EP BIOLOGY ANSWERS
1st Quarter
DAY 5 Concept Map
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DAY 12
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DAY 14
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The answers are on the bottom of each chapter.
What is Biology
It responds to the environment, It grows and develops, It produces offspring, It maintains homeostasis, It has complex
chemistry, and It consists of cells.
The four unifying principles of biology are cell theory, gene theory, homeostasis and evolution.
The outline levels of organization of a complex, multicellular organism such as a mouse, starting with the cell is: The
Cell - then Tissue – then Tissue –then Organ – then Organ System – to Finally Organism (the mouse)
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment. Humans are an example of Homeostasis.
Characters Of Living Questions
Biology is the study of living things.
Cells are the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all the functions of living things. The small structures within
cells are called organelles.
A
Two types of reproduction are sexually and asexually.
An organism needs a constant supply of energy and materials to carry out its essential processes to stay alive.
Metabolism is the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
False
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment.
Characteristics of Living Things Questions Study Guide
If the new discovery has cells then it is living.
False
All living things are made up of cells
True
Energy
Anything that causes a reaction is considered a Stimulus
True
A plant cell divides when a cell gets so large that it takes too long to obtain water and nutrients into a cell quickly.
Cells
Growth is an increase in size due to producing new cells where development is changes in the form of an organism as
it proceeds to maturity.
Evolution
Become extinct
Metamorphosis is changes in form as an organism matures; may be complete or incomplete.
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment.
One way plants can maintain a relatively stable amount of water in its tissues is that plants can close the holes
underneath their leaves to prevent loss of water
The levels of organization of life from molecules to the biosphere are: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism, population, community, ecosystem and biosphere.
Science and the Natural World
Science is a distinctive way of gaining knowledge about the natural world that starts with a question and then tries to
answer the question with evidence and logic. T he goal of science is to understand the natural world.
An outline of a scientific investigation outline is
1. 1. Make observation,
2. Ask a question,
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DAY 15
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3. Form a Hypothesis,
4. Draw a conclusion, and
5. Communicate results.
A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question, but it isn’t just any answer. Characteristics of a hypothesis
are:
1. must be based on scientific knowledge, and it must be logical, and
2. must be falsifiable.
Why does a rock fall faster than a piece of paper? -can be investigated
How does gravity work? -cannot be investigated
A natural study shows what actually occurs in nature. Therefore, it may provide a truer picture of what happens in the
real world than an experiment does.
Independent/Manipulating Variable: the time it takes to run a kilometer
Dependent/Responding Variable: amount of exercise a person gets
Independent/Manipulating Variable: The higher temperature of water
Dependent/Responding Variable: the faster the egg will cook
Independent/Manipulating Variable: if keeping the lights on for different amounts of time each
Dependent/Responding Variable: the number of eggs chickens laid.
Independent/Manipulating Variable: at different depths
Dependent/Responding Variable: the temperature of water in a lake varied
Independent/Manipulating Variable: is watered weekly than grass that is not watered
Dependent/Responding Variable if grass will grow taller
DAY 17
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Scientific Method Video
Opinion
To build upon and support prior knowledge obtained from experiments, scientists typically repeat the experiments to
confirm that it was not an error in the conclusion. Furthermore other experiments are created that will look at
anything that may affect the conclusion. Science is testing one hypothesis, retesting and trying something new.
Aristotle was not a scientist, he never tested any of his ideas
Recognize the Problem, Hypothesis, Experiment’s, Results Evaluated, Conclusion made. If the experiment shows the
Hypothesis works, it becomes a Scientific Theory,
Thomas Edison tested hundreds of metals for the filament of the light bulb before he found the right one.
Metric Video
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An example of measurement that happens all around it how far did the car drive.
Scientists all over the world use the metric system because it li logical and easy to use
The first standardized system of measurement, based on the decimal was proposed in France about 1670. However, it
was not until 1791 that such a system was developed. It was called the "metric" system, based on the French word for
measure.
The Metric system is used all over the world except the United States.
The United States is the only country that still uses a system that was based on Queen Elizabeth’s arm.
Day 20
Structure & Function
Function
Structure
Example:
DNA is replicated only a few pieces at time.
What DNA structure regulates the replication?
DNA has sections that signal for the beginning of a coding sequence as
well as a DNA section that signals for the ending of a coding sequence.
The possibility of damage to the DNA is minimized by having only small
sections opened up at any time.
Example:
Hummingbirds often feed from flowers that do
not have a place for them to perch.
How do hummingbirds access their food?
Hummingbirds can beat their wings fast enough to hover in midair and
they have long bills and tongues which allow them to drink from the
nectar of flowers.
In vertebrate organisms, the nervous system
must establish an effective system of
communication.
What structure of nerve cells (neurons) allows for communication
throughout the body? The nervous system is a complex network of
nervous tissue that carries electrical messages throughout the body.
Muscle tissue responds to electrical charges
which cause them to contract, resulting in
movement.
How does skeletal muscle respond to the nervous signals to result in
movement? Skeletal muscle responds to nervous system signals and
interacts with the skeleton to causes Voluntary muscle contraction.
Chlorophyll and other pigments needs isolation
from the cytosol in order to perform its function.
What organelle isolates these pigments? Plastids, Cytoplasmic organelle
in plants, bounded by a double membrane that carries its own DNA and is
often pigmented. Chloroplasts are plastids.
The cell membrane must be flexible enough for
transport, but sturdy enough to withstand the
impact of external factors.
Cholesterol is the component of the cell membrane provides stability.
Hemoglobin is a globular protein that carries
multiple oxygen molecules throughout the blood
stream.
How does the structure of hemoglobin allow it to carry oxygen?. Since
oxygen is not very soluble in water (the major constituent of blood), an
oxygen transport protein must be used to allow oxygen to be 'soluble'.
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the oxygen transport protein used in the blood of
vertebrates.
Proper cell function requires the ability to digest
old organelles/metabolic wastes that take up
space, waste valuable resources, and may be
toxic to the cell.
What organelles perform this function and what specific toxin do they
eliminate? The peroxisome gets rid of toxic peroxides and digests fatty
acids. The lysosome digest proteins (these can be membrane proteins i.e.
receptors).
Most fungi do not have a system of transport for
water and food.
As heterotrophic organisms, how do fungi “find” their food? The fungus
just grows on its food. They secrete a wide range of extracellular enzymes
into the environment to increase the availability of the nutrients they
need (eg., ligninase, hemicellulase, amylase, chitinase, keratinase) which
is how they contribute to nutrient recycling in nature.
Some proteins are destined to stay in the cell
while others are destined to leave the cell
(secretion).
Are these two types of proteins produced in loose ribosomes? Explain.
Secreted proteins are produced "in" the ER. When transcription is about
to occur a ribosome interacts with the ER and "inserts" a protein in it.
This protein is then transported through vesicular transport to the golgi
for further processing. Soluble proteins of the cell are produced in the
cytoplasm by free ribosomes.
ER, Golgi body and other membrane bound
organelles often work together to produce a
finished functional product.
What structure connects them? All the proteins are transported between
organelles through membrane trafficking (vesicular transport) which
involves the cytoskeleton (microtubules) as well as proteins that "carry"
the vesicles along the microtubules.
Cellular respiration (specifically the electron
transport chain) requires a very specific proton
concentration in order to allow production of
ATP.
What feature of the mitochondrion allows isolation of the proton
gradient? The double membrane structure of the mitochondria allows for
the isolation of H+.
Amoeba is a unicellular protozoan that would not
survive if it were to feed only by diffusion.
