1. The dates of the discovery
2. The scientists involved
3. The impact the discovery
4. What country the scientists were working in when
the discovery was made
5. Nobel awards or other significant award that might
have been awarded.
 1859- Natural Selection
 Charles Darwin
 Natural selection doesn’t occur in individuals, and it can’t
involve forwards with something in mind
 The Galapagos Islands
 Wollaston medal and Copley medal
 1865- Heredity Transmitted in Units
 Gregor Mendel’s
 Mendel did a experiment with peas, which demonstrated that
heredity is transmitted in discrete units.
 Vienna Monastery in Austria
 Gained the title Father of Genetics
 1866- Mendels Paper is published
 Gregor Mendel
 His book contained information about units of inheritance in
pairs, dominance and recessiveness, equal segregation, and
independent assortment. Although it was not really recognized
until 1900.
 Vienna Austria
 Gained the title of Father of Genetics
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1869- DNA isolated
Friedrich Miescher
Isolates the cells’ DNA for the first time
Switzerland
Well known for his discovery of nucleic acids
 1879- Mitosis Described
 Walter Flemming
 Described chromosomes behavior cell divisions in animals. He
also stained chromosomes to observe them more easily and
was able to describe the entire process of mitosis three years
later.
 Germany
 Flemming’s name is honored by a medal awarded by the
German Society for Cell Biology
 1900-Rediscovery of Mendel’s work
 Botanists De Vries, Correns, and von Tschermak
 They each independently rediscover Mendel’s work while
working on their own laws of inheritance. The understanding of
cells and chromosomes at this time allowed the placement of
Mendel’s abstract ideas into a physical context.
 Austria
 Father of Genetics
 1902- Chromosome theory of heredity coined by Sutton
 Walter Sutton
 Finds that the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis
matched the pattern of Mendel’s law of inheritence
 United States
 Known for Boveri Sutton chromosome theory and Surgical
improvements
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1905- “genetics” is coined by Batson
William Bateson
Describes the study of biological inheritance and heredity
United States
Bateson is credited with coining the terms "genetics,"
"allelomorphs" (later shortened to allele), "zygote,"
"heterozygote" and "homozygote." In 1908,
 1911- Chromosomes carry genes
 Thomas Hunt Morgan
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 1931-Genetic recombination caused by a physical exchange of
chromosomal pieces
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 1941- one gene encodes one protein as described by Beade and
Tatum
 George Beadle and Edward Tatum
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 1943- DNA has a regular periodic structure
 William Astbury
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 1944- DNA transfers cells
 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty
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 1946- Genetic material can be transformed laterally between
bacterial cells
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 1952- Genes are made of DNA
 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
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 1953- DNA Double Helix
 Francis H. Crick and James D. Watson
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 1955- 46 Human Chromosomes
 Joe Hin Tjio
 Defines the exact number of human chromosomes in a cell as
46
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 1966- Genetic Code is cracked
 Marshall Nirenberg and many others
 figure out the genetic code that allows nucleic acids with their 4
letter alphabet to determine the order of 20 kinds of amino
acids in proteins.
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 1990- Launch of the Human Genome Project
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 2003- Competition of the Human Genome Sequencing
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