata, Q.
American white
pacifica
oaks
polytomy with Q. agrifolia,
Q. kellogii
Q. wislizenii, Q. kellogii
Morphology,
Lobatae
base of eastern North
Q. laurifolia
American Lobatae
Morphology (10)
biogeography (8)
Morphology,
Lobatae
biogeography (8)
Eurasian white oaks
Q. lioatungensis
sister to mongolica
s.s.
synonyms placed sister
American white
Q. lobata
Q. lyrata
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
polytomy with bur and
American white
eastern white oaks with
bicolor
oaks
resemblance to bur oak
American white
Q. macrocarpa
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
American white
Q. margarettiae
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
7
base of eastern North
Q. marilandica
American lobatae
Q. mexicana
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
American white
Q. michauxii
sister to alba
oaks
(12)
American white
Q. mohriana
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
American white
Q. mongolica
Q. montana
in core phylogeny
oaks
polytomy with michauxii
American white
and prinoides
oaks
(3)
morphology
American white
Q. muehlenbergii
in core phylogeny
oaks
polytomy with
Q. myrsinifolia
cyclobalanopsis
Cyclobanalopsis
Cyclobalanopsis
base of eastern North
Q. nigra
American lobatae
(3)
monophyletic (6,13)
Morphology,
Lobatae
biogeography (8)
Morphology,
Q. nuttallii
sister to texana
Lobatae
biogeography (8)
American white
Q. oblongifolia
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
American white
Q. obtusata
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
8
base of predominantly
Q.
eastern North American
American white
Morphology,
oglethorpensis
white oak clade
oaks
biogeography (10)
Q. oleoides
in core phylogeny
Geminata group
(3)
western North American
American white
Morphology,
white oak clade
oaks
biogeography (10)
base of predominantly
Q. oocarpa
polytomy with john-tuckeri,
turbinella, dumosa, durata,
American white
Q. pacifica
pacifica
oaks
Morphology, (10)
Q. palmeri
in core phylogeny
Protobalanus
(3)
branch inside of agrifolia et
Q. palustris
al.
Lobatae
(12)
Q. parvula
in core phylogeny
Lobatae
(3)
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
(9) roburoids genetically
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
identical
petraea polytomy, at
Q. petraea
base of eastern North
Q. phellos
American lobatae
Morphology,
Lobatae
biogeography (8)
Ilex group of cerris
Q. phillyreoides
in core phylogeny
section
(3)
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
(9) roburoids geneticaly
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
identical
petraea polytomy, at
Q. polycarpa
9
Q. polymorpha
polytomy with vaseyana,
American white
pungens, mohriana
oaks
(12)
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
(9) roburoids genetically
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
identical
petraea polytomy, at
Q. pontica
American white
Q. prinoides
Q. prinus
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
American white
Infraspecies and synonyms
oaks
placed sister
divergence between Q.
Eurasian white oaks
(9) roburoids genetically
robur and Q. canariensis
s.s.
identical
sister to Q. montana
petraea polytomy, at
Q. pubescens
American white
Q. pungens
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
Eurasian white oaks
Q. robur
in core phylogeny
s.s.
(3)
Morphology,
Q. rubra
near shumardii
Lobatae
biogeography (8)
American white
Q. rugosa
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
Monophyly of Latin
Q. rysophylla
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
Monophyly of Latin
Q. saltillensis
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
10
Monophyly of Latin
Q. sartorii
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
Monophyly of Latin
Q. scytophylla
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
Eurasian white oaks
Q. serrata
in core phylogeny
s.s.
(3)
Morphology,
Q. shumardii
near rubra
Lobatae
biogeography (8)
American white
Q. sinuata
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
polytomy with bur and
American white
Morphology,
Q. stellata
bicolor
oaks
biogeography (12)
Q. suber
in core phylogeny
Cerris
(3)
Infraspecies and synonyms
Q. texana
with buckleyi, gravesii
Lobatae
placed sister
Q. tomentella
in core phylogeny
Protobalanus
(3)
Monophyly of Latin
Q. tristis
Latin American polytomy
Lobatae
American red oaks (3)
Q. trojana
in core phylogeny
Cerris
(3)
American white
Q. turbinella
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
in polytomy with Q.