What type of cellular transport do they use for large molecules? What
features of the cell membrane permit it? Endocytosis. This is a very
complex process involving receptors (receptor mediated endocytosis) the
cytoskeleton as well as many proteins that "tag" the vesicles for transport
to appropriate parts of the cell.
Eukaryotic cells have a small surface area to
volume ratio compared to prokaryotic cells.
What compensates for that? Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus
and are found in single-celled organisms
Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells have other organelles besides the nucleus. The only
organelles in a prokaryotic cell are ribosomes and are found in multicelled organisms.
The evolution of plants from aquatic
environments to land resulted in adaptations for
vertical growth and to store water.
How do land plants gain stability without the buoyancy of water to keep
them upright? In vascular plants, stems are the organs that hold plants
upright so they can get the sunlight and air they need.
Some cells depend on the ability to move in order
to survive.
What do they use for such movement? Flagella and cilia.
DAY 22
Cells Answers
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What type of microscope would be best for studying the structures found inside of cells?
Electron microscope
2. What are the three basic parts of the cell theory?
1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are alive and the basic living units of organization in all organisms.
3.All cells come from other cells.
3. According the cell theory, can you create a cell by combining molecules in a laboratory? Why or why not?
NO, because all cells come from other cells
DAY 27
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DAY 28
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DAY 29
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Organelles
The Golgi then packages the proteins into vesicles and sends them to the right place in the cell or to the cell
membrane.
The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell; they provide the energy needed to power chemical reactions.
The rough ER is covered with ribosomes and makes proteins, while the smooth ER makes lipids.
Diffusion
The process of diffusion is molecules are said to flow down their concentration gradient, flowing from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
It would be a hypertonic solution because with a hypertonic solution means the environment outside of the cell has
more dissolved material than inside of the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell. This
can cause a cell to shrink and shrivel.
Passive Transport (I found doing some research was needed to complete this assignment)
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration of particles to a lower concentration. However
osmosis is the movement of water particles from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration across
a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion can occur in any substance be it air or liquid. Osmosis is specific to only
water.
Food can be preserved by adding salt. The water would be drawn out of the bacteria and the cell would die. Some
specialist types of bacteria have evolved to be able to live in very salty conditions and have adaptations to help them
survive such conditions.
A Paramecium need to remove water to prevent swelling a bursting
Your fingertips may look dried out like a prune in the sun, but they actually get creased because they are absorbing a
lot of water. They do this because the skin on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet is thicker and
tougher than the skin elsewhere on the body. Those skin cells also contain more protein. (The water causes the skin
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DAY 33
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DAY 34
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particles to expand, well basically there absorbing the water, and henceforth expanding, then when there’s not
enough room on the finger, the skin crinkles up.)
Reverse Osmosis is the reversal of the natural flow of osmosis. In a water purification system, the goal is not to dilute
the salt solution, but to separate the pure water from the salt and other contaminants. When the natural osmotic
flow is reversed, water from the salt solution is forced through the membrane in the opposite direction by application
of pressure-thus the term REVERSE OSMOSIS. Through this process, we are able to produce pure water by screening
out the salts and other contaminants.
No, it doesn't, unless it is on a cellular level, and we don't learn most things on that level, at least consciously.
Osmosis refers to something being equalized, such as the amount of salt in solution on two different sides of a
penetrable membrane.
Active Transport
Endocytosis is the cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from
the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is the cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing
them with the plasma membrane. Basically, that means endocytosis takes IN molecules, exocytosis puts OUT
molecules.
The difference between endocytosis and exocytosis cell membrane and chloroplasts.
ATP is hydrolyzed by transport proteins releasing energy. This energy is what is used to transport a molecule across a
membrane and up its concentration gradient.
A Paramecium's contractile vacuole pumps water out of the cell is called Active Transport.
Active transport requires energy, unlike passive transport. The carrier proteins in active transport act as a "pump"
(fueled by ATP) to carry/attach themselves to useful proteins for the cell.
Cell Cycle
The two main components of a Cell Cycle are interphase and the mitotic phase.
Interphase is the stage when the cell mostly performs its “everyday” functions.
1. The first growth phase (G1): During the G1 stage, the cell doubles in size and doubles the number of
organelles.
2. The synthesis phase (S): The DNA is replicated during this phase. In other words, an identical copy of all the
cell’s DNA is made. This ensures that each new cell has a set of genetic material identical to that of the
parental cell. This process is called DNA replication.
3. The second growth phase (G2): Proteins are synthesized that will help the cell divide. At the end of
interphase, the cell is ready to enter mitosis.
During mitosis, the nucleus divides. One nucleus becomes two nuclei, each with an identical set of chromosomes.
Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two cells.
Cancer is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is not regulated and cells divide out of control.
Chemistry Questions
Ionic is made by one atom giving up electrons to another. Ionic is formed by metal and nonmetal. Covalent bond is
sharing of electrons, made by two non metals. In the living system(assuming human body), there is salt, so NaCl for
ionic, and there is also water, H2O for covalent. Covalent is known to be stronger than ionic, but there is some debate
to this based on the compounds that are used to compare. Number of protons in the atom. Defines which element it
is.
Atomic Number: Determine the identity of the atom, it is the number of protons in the atom. It can mean the
difference between lead and gold.
Valence: number of electrons that an atom has to share, or wants to take. I'm having trouble coming up with the
answer for the rest, it's too wordy to put into a sentence.
polar bonds: stronger bond, more imf, due to dipole dipole.
non-polar: usually weaker in terms of bonding due to lack of dipole-dipole
Intermolecular forces: IMF, is basically the forces that two covalently bonded atoms have on each other. Hydrogen
bonds are formed through hydrogen bonding with the following atoms: F, O, and N. It is the strongest intermolecular
force. In water, H bonds are responsible for water's unusually high boiling point.
Ions are an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Two
examples of Ion’s are:
1. Calcium ion: Involved in the release of neurotransmitter. Regulates enzyme activity. Stored in bones and
teeth. And
2. Potassium ion: Important to neural function and osmotic equilibrium.
Electronegativity: is the "desire" of an atom for electrons, or more specifically, its pull on electrons. F atom is known
to have the highest electronegativity. Electro. Is responsible for polar covalent bonds because it is the amount of pull
that one atom has in a compound. For example, in the imaginary compound, CCl3Br, there are for chlorine atoms and
one bromine atom. In this compound, there is equal sharing of electrons. However, because Br is weaker in terms of
electronegativity, it upsets the balance of the compound (because the cl atoms are pulling to the side more strongly
than the br atom) and causes polarity within the compound.
8. Acid: a substance which when added to water produces hydrogen ions [H+].
Base: a substance which when added to water produces hydroxide ions [OH-].
Their roles are to buffer one another, i guess. There are weak acids that buffer strong bases, and weak bases that
buffer strong acids. That's about all i can give you, u have to be more specific.
9. A chemical reaction occurs when a compound decomposes, or two or more compounds react together to create one
or more different compound
10. Styrofoam and plastic are usually polymers. Organic molecules in living matter are much more complex and diverse.
such molecules aid in the structural integrity of other biochemical molecules
11. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. An example of Isomers
are Alkanes, they are the simplest class of organic compounds. They contain only tetravalent (making 4 covalent
bonds) Carbon atoms and Hydrogen. Butane and Methyl propane are two examples which can be found on this page.
As you can find on the other pages of this site they can only be involved in structural isomerism.
