Nombre________________________Fecha______________Hora__________
Español 2 Guía de Estudiar Para Examen
La Cultura
1.) What does “Venezuela” mean? ____________________________________________________
2.) The famous waterfall in Venezuela is called________________________.
3.) The abundance of Venezuelan oil is found near _______________________________.
4.) Venezuela borders the Atlantic Ocean and what country?________________________
5.) Who was Venezuela’s national hero?________________________________
6.) Colombia is a main producer of what 2 products? ____________________________________
7.) What are 3 dances Colombia is famous for?_______________________________________________
8.) What is the largest Spanish speaking country in the world?________________________________
9.) What is the Tango? Where is it from? __________________________________________________
10.) What are the names of the cowboys of Argentina? What area of Argentina are they
found?_____________________________________________________________________________
11.) What is the southernmost city in the world? What country is it in?___________________________
12.) What are the islands off the coast of Chile called?_________________________________________
13.) What is the national dish of Spain?____________________________________________
14.) What region of Spain is Paella Valenciana named after?____________________________________
15.) What paella contains mostly seafood?________________________________________
16.) On what peninsula can you find Spain?_________________________
17.) What products does Spain export?_____________________________________________________
18.) What are 3 things King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel famous
for?__________________________________________________________________________________
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Stem Changing Verbs (present tense)
Stem changing verbs are verbs that have a change in the middle of the verbs and at the end. Only
certain verbs will have this change. There are four types of stem changes, e-i, e->ie, o->ue, and u->ue
here is a sample of each stem change.
(e->i) Pedir- to ask for/request/order
Yo pido
Tu pides
El/ella/ud. Pide
e->ie querer- to want
Nosotros pedimos
Yo quiero
Tu quieres
El/ella/ud. Quiere
o->ue dormir- to sleep
Nosotros queremos
Yo duermo
Tu duermes
El/ella/ud. Duerme
u->ue jugar- to play
Nosotros dormimos
Ellos/ellas/uds. piden
Ellos/ellas/uds. Quieren
Ellos/ellas/uds. duermen
Yo juego
Nosotros jugamos
Tu juegas
El/ella/ud juega
Ellos/ellas/uds juegan
* Notice that the nosotros form doesn’t have a stem change. That is because there is no stem change
needed for the nosotros form.
Here is a list of some verbs that have a stem change:
Repetir (e->i)
mentir(e->i)
empezar (e->ie)
encender (e->ie)
Dormir (o->ue)
volver (o->ue)
jugar (u->ue)
tener (e->ie)
Preferir (e->ie)
pensar(e->ie)
cerrar (e->ie)
colgar (o->ue)
Now, try to write 3 sentences using stem changing verbs in the present tense.
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Direct Objects
A direct object is the object that receives the action of the verb in a sentence. They answer the question
whom? or what? about the verb. The direct object can be a noun or a pronoun.
Direct Object Pronouns
Singular
Me-me
Te-you(familiar)
Lo-you (formal),him, it
La- you (formal), her, it
Examples:
Plural
Nos-us
Los- you,them
Las- you, the,
I eat the fish.
I eat it.
(fish is the direct object)
(‘it’ is the direct object pronoun that replaces ‘fish’)
Yo como el pescado.
Yo lo como.
(el pescado is the direct object)
(‘lo’ is the direct object pronoun that replaces ‘el pescado.)
* Notice that in Spanish, the direct object pronoun comes before the conjugated verb in this sentence,
not after like in English.
We are looking for a car.
We are looking for it.
Nosotros estamos buscando un carro.
Nosotros estamos buscándolo.
Nosotros lo estamos buscando.
* Notice in this example, the direct object pronoun is at the end of and attached to the present
participle. Also, you can still choose to put the pronoun before the conjugated verb.
She needs to buy some shirts.
She needs to buy them.
Ella necesita comprar unas camisas.
Ella necesita comprarlas.
Ella las necesita comprar.
* Notice in this example the direct object pronoun is at the end of and attached to the infinitive. Also,
you can still choose to put the pronoun before the conjugated verb.
3 rules for direct object pronoun placement:
1.) Before the conjugated verb
2.) After and attached to the present participle
3.) After and attached to the infinitive
Try to rewrite the following sentences using the direct object pronouns in place of the direct object.
Estoy buscando un carro azul._________________________________________________________
Quiero comer el pollo._______________________________________________________________
Necesitas la mochila.________________________________________________________________
Indirect Objects
In both English and Spanish, indirect objects are nouns or pronouns that tell to whom or for whom the
action takes place in a sentence.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Singular
Me-to/for me
Te-to/for you(familiar)
Le-to/for you (formal) him, her
Aunt Maria gives us a dog.
Plural
Nos- to/for us
Les- to/for you, them
Tia Maria nos da un perro.
* Notice that the indirect object pronoun comes before a conjugated verb in Spanish. Indirect object
pronoun placement follows the same rules as the direct object pronoun placement.
The Preterite (past tense)
Past tense, or the preterite have different conjugations compared to the present tense. Preterite tense
-ar verb conjugation is as follows: Hablar- to speak/talk
Yo hablé
Nosotros hablamos
Tu hablaste
El/ella/ud habló
Ellos/ellas/uds hablaron
-er/-ir preterite conjugations are identical Comer- to eat
Vivir- to live
Yo comí
Tu comiste
El/ella/ud comió
Nosotros comimos
Yo viví
Tu viviste
El/ella/ud vivió
Nosotros vivimos
Ellos/ellas/uds comieron
Ellos/ellas/uds vivieron
Now try to use the following verbs in a preterite tense sentence for each: Vender-to sell, Escribir-to
write, Trabajar- to work.
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* There are no stem changes in the preterite for –ar verbs and most –er vebs. However, some –ir verbs
do have stem changes in the preterite. Dormir- to sleep
Yo dormí
Tu dormiste
El/ella/ud durmió
Nosotros dormimos
Ellos/ellas/uds durmieron
* You may have noticed that the stem change only occurs in the 3rd person singular and plural and the
stem change is o->u instead of the o->ue like in the present tense. The following are some verbs that
have a stem change in the preterite. Included with the verbs, are the stem changes in the preterite.
Repetir (e->i)
pedir (e->i)
Preferir (e->i)
conseguir (e->i)
Dormir (o->u)
mentir (e->i)
Now try using three of the above stem changing preterite verbs in a sentence for each.
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