Q. vaccinifolia
chrysolepis and Q. palmeri
Protobalanus
(5,6)
Q. variabilis
in core phylogeny
Cerris
(3)
11
American white
Q. vaseyana
in core phylogeny
oaks
(3)
with Q. ellipsoidalis and Q.
Q. velutina
coccinea
Lobatae
(4)
Q. virginiana
in core phylogeny
Geminata group
(3)
polytomy with Q. agrifolia,
Q. wislizeni
Q. wislizenii, Q. kellogii
Californian Lobatae (2),
Lobatae
microsatellite data
2
3
Table S2 references:
4
1.
5
6
inferred from nuclear CRABS CLAW sequences. Taxon 57(2):434-451.
2.
7
8
3.
Pearse IS & Hipp AL (2009) Phylogenetic and trait similarity to a native species predict
herbivory on non-native oaks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
10
United States of America 106(43):18097-18102.
4.
12
13
Dodd RS & Afzal-Rafii Z (2004) Selection and dispersal in a multispecies oak hybrid
zone. Evolution 58(2):261-269.
9
11
Oh SH & Manos PS (2008) Molecular phylogenetics and cupule evolution in Fagaceae as
Hipp AL & Weber JA (2008) Taxonomy of Hill's oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis : Fagaceae):
Evidence from AFLP data. Syst. Bot. 33(1):148-158.
5.
Manos PS, Doyle JJ, & Nixon KC (1999) Phylogeny, biogeography, and processes of
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molecular differentiation in Quercus subgenus Quercus (Fagaceae). Molecular
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Phylogenetics and Evolution 12(3):333-349.
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6.
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Manos PS, Zhou ZK, & Cannon CH (2001) Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenetic tests
of reproductive trait evolution. Int. J. Plant Sci. 162(6):1361-1379.
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Nixon KC & Muller CH (1994) New names in California oaks. Novon 4:391-393.
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9.
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11.
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Craft KJ & Ashley MV (2006) Population differentiation among three species of white
oak in northeastern Illinois. Can. J. For. Res 36(1):206-215.
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Nixon KC (2002) The oak (Quercus) biodiversity of California and adjacent regions. in
USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW (Vallejo, CA).
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Denk T & Grimm GW (2010) The oaks of western Eurasia: Traditional classifications
and evidence from two nuclear markers. Taxon 59(2):351-366.
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Jensen RJ (1997) Quercus section Lobatae. In: Flora of North America. Flora of North
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International Oaks 24:48-60
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
13
Table S3: The influence of phylogenetic
distance (branch length) between nonnative oaks and native oaks on herbivore
damage to non-native oaks (square root
transformed) at eight arboreta across the
United States.
β
r2
P
CA1
-0.192
0.093
0.059
CA2
-0.160
0.201
0.001
WA
-0.028
0.018
0.348
CO
-0.066
0.062
0.218
IL
-0.112
0.177
0.023
NC
0.071
0.112
0.174
NY
-0.191
0.185
0.018
PA
-0.162
0.438
0.010
Arboretum
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
14
Table S4: The effect of alternate phylogenetic resolutions on the
phylogenetic distance - herbivory relationship. Mixed models
include 'arboretum' as a random intercept.
Phylogeny Description
F
P (fixed)
Tree 1
Supertree
29.84 <0.001
Tree 2
Old world white oaks sister
28.44 <0.001
Tree 3
Polytomies at sections
23.29 <0.001
Tree 4
Even branching
20.4
<0.001
Tree 5
Pearse & Hipp 2009 phylogeny
23.36 <0.001
Table S5: Alternative correlates of herbivore pressure to
non-natives (mean herbivore damage) at eight arboreta
across the United States.
Factor
r
P|t|
Latitude
-0.27
0.53
Mean Temperature
-0.53
0.17
Mean Precipitation
0.61
0.11
Water Balance (10-yr mean)
0.51
0.19
Number of non-native oaks
-0.56
0.15
Number of native non-oaks
0.28
0.51
Oak phylo. diversity (native + non-native)
-0.61
0.11
15