12. Enantiomer each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other. When an enantiomer is manipulated by
a living organism, the enzymes used to manipulate it must be tailor made to fit the enantiomer. A given enzyme might
be made to manipulate or synthesize one enantiomer but would be incompatible with the other (like trying to put a
right hand glove on a left hand). Although it would be possible to synthesize both enzymes (to handle both
enantiomers), it's more efficient to just make one (since it would require two sets of genetic material). Therefore,
chiral (enantiomer) molecules typically only exist in one of their forms within a living system.
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DAY 36
Macromolecules
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All organic chemical compounds possess one thing in common.-all of them contain the element is Carbon
The Carbohydrates are made up of three different elements in a ratio of 1:2:1. In order, these elements are its
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
3. A simple sugar called _Glucose_, whose chemical formula is C6H12O6 is broken down during glycolysis.
4. Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. Anabolism is a metabolic function.
5. The three elements make up lipids are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
6. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of lipids.
7. Proteins are made up of chains of simple molecules called _Amino Acids_.
8. Enzymes are the protein molecules which are involved in the metabolic reactions in the body. (To accelerate a
reaction in the body. There are many different kinds with very specific roles - ranging from energy production to DNA
replication.)
9. Nucleic Acids are made up of chains of simple molecules called Nucleic Acids.
10. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the DNA, the genetic material of the cell. The DNA contains the information
necessary for constructing the cell and directing the multitude of synthesis tasks performed by the cell in the process
of life and reproduction. (The nucleus is the "brain" of the cell, it controls all the cell's activities) (this is the best
answer we could come up with, if you learned something different please let me know)
DAY 39
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Protein Structure
Helpful Sites: http://newburyparkhighschool.net/malone/BioH/RESOURCES/AnimationProtein_structure.swf
http://www.proteinstructures.com/Structure/Structure/amino-acids.html
Hydrophilic (polar) amino acid side chains may form side chain-side chain or side chains-main chain hydrogen-bonds
(with polar amide carbonyl groups). It has been observed that all polar groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds in
proteins do form such bonds. And since these interactions are often crucial for the stabilization of the protein threedimensional structure, they are normally conserved.
The tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional structure of the protein.
Proteins that consist of only one subunit do not have a quaternary structure
Biology 2nd Qtr Grades
DAY 44
The Answers for this assignment will depend on your outcomes
DAY 45
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Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. During the first stage, the energy from sunlight is absorbed by the chloroplast.
Water is used, and oxygen is produced during this part of the process. During the second stage, carbon dioxide is
used, and glucose is produced.
The plant would not be able to perform photosynthesis if the stomata of a plant leaf were glued shut because Carbon
Dioxide would not be able to enter the leaf.
The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. he products of photosynthesis are glucose and
oxygen.
DAY47
The Answers Are Provided with the print out (you do not need to print it, just open the link.
DAY 48
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Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
There are two separate parts of a chloroplast: the space inside the chloroplast itself, and the space inside the
thylakoids
a. The inner compartments inside the thylakoids are called the thylakoid space (or lumen). This is the site of
the first part of photosynthesis.
b. The interior space that surrounds the thylakoids is filled with a fluid called stroma. This is where carbon
dioxide is used to produce glucose, the second part of photosynthesis.
if the stomata of a plant leaf were glued shut Carbon Dioxide would not be able to enter the leaf. Carbon Dioxide is
one of three reactants needed to begin the photosynthesis process.
The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. The products of photosynthesis are glucose and
oxygen.
Chloroplasts
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Chloroplasts, the organelles which conduct photosynthesis in plants and algae.
Each chloroplast contains neat stacks called grana (singular, granum). The grana consist of sac-like membranes,
known as thylakoid membranes. These membranes contain photosystems, which are groups of molecules that
include chlorophyll, a green pigment. The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes. The
stroma is the space outside the thylakoid membranes, as shown in Figure below. In addition to enzymes, two basic
types of molecules - pigments and electron carriers – are key players in this process. This is where the reactions of the
Calvin cycle take place.
Electron Carrier is a molecule which transfers energy-carrying electrons within an electron transport chain. Electron
Transport Chain (ETC) is a A series of electron-carrying molecules which accept and pass along energy-carrying
electrons in small steps, allowing the energy lost at each transfer to be captured for storage or work.
Day 49
Cellular Respiration Study Guide
1. Glycolysis
2. True
3. Cellular respiration is a cellular process that requires oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide in order to obtain energy
for the organism.
4. The formula for aerobic cellular respiration is
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy (as ATP)
The word equation for this is:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)
5. Fermentation is the process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
6. Anaerobic
7. Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation
8. Alcohol fermentation is a process that uses yeast and bacteria. They work together to convert sugars into ethyl
alcohol and carbon dioxide. The fermentation begins after glucose enters the cells and broken down into pyruvic acid.
The pyruvic acid is then turned into CO2, ethanol, and energy.
9. They use up the ATP produced by cellular respiration; they produce it by lactic acid fermentation.
10. Lactic Acid Fermentation can supply the ATP
11. Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?
12. The process that withdraws energy
13. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the air and cellular respiration puts it back.
14. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses the oxygen to release energy
from food.
DAY 52
1. It comes from sunlight plants use photosynthisis to capture energy from sun, animals eats plants *1st level
consumers*, then so on and on
2. Complete the table of types of organisms.
Type
Description
Examples
Autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food
Moss
Heterotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy from
the food they eat
Zebra’s
3. ATP is adenosine triphosphate. This chemical compound is what living things use to store energy ADP stored in the
body so when it's time to use that stored energy, ADP goes through ATP synthesis to make ATP and use that energy
though the body
4. ATP (adenine triphosphate) is the compound responsible for providing energy to a cell to carry out its metabolic
process. When the ATP molecule is in contact with a water molecule (hydrolysis), the result is ADP (adenosine
diphosphate) and a phosphate. In this reaction, energy is released to the cell. The ADP molecule is further broken
down to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and a phosphate through hydrolysis, releasing further chemical energy.
5. Adenine, Ribose, Phosphate Groups
6. Cells create and store energy in different ways. Cells are able to store small amounts of energy through a molecule
called adenosine triphosphate.
7. ATP is a kind of chemical substance in living organisms. It stores energy in its phosphate bonds. When these
phosphate bonds are broken, energy is released that is made available for biological processes.
8. a. ADP
9. Six molecules of watertext annotation indicator plus six molecules of carbon dioxidetext annotation indicator
produce one molecule of sugar (called glucosetext annotation indicator) plus six molecules of oxygen.
10. 6H2O + 6CO2equation image indicator C6H12O6+ 6O2
11. Photosynthesis
12. light
13. chlorophyll
14. Thylakoids
15. A stacked membranous structure within a chloroplast that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light
reactions of photosynthesis.
16. Stroma
17. light reactions and dark reactions
18. Temperature, Carbondioxide, Light energy
19. False
DAY 55
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DAY 59
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
binary fission, fragmentation, and budding.
A gamete is haploid, meaning that it contains only 1 complete set of chromosomes. Therefore, a gamete has only 1
allele for each gene. A zygote is the single cell that forms after sperm fertilizes an egg cell. A zygote is a diploid cell,
formed from the union of two haploid cells. Gamates have half the number of chromosomes from each parent cell.
That is 23 from father and 23 from mother, which makes 23 pairs in the daughter cell. A normal human zygote has 46
chromosomes. 23 from each of the parents.
The process in which two gametes unite
Answers are on the Page
DAY 64
DNA Replication:
1. The process of the replication of dna
2. Protein
3. Helicase
4. A=T and G=C
5. FOUR
6. C=G, A=T, T=A, G=C, G=C, G=C, C=G, T=A, C=G, C=G, A=T
7. C=G, A=T, T=A, G=C, G=C, G=C, C=G, T=A, C=G, C=G, A=T
8. Yes
9. Millions of base pairs
10. 3 Billion Pairs
11. Nucleus
12. mRNA TO PROTEIN
13. Ladder
14. Enzymes and Special Proteins
15. C=G, G=C, A=T, U=A
16. A=T, U=A, G=C, G=C, G=C, G=C, C=G, U=A, C=G, C=G
17. The RNA Molecule is on the right side on the diagram
18. 100 to 10,000 bases long
19. Messanger RNA
20. It moves away from the DNA and leaves the cell nucleus
21. Ribosome /condon
22. The cells structure for constructing proteins
23. mRNA bases that are grouped in sets of three
24. a complementary set of bases that are apart of tRNA
25. Amino Acids
26. Methionine (Met)
27. AUG-UAG
28. CCG,GGC
29. Glycine
30. The ribosome will move to the right
31. The first tRNA will float away from the ribosome leaving its amino acid behind
32. AGG=UCC
33. Serine
34. Three amino acids long
35. 100-10,000 amino acids long
36. when a special stop Condon is reached
37. The ribosome will release the polypeptide
38. METHIONINE, Glycine, SERINE
DAY 66
DAY 67
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Answers are on the Second page of the assignment
RNA
mRNA carries the instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Both DNA and RNA contain nucleotides which contain a sugar, (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a
phosphate group. The DNA strand consists of two strands of nucleotide bases while the RNA strand contains one.
Because the RNA structure only has one strand, the RNA cannot form a double helix structure like the DNA molecule.
Also, the RNA strand switches uracil for thymine in the nucleotide chain.
DAY 69
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DAY 71
RNA Study Guide
RNA has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. RNA is generally single-stranded, instead of double-stranded. RNA
contains uracil in place of thymine.
most are involved in protein synthesis
Messenger, is part of ribosomes, Transfer RNA
C&D
Amino acids
The genetic code is read 3 letters at a time, so that each “word” of the coded message is three bases long.
a sequence of three bases that codes for one amino acid
c. 64
False
The cell uses information from the messenger RNA to produce proteins.
On the ribosomes
Enzymes
False
a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
Point mutations
Use the FREE RESPONSE RUBRIC
DAY 77
Monohybrid Problems
1. a) Purple
b) 50%
2. a) HHMM X hhmm
3. a) 25% b) AaHH X aaHh
4. a) CCHh X CcHh
5. a)75% b) 75/100 %
c) 25%
6. a) BbRr X BBrr b) because black is dominant and red is recessive the black would seem more dominant but because the red
has more recessive so it would be a fifty/fifty chance.
7. a) 50%
8. a) LlSS X llSs
b) 25%
9. a) blue
b) Explain BBbb X BbBb so blue would be dominant because it over rides the dominant.
10. a) 100%
b) 50%
Genetics Video Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
For thousands of years ancient farmers used basic genetic principles when they attempted to improve food plants by
saving the larger seeds from grasses and breeding them with other larger seeds.
Humans have captured wild animals and bred them together to make bigger sheep with thicker wool, chickens that
grew larger eggs and horses that were faster and more powerful.
Mendel is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. He wanted to
learn what would happen when two pea plants with different easily distinguishable traits were bred together.
Genes
A Punnett Square displays all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross.
Genes are located on DNA strands which make up the chromosomes.
Diploid refers to the dual nature of chromosomes.
DAY 79
Intro to Genetics Study Guide; All of the Answers are on the Page, except # 1:
1.
DAY 84
Genetics
Answers are on the Second page of the assignment
3rdQuarter Answers
DAY 92
1. Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and the nonliving components of their environment.
2. The biosphere contains the surface of the Earth (air, water, and land) where living things exist.
3. An ecologist may want to examine how different components interact within a controlled environment so laboratory
experiments are set up.
Many ecological phenomena are difficult to study because the environment is always changing, sometimes unexpectedly, and
ecologists may have a hard time determining which factor caused a specific observation.
4. Complete the table about levels of organization.
Level
Definition
Species
An Organism
Population
A group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
Community
Community interactions, such as competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can
powerfully affect an ecosystem.
Ecosystem
Symbiosis
Includes all the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place.
A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant conditions.
5. Biosphere
6. a. Interactions within populations
b. Individual interaction within communities
c. interactions among living things and abiotic factors.
7. Ecologist may set up an artificial environment in a laboratory to represent environments or organisms to examine or
demonstrate a specific characteristic.
8. Many ecological phenomena are difficult to study because the environment is always changing, sometimes unexpectedly,
9. Ecologists make models to represent environments or organisms to examine or demonstrate a specific characteristic.
10. True
DAY 96 -
Food Chain and Food Web
1.
A food chain is a diagram that shows feeding interactions in an ecosystem through a single pathway. Where a food
web is a diagram that shows feeding interactions between many organisms in an ecosystem through multiple intersecting
pathways.
2.
Heron
DAY 102 - Biome chart
Biome
Tundra
Geographic
Location
South of the ice caps
of the Artic
Extending across
North America.
Europe & Siberia
Climate:
Rain, and
highs/lows
Major Types of Flora
-40 to 18c
150-250mm rain per
year
Lichens, mosses,
grasses. Sedges,
shrubs
Taiga
(Coniferous
Forest)
Canada, Europe, Asia
& US
-40 to 20c. av.
Summer 10c 300900mm of rain per
year
Evergreen Trees
Temperate
(Deciduous)
Forest
Eastern U.S.,
Canada, Europe,
China & Japan
-30 to 30c yrly aver.
10c Hot summers,
cold winters
750-1,500mm rain
per year
Broadleaf Trees
(Oaks, maples)
shrubs, perennial
herbs & mosses
Major Types of
Fauna
trout, salmon, flies,
mosquitos, polar
bears, caribou, musk
ox, grey wolves,
lemmings, rabbits,
squirrels, penguins,
falcons, ravens,
terns, and loons
birds, deer, wolves,
and various rodents,
garter snakes,
turtles, a few
amphibians and very
few reptiles
deer, wolves, bears,
American toad, box
turtle, chipmunk,
squirrel, Longtail
Salamander
Tropical
Rainforest
Shrubland
Also Called
Chaparral
Grassland
Desert
Between the Tropic
of Cancer and the
Tropic of Capricorn
Western Coastal
Regions between 30
& 40 degrees
latitude (north &
south of the equator
Great Plains in U.S.,
Pampas in South
America, veldt,
South Africa, steppes
in Central Eurasia &
Australia
15 and 35 degrees
North and South of
the Equator
20 – 25c
2,000-10,000mm
rain per year
Vines, palm trees,
orchids, ferns
8-22c Hot & Dry in
Summer; cool &
moist in Winter
Sage, rosemary,
thyme, oregano,
shrubs, acacia,
chamise, grasses
-20 to 30c
500-900mm rain per
year
38 – 3.9 Celsius
250mm of rain
yearly
Tarantulas, Army
ants, butterflies,
centipedes, tropical
birds, Vampire bats,
Indian flying fox,
Anacondas,
Chameleons,
Monkeys
prairie dogs, jack
rabbits, ground
squirrels, and
gophers bison,
pronghorn antelope,
elk, badgers,
coyotes, ferrets,
wolves, cougars.
Grass, wheat, oats
Oxen, bison,
antelope, squirrels,
ferrets, lions,
elephants and
warthogs
Cactus
Armadillo Lizard
Banded Gila Monster
Bobcat
Cactus Wren
Coyote
Desert Bighorn
Sheep
Desert Kangaroo Rat
Desert Tortoise
Pygmy Owl
Thorny Devil
DAY 105 Use Paragraph Rubric to grade
DAY 107 Use Paragraph Rubric to grade
DAY 116
Alternation of Generations
Table 1
Structure
Gametophyte
generation produces gametes
through the process of mitosis.
Sporophyte
If the sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant a
diploid sporophyte embryo develops. This
embryo encased within the ovule makes the
seed. Each of these adaptations allowed seed
plants a greater advantage for survival in a
Haploid/Diploid
Structure Produced
Process
Haploid
produced by spores
meiosis
diploid
produced by gametes
fertilization
terrestrial environment.
Zygote
diploid
produced by gametes
fertilization
diploid
produced by sporophytes
meiosis
haploid
produced by gametophytes
Meiosis
Multicellular plant embryos developed from
zygotes were retained within the female
gametophyte..
Spore
produced by the sporangia that can grow into
multicellular gametophytes. As plants adapted
to terrestrial environments, it became
increasingly important that the spores could
withstand the absence of water and presence
of dry air. These spores developed an outer
layer of tissues to protect the developing
spores.
Gamete
male or female germ cell that is able to unite
with another of the opposite sex in sexual
reproduction to form a zygote.
1.
In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant generation, while the sporophytes consist of sporangium-bearing stalks
growing from the tips of the gametophytes
2.
The sporophyte is dominant in a vascular plants- ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. In gymnosperm and
angiosperm the male gametophyte is the pollen grain. While the female gametophyte is inside the stigma's ovule inside the
ovary. The flower's ovary is like a Russian doll with structures enclosing structures.
3.
Megaspores, microspores In angiosperm and gymnosperm plant's ovules (megasporangia) produce megaspores that
mature into the female gametophytes inside the flower ovary or under the cone scale. The male sporangium produces the
microspores. Each microspore is a single cell that grows into a mature gametophyte (multicelled pollen grain) with a reduced
antheridium to generate sperm nuclei. These are in male cones in gymnosperm or in anthers in angiosperm.
DAY 118 Use Kingdom Rubric
DAY 119
Vertebrate Classification
1.
Hagfish
2.
Hagfish , Lampreys, Cartilaginous Fish, Ray-Finned Fish, Lobe-Finned Fish
3.
They have a bony endoskeleton with a backbone and jaws; they breathe only with lungs; they have four limbs; their
skin is covered with hair or fur; they have amniotic eggs; they have mammary (milk-producing) glands; they are endothermic.
Fish Classification
1.
This fish would be in the Cartilaginous Fish Species and would have have a complete backbone, a jaw and a relatively
large brain.
2.
Jaws give Cartilaginous Fish an advantage because of their larger size they need to consume more food, and have a
jaw greatly expands the range of food sources they can consume.
DAY 120
Amphibian Classification
1.
Frogs and toads have much longer back legs. Salamanders and newts keep their tails as , they also have a long body
with short legs, and all their legs are about the same length. Caecilians have a long, worm-like body without legs.
Frogs and Toads, Salamanders and Newts and Caecilians all live both on land and in the water, cold-blooded animals with a
three-chambered heart as well as other organs commonly found in most vertebrates. Amphibians absorb oxygen into their
bodies through their skin. Amphibians also have lungs, which are used in respiration, but they are not as highly developed as
those of the higher vertebrates. Amphibians usually live in damp places, which help to keep their skin from drying out. In order
to mate successfully, amphibians must be in a watery environment. Most amphibians are oviparous. They develop from eggs
hatched outside them other.
Reptile Classification
1.
DAY 121
Crocodilians have a four chamber heart where other reptiles have a three chamber heart.
Bird Classification
1.
Diurnal Raptors Sleep during the night, they hunt by sight and have excellent vision where Nocturnal Raptors: Sleep
during the day, forward-facing eyes; they have excellent hearing and can hunt with their sense of hearing alone.
DAY 126
Germs
1.
Bacteria are tiny, one-celled creatures that get nutrients from their environments in order to live. In some cases that
environment is a human body. Bacteria can reproduce outside of the body or within the body as they cause infections. Some
infections bacteria cause include sore throats (tonsillitis or strep throat), ear infections, cavities, and pneumonia.
Viruses need to be inside living cells to grow and reproduce. Most viruses can't survive very long if they're not inside a living
thing like a plant, animal, or person. Whatever a virus lives in is called its host. When viruses get inside people's bodies, they
can spread and make people sick. Viruses cause chickenpox, measles, flu, and many other diseases.
Fungi are multi-celled, plant-like organisms. Unlike other plants, fungi cannot make their own food from soil, water, and air.
Instead, fungi get their nutrition from plants, people, and animals. They love to live in damp, warm places, and many fungi are
not dangerous in healthy people. An example of something caused by fungi is athlete's foot, that itchy rash that teens and
adults sometimes get between their toes
Protozoa (say: pro-toh-zoh-uh) are one-cell organisms that love moisture and often spread diseases through water. Some
protozoa cause intestinal infections that lead to diarrhea, nausea, and belly pain.
2.
bacteria are good for our bodies — they help keep things in balance. Good bacteria live in our intestines and help us
use the nutrients in the food we eat and make waste from what's left over. We couldn't make the most of a healthy meal
without these important helper germs! Some bacteria are also used by scientists in labs to produce medicines and vaccines
3.
Hand washing. Cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze and cough, if you have to cough, it is best to do it in your
elbow. Using tissues for your sneezes.
4.
All we have to do is touch something that is infected, then touch food that is placed into our mouths ... bingo ...
infected with germs. Germs can also enter the body through cuts, by breathing, or by food that has bacteria.
5.
Routine immunizations from your doctor staying Healthy by eating well, exercising regularly, and getting good sleep.
6.
Your Bed Sheets, It’s a good idea to change your sheets about once a week. Wash them in warm or hot water with a
regular detergent. Bleach or a bleach-alternative is also a good way to keep them sanitized. Your Toothbrush, replace your
toothbrush every 3 months and do not share it with anyone. Your Makeup, replacing your powders and eye shadows every two
years, foundation every year, and mascara every three months. Wash any applicators frequently with regular soap and water,
and wipe your brushes with alcohol. Finally, do not share your makeup with others. Your Kitchen Sink, cleaning your kitchen
sink is to use a bleach-based cleaner after use. The Kitchen Sponge, Disinfecting and cleaning a sponge is easy. Toss it in the
dishwasher, or wet and microwave it for 1-2 minutes. Your Purse, do not put it on the floor of any public place, such as the
train, bus, or public restroom. Wipe it down every day with an alcohol-based sanitizer.
7.
They are spirili- spiral shaped, cocci- round shaped and bascilli- rod shaped
8.
(in my opinion there is not right or wrong answer here)
9.
(There are too many to many to list, please double check your answer)
10.
Washing your feet every day, Drying your feet completely, especially between your toes, Wearing sandals or shower
shoes when walking around in locker rooms, public pools, and public showers, Wearing clean socks. If they get wet or damp, be
sure to change them as soon as you can, using a medicated powder on your feet to help reduce perspiration, You can ditch jock
itch by: Wearing clean, cotton underwear and loose-fitting pants. Keeping your groin area clean and dry. Changing out of wet
swimsuits instead of lounging around in them, Wearing clean, cotton underpants.
11.
Protozoan Diseases: Protozoans are a group of eukaryotic single-celled organisms. Several species of protozoans
infect humans and inhabit the body as commensals or parasites. The parasitic protozoans of major medical importance include
certain species of amoebae, flagellates, and sporozoans.
a.
Amoebae
The most notorious amoeba of humans is Entamoeba histolytica, an inhabitant of the large intestine. Although often harmless,
it can become invasive, penetrating into the mucous membrane of the intestine, multiplying and eroding the tissue. The result
is a disease called amebiasis, characterized by intense abdominal pain, blood and mucus in the stool, diarrhea, and dehydration
(a syndrome called amebic dysentery). Amebiasis can be fatal, especially to infants and children. In addition to the intestinal
infection, the amoebae sometimes get into the bloodstream and establish secondary sites of infection in the liver, brain, or
elsewhere. Entamoeba histolytica is acquired from food or water contaminated with sewage. Several other amoebae, such as
Entamoeba coli, inhabit the human intestine with little or no harm to the host, but their presence indicates that the person has
ingested food or water contaminated with human feces and may be at risk of more serious infections.
b.
Flagellates
The world's most common cause of water-borne diarrhea is the flagellate Giardia lamblia. Outbreaks of giardiasis are common
in schools, mental hospitals, prisons, and other crowded institutions, but occur in circumstances as diverse as luxury resorts,
backcountry camping, and impoverished villages. Giardia attaches to the surface of the small intestine, often in numbers great
enough to seriously interfere with nutrient absorption. Unabsorbed nutrients then pass to the large intestine and cause gas
production, painful abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
c.
Sporozoans
Malaria is another leading cause of death in tropical countries. It is caused by four species of the protozoan genus Plasmodium.
Transmitted by mosquitoes, Plasmodium multiplies in the liver and then invades the red blood cells, destroying them so
extensively as to cause severe anemia. The victim experiences alternating fever and chills as the parasites emerge together
from infected red cells, invade new ones, multiply, and repeat the cycle until finally the victim is overcome by exhaustion.
Another sporozoan disease is toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma can be contracted from unpasteurized
milk, undercooked meat, or house cats. It causes little pathology in adults, but when a pregnant woman
12.
(Again there are many options, put thought into your answer and then check it)
13.
(Again there are many options, put thought into your answer and then check it)
DAY 127
Botulism
1.
Clostridium botulinum
2.
Since 1900 about 1,000 people in the United States have been killed by the poison.
3.
People did not have to move every time the climate changed because they were able to be persevered, make is stay
fresh longer.
4.
These bacteria can only grow in the absence of oxygen. Another condition that is needed for this bacterium to grow is
a medium (environment) that is not too acidic.
5.
Anaerobic bacteria generally cannot grow inside people because the blood carries oxygen to every nook and cranny
of a person's body.
6.
When conditions are not right for growth, these bacteria form spores (a kind of safe, sleeping state).
7.
C. botulinum spores have very thick walls that are extremely heat-resistant.
8.
No drug is available to reverse the paralyzing process of botulinum poisoning. But it can reverse with time, by placing
victims in artificial respirators---machines that can keep the victims breathing.
9.
It grows best in foods that are not very acidic, such as string beans, mushrooms, meat, and fish
10.
You are safe provided you boil the food for a few minutes. Botulinum poison is a protein. And like most proteins, it is
easily destroyed or inactivated by heating.
11.
You can become paralyzed and, possibly, even die.
12.
Unusual odors, swollen cans, leaking cans, or bad-tasting foods.
13.
Time can be bought, for example, by placing victims in artificial respirators---machines that can keep the victims
breathing. Patients whose swallowing muscles are paralyzed can be fed through their veins.
14.
If botulism is found a Class I recall will be ordered by the FDA. That means all the products that of the food that
contained botulism will be ordered off the shelves of every store in the U.S.
4TH QTR Biology
DAY 137
Protists
1.
2.
3.
4.
Malaria, African trypanosomiasis, Amebiasis, Babesiosis, Chagas' disease, Cryptosporidiosis, Isosporiasis, Giardiasis,
Leishmaniasis, Microsporidiosis Toxoplasmosis, Trichomoniasis
Cilia, Flagella. Pseudopodia.
feeding
Ameoboid movement is the movement of the endoplasm and ectoplasm to form a pseudopodia to make the amoeba
mobile.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The euglena is a protist, which already makes it pretty unique. The kingdom of Protista is called the "odds and ends
kingdom" because it's just a kingdom for any eukaryote that isn't a fungus, plant, or animal. But other than that, the
euglena is mostly a heterotroph, but when food is scarce, it can change into an autotroph. Also, for a unicellular
organism, it's pretty complex. It even has an eyespot: not quite an eye, but it can sense changes in light and even
detect some colors.
solating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell, Containing waste products, Containing water in plant
cells, Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell, Maintaining an acidic internal pH,
Containing small molecules, Exporting unwanted substances from the cell, Allows plants to support structures such as
leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole, In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are
kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.
Contractile vacuole maintains homeostasis for Protists. They are something akin to the cell wall in more advanced
creatures.
It is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by
phagocytes and protists. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid
particles, such as bacteria, and is, therefore, distinct from other forms of endocytosis such as the vesicular
internalization of various liquids.
Algae are extremely important. They produce more oxygen than all the plants in the world, put together.
Brown and red seaweeds provide important economic products in the form of food for people and resources in the
manufacturing of industrial products. These seaweeds are mostly harvested from the wild, although efforts are being
made to cultivate large algae.
A red alga known as nori is a popular food in Japan. Another alga known as sea kale is consumed dried or cooked into
various stews or soups. Sea lettuce and edible kelp are other commonly eaten seaweeds.
Brown seaweeds provide a natural source for the manufacture of chemicals called alginates that are used as
thickening agents and stabilizers in the industrial preparation of foods and pharmaceutical drugs
Agar is a seaweed product prepared from certain red algae that is used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and
cosmetics, as a culture medium for laboratory microorganisms, and in the preparation of jellied desserts and soups.
Carrageenin is an agarlike compound obtained from red algae that is widely used as a stabilizer in paints,
pharmaceuticals, and ice cream.
Diatom cells are contained within a unique silicate (silicic acid) cell wall comprising two separate valves (or shells). The
biogenic silica that the cell wall is composed of is synthesised intracellularly by the polymerisation of silicic acid
monomers. This material is then extruded to the cell exterior and added to the wall
Fungi
1.
A simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crustlike, leaflike, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and
trees.
2.
undisturbed surfaces, time, and clean air.
3.
bread mold
4.
Yeast, mold, morels, truffles
5.
imperfect fungi reproduce asexually by spore formation.
6.
Penicillium, athletes foot
7.
Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorn.
8.
Club fungi's spores are produced in basidum
DAY 138
1.
Your Score in the box on your right is your grade.
DAY 150
1.
Please do not cheat and answer the questions on your own before looking at the answers given to you
DAY 157
Vertebrate Scavenger Hunt
VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Animals with vertebrates are in Kingdom Animalia, and Phylum Chordata.
2. The five classes of vertebrae are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
3. highly cephalized, well developed sense organs and brain , most possess vertebrae (segmentation), endoskeleton ,
usually paired appendages, closed circulatory system: heart, arteries and veins, sexes separate in most vertebrates
4. The first vertebrate’s lampreys and hagfishes. These fishes had thick, bony shields that encased the head and part of
the trunk, while the rear of the body and the tail were protected by large scales. Evidence of vertebrae is found as
indentations on the inner surface of the fossilized head shield. Jaws and paired fins (corresponding to human arms and
legs) were absent, and these fishes must have spent much of their life lying on the sea bed, ingesting mud and straining
out tiny food particles.
FISH
5. Hagfish feed on the blood and body fluids of a host fish by attaching to the side of the fish and creating a hole with
their rasp-like tongue. They have: parasitic lifestyle, mucous covered skin, fins are not paired, no swim bladder, gills for
breathing, two chambered heart, blood pumped in one direction, back through gills, ectotherm - body temperature
depends on environment
6. Agnatha are jawless fish. Lampreys and hagfish are in this class. Members of the agnatha class are probably the earliest
vertebrates.
7. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches. Their head and
thorax were covered by articulated armored plates and the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the
species. The vast majority of placoderms were predators, many of which were bottom dwellers .
8. The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays and skates) and Holocephali (chimaeras,
sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).
9. Sharks, rays, and skates are in the class Chondrichthyes, they all have: free-living, carnivores, tooth like scales, paired
fins, large, oily liver » buoyant, gills for breathing, two chambered heart, blood pumped in one direction, back through
gills, ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment eggs are fertilized internally and left outside the body to
develop; exception: Great White sharks carry their young inside during development - the larger offspring may eat their
smaller siblings while still inside the mother.
10. Rays and skates are dorsoventrally flattened fish that are closely related to sharks. All are considered to be within a
closely related group of fish called elasmobranchs. Rays belong to three scientific orders - Pristiformes, Myliobatiformes,
and Torpediniformes while skates are classified in the order Rajiformes. RAYS are a type of flattened fish and are closely
related to sharks. Rays evolved from sharks. Unlike other fish, rays and sharks have no bones; their skeleton is made of
cartilage, which is a tough, fibrous substance, not nearly as hard as bone. Many rays have spines on their tail which can
poison other animals when stung. Some rays have long, whip-like tails, other species have short tails. Some rays have a
series of thorns on their body as a defense against predators. The color variation among rays is huge; color even varies
from male to female in some species. Rays have a flattened body shape and an elongated tail. The pectoral fins are large
and connected to the body to form the ray's "disc." The shape of the disc differs from species to species and may be
circular, oval, wedge-shaped or triangular. Some body shapes are adapted for living on the sea bed; others are adapted for
almost constant swimming. The ray's distinctive tail also varies from species to species. It ranges from stubby (on the
Shorttailed electric rays) to incredibly long (e.g., over 10 feet (3 m) long on the Whip-like sting rays).
11. Osteichthyes
12. Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes and Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fishes and lung fishes
13. Trout, salmon, bass: free-living, bony scales, paired fins, swim bladder--gas filled pouch used to regulate buoyancy in
water, use gills and lungs, most fertilize eggs externally, but some are internally fertilized and give birth to live young (i.e.,
guppies, black mollies), two chambered heart, blood pumped in one direction, back through gills, ectotherm - body
temperature depends on environment
14. Coelocanths and rhipidistians – muscular pectoral and pelvic fins. Can “walk” on fins. Only 1 extant species, a
coelacanth.
AMPHIBIANS
15. External fertilization, eggs have jellylike covering, ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment, gills,
lungs/skin are used for respiration, mostly 3 chambered heart, moist skin, webbed toes
16. Cold-blooded
REPTILES
17. Snakes, lizards, turtles, and alligators represent the Reptiles.
18. Amniotic egg
19. Chelonia – turtles, Squamata – lizards and snakes, Crocodilia – alligators and crocodiles.
20. Ectotherm - body temperature depends on environment, internal fertilization, amniotic eggs with leathery shells to
prevent drying out on land, lungs for breathing, 3 chambered heart except for crocodilians with 4 chambered heart, skin,
scales, claw and no metamorphosis.
21. Snakes swallow their prey whole, since they have no limbs with which to dismember it and teeth adapted to gripping
(or injecting venom, in the case of a venomous snake's fangs), not chewing. Their lower jaw is connected to the upper by
an elastic ligament, which allows the jaws to open very wide. The two halves of the lower jaw are not connected at the
chin, so the jaws can also spread open sideways, and all the segments of the skull are only loosely connected to one
another, and are able to move independently. Having killed its prey (either by suffocation, in the case of constrictors, or
with venom in the case of venomous species), a snake will pull it into the mouth by hooking its sharp, backward-facing
teeth into its victim and 'walking' its jaws over it. The skin and stomach are stretchy enough to allow the snake to ingest
large prey items, and the glottis can protrude from the mouth so that it can continue breathing whilst its throat is full with
the food being swallowed. Prey is usually swallowed head-first, so that the limbs, fur, feathers, etc. lie flat against the body
and make the process easier.
22. It's a 'sensory organ'. It basically takes the form of two 'pockets' in the roof of the snakes mouth. When the snake flicks
out its tongue, microscopic scent particles stick to it. Withdrawing the tongue back into its mouth, the tips are inserted
into the Jacobson's organ, and the snake's brain decodes the information.
23. Turtles have a razor-sharp beak for eating. Depending on genus, the beak may be hook-like, scissor-like or serrated.
BIRDS
24. Aves
25. Internal fertilization, eggs with calcified shell, lungs to breathe, 4 chambered heart; oxygenated blood from lungs
pumped to body, back through heart to the lungs again, skin, scales, feathers, no metamorphosis.
26. Warm-blooded – use their metabolic heat to maintain a constant body temp.
27. ducks, penguins, seagulls, pelicans
MAMMALS
28. fur, three middle ear bones, mammary glands
29. Mammary glands
30. golden crown fruit bat
31. elephants, rhinos, gorilla.
32. bears, whales
33. They give birth to their young ones, They feed milk, They possess back bone, Their blood pigment is hemoglobin, They
have closed circulatory system, Brain and spinal cord are well developed, Notochord is present
DAY 159*
1.
What If? Use paragraph rubric to grade
2.
Organizing Animal Phyla
Descriptive
facts
Body plan
Feeding
Respiration,
Circulation,
Excretion
Movement
Porifera
Asymmetrical porous bodies
two cell
layers separated by a
gelatinous region,
the mesohyl
filter feeders. plankton
Cnidaria
Multicellular animals are
composed of
microscopic cells, each with
its own plasma
membrane
a sac with a
central digestive
compartment
Platyhelminthes
dorsoventrally flattened and
have a definite anterior and
posterior end giving them
bilateral symmetry.
Nematoda
Non-segmented roundworms
solid so they are said to be
acoelomate.
Covered by a cuticle 4 layers
carnivorous using tentacles
that surround their mouth to
get food.
rnivores: Feed on tiny aquatic
animals and protists.
Or Scavengers: Feed on recently
dead animals.
Digestive cavity has a single
opening through which both
food and wastes pass.
Rely on diffusion to transport
O2 and nutrients to tissues and
remove CO2 and wastes.
cilia help the organism glide
through the water and over the
bottom of ponds. Muscle cells
decomposing vegetation
None
diffusion everywhere through
the epidermis.
Immobile
sedentary but do occasionally
move quite readily, especially
when hunting
closed circulatory system in which
blood is pumped by five pairs of
hearts. aerobic
Longitudinal muscles
Response
Reproductio
n
Example
organisms
do not have senses and
cannot taste, see, hear, smell
or feel, do not have nerves,
they cannot actively respond
to their surrounding
environment. To protect
themselves from predators,
rely on their spicules. The
sharp, needle-like spicules
work to make digestion hard
and uncomfortable for their
attackers.
asexually
Sponges
the tentacles can be
retracted to small buds, and
the body column itself can be
retracted to a small
gelatinous sphere
asexually by budding or
sexually whenever males
release sperm and females
release eggs into the water
anenomes, jellyfish, corals,
hydroids
allow the organism to twist and
turn.
Ocelli (Eyespots)- help the
animal find shaded areas and
food; located on head;
composed of photosensitive
cells; can not form images like
complex eyes; help the animal
respond to the amount of light
present in the environment.
Sensory pitts- on sides of head;
use
by simple nervous system with
ganglia and several sense organs
bristles
Asexually and sexually
sexually
Planaria, tapeworms and flukes
pinworms, heartworms and
hookworms
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Descriptive
facts
Anterior and posterior
sucker
soft bodies and have a
strong muscular foot
jointed appendages
spiny skin
a dorsal hollow nerve
cord; a notochord;
pharyngeal pouches (gill
slits); and a tail that
extends beyond the
anus.
Body plan
Segmented
Foot- Muscular foot,
Mantle - Thin layer of
tissue that covers the
body Shell - Made by
glands in the mantle,
Viceral mass, Internal
organs, Includes the
adducator muscles
a segmented body
protected by an tough
cuticle
Endoskeleton, radial
symmetry with a five part
body plan Adults have no
head or brain
sac-like body structure
Feeding
jointed appendages
such as legs, antenna,
and mouthparts.
radula allows them to
scrape algae and other
food off rocks and even
to drill through the shell
of prey or catch fish.
Herbivores, carnivores,
filter-feeders,
detritivores, or parasites
Plants and animal
matter
unique water-vascular
system ending in what are
called tube feet, tube feet to
slowly pry open clams,
mussels or other prey. Some
sea stars can even evert their
stomach between the two
shells of a bivalve and digest
the soft parts inside.
Most tunicates and all
lancelets are filter
feeders. These
chordates remove
plankton from the
water that passes
through their pharynx.
Respiration,
Circulation,
Excretion
Absorbs through the
body wall. an open
circulatory system.
terrestrial arthropods
like insects, centipedes
and millipedes breathe
through hollow air
tubes
Aquatic molluscs gills
inside the mantle cavity.
Oxygen and CO2 diffuse
over the surface of the
gills. Excretion: Cells
release nitrogenous
waste as ammonia
Nephridia (kidney-like
organ) remove ammonia
from blood and release it
terrestrial arthropods
like insects, centipedes
and millipedes breathe
through hollow air
tubes called trachea.
Aquatic chelicerates like
the horseshoe crab
have book gills to
breathe. Spiders, ticks,
and scorpions use book
lungs to get air.
Skin gills are used for
respiration and waste
removal unique watervascular system ending in
what are called tube feet
gills for respiration have
a single-loop respiratory
system. Vertebrates
that use lungs for
respiration have a
double-loop circulatory
system.
Movement
Circular and
longitudinal muscles
Response
outside the body
Crustaceans breathe
through gills
Snails Secrete mucus
along base of foot Use
rippling motion of foot to
move, Cephalopods, Use
jet propulsion, Draws
water into mantle cavity
and forces it out through
the siphon
walk, they swim, they
creep and crawl, they
use legs to sense with
(the antennae)
unique water-vascular
system ending in what are
called tube feet, using their
extendable tube feet.
move with fish-like
movement of their
muscular tails
Bivalves, Lead inactive
lives, Simple nervous
systems (small ganglia
near mouth, few nerve
cords, simple sense
organs such as ocelli and
chemoreceptors),
Cephalopods - Active and
intelligent predators
Most highly developed
nervous systems of ALL
invertebrates! Welldeveloped brains, have
memory, capable of
complex behaviors, can
be trained
legs to sense with (the
antennae), to bite and
sting with, and even to
chew with.
Uncomplicated nervous
system. Some echinoderms
also have sensory cells that
recognize chemicals released
by potential prey
elaborate systems that
allow them to respond
to stimuli in their
environment
Reproducti
on
Asexually & sexually
SEXUAL = External and
Internal fertilization
(depending on species)
Some are hermaphroditic
sexually
asexually
Sexually
Example
organisms
leeches
Muscle, snail
Insects, termites,
dragon flies
starfish, sea urchins and sea
cucumbers
lamprey eels. sharks,
rays, trout, bass, tuna.
lungfish, frogs,
salamanders
DAY 163
1.
2.
Evolution and Creation
The main purpose of the expedition was to conduct a hydrographic survey of the coasts of the southern part of South
America as a continuation of the work of previous surveys. This was to produce nautical charts showing navigational
and sea depth information for naval war or commerce, along with drawings of the hills as seen from the sea showing
measured heights of the hills. In particular, the longitude of Rio de Janeiro, a starting point for these surveys, was in
doubt due to discrepancies in measurements, and an exact longitude was to be found, using calibrated chronometers,
and the checking of these measurements through repeated astronomical observations. Continuing records of tides
and meteorological conditions were also required.
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of Natural Selection as a mechanism of evolution. His theory includes many
aspects. The organism that is better suited to the environment has a higher chance of survival. There is competition
for resources and the organisms that have adaptations to assist in acquiring these resources will survive. This leads to
reproduction and is considered an important aspect of being Darwin "fit". Helpful adaptations would be passed on
through the generations because of reproduction. He did not understand genes, but knew there was a way that
adaptations were passed down from generation to generation.
3.
4.
5.
These finches are considered to be the world’s fastest-evolving vertebrates because their appearance and behavior
quickly adapt to this closed and rapidly changing environment.
Darwin did not publish his book for almost 20 years after he was finished with his research because, just like a
positivist, and just like Newton, he wanted to be absolutely sure that he is right before publishing such a huge theory.
So he experimented, and kept experimenting for almost 2 decades after he had finished his work to make sure he was
right. It was only after he received a letter from a colleague, who had arrived at a similar conclusion as Darwin had
that species fight for survival [survival of the fittest] and the idea of having a common descent can in fact be true, that
Darwin thought that he should publish his book before someone else does and gets the word out there before him.
He had the book published in 1859.
Evolutionary science, Molecular Genetics
DAY 165*
1.
Please do not cheat and answer the questions on your own before looking at the answers given to you
DAY 166
Explorations Through Time
1. Over 30 million
2. arthropods
3. How many mammal species exist today? Just over 4,600
4. 2 Plants 3 Protists 8 Mammals 5 Molluscs
4 Fungi 6 Roundworms 1 Arthropods 7 Flatworms
5. The many different types of organisms that exist.
470 Million Years Ago
Ordovician Period
cephalopods
trilobite
8. 160 Million Years Ago
Middle Jurassic Period
Ichthyosaur
9. 4.54 billion years
10. 4.6 Billion Years Ago – Earth Forms
3.9 Billion Years Ago – First Life
560 Million Years Ago – First Multi Cellular Life
500 Million Years Ago – First Fish
420 Million Years Ago – First Land Fish
225 Million Years Ago – First Dinosaurs
65 Million Years Ago – Dinosaur Extinction
130 Thousand Years Ago – Modern Humans
11. Fossils
12. Paleontologist’s study the fossils they find to learn more about the Earth long ago.
13. Any 3 of these: Tyrannosaurus rex, Fossil Metasequoia leaves, Tribrachidium, Tree, Fish, Brachiopods, Dinosaur Tracks,
Bacteria or Forams
14. Carnivorous Teeth, Long Tail, 3 Toes, 3 Fingers
15. Cladogram shows how each group of animals is related to the others.
16. Divergence is evolutionary relationships and patterns.
17. Archaeoptrryx
18. behavior, embryology, and DNA.
19. Geospiza fortis finches, Geospiza fulginosa finches, Geospiza scandens finches
20. Beak size is directly related to the food the finches eat.
21. The population of Geospiza fortis finches could mutate.
22. The separation between populations caused by geographic distance or geographic barriers.
23. golden lion tamarin
24. Quagga, passenger pigeon
DAY 170 & 171
1.
Compare your Answers
DAYS 172 & 173
1.
Use the Paragraph Rubric to Grade your assignment