Name:________________________________________________________Date:_______________Block:____________
The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Page 408
Why the Blood Circulates:
Your heart pumps blood to your body’s cells ____________ hours a day. Your heart
accomplishes these important tasks:
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How Blood Circulation Works
The cardiovascular system depends on the heart and its system of blood vessels to
deliver ____________________________ throughout the body. You have over ___________________
miles of blood vessels in your body. Your circulatory system works with your respiratory
system to supply necessary nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body.
The Heart:
Your heart is the _________________________ that makes the cardiovascular system work.
Inside the heart are ________________ chambers. The two top chambers are called the
_______________________. The two lower chambers are called the ________________________________.
A wall of tissue – _____________________________ – separates the four chambers of the heart.
Valves between the atria and the ventricles allow blood flow through the chambers.
At the top of the right atrium is an area of muscle that acts as a ________________________
for the heart. Electrical impulses stimulate the atria to contract forcing blood into the
ventricles. These electrical impulses travel through the heart to an area between the two
ventricles. There they stimulate the muscles of the ventricles to contract, pumping blood
out of the heart.
Pulmonary circulation is the process by which blood moves between the
_______________________and __________________________________. Blood that has used up its oxygen
and picked up carbon dioxide and wastes receives fresh ______________________________ in the
lungs. That blood is _______________________________ through the body, and the process
continues on and on.
Blood:
Blood is the fluid that delivers _________________________, _______________________________,
and ______________________________ to the cells and carries away ________________________________.
Blood is made up of the following components:
1)
_________________________________– the fluid in which other parts of the blood are
suspended. Makes up about __________________ percent of the total blood volume.
Plasma is mainly water, but also contains ____________________________, ___________________,
____________________, and ____________________________________.
2)
Red Blood Cells make up most of the blood. They contain __________________________
which is the oxygen-carrying part of blood. RBC’s job is to carry oxygen to all other
parts of the body.
3)
_________________________________________ – These cells protect the body against infection.
Some white blood cells surround and ingest the organisms that cause disease.
Others form _____________________________ that provide immunity against a second
attack from that specific disease. Other types of _________________________________________
fight allergic reactions. WBC’s job is to fight diseases.
4)
______________________________________ – are the types of cells in the blood that cause
blood clots to form. Platelets collect at a tear and release _______________________________
that when stimulated, they produce small threadlike fibers that trap nearby cells to
help form a clot.
Platelets job is to clot blood so we don’t bleed to death.
All humans have one of the four types of blood: ___________, ___________, _________________,
and ______________. Each blood type is determined by the presence of absence of certain
substances called _______________________________. A person must receive blood from a person
who has the same antigens. People with type O blood are __________________________________
donors because anyone can receive their blood.
Blood Vessels:
Blood vessels are hollow tubes that carry ___________________________ throughout the body.
There are three main types of blood vessels ________________________ , ___________________________
and ____________________________.
1)
Arteries – blood vessels that carry _________________________________________ blood
away from the heart. Arteries branch into progressively smaller vessels called
__________________________________________. Arteries are very elastic and strong to with
stand the force of the blood being forced out of the heart
2)
_____________________________ – the smallest vessels where the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide takes place. Capillaries reach almost all body cells.
Capillaries near the skin’s surface can also __________________________, allowing
____________________ to escape the body through the _________________________. They
can also __________________________ to reduce _____________________ loss if the body
temperature drops below normal.
3)
________________________________ – blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart.
The walls of veins are ________________________________ and less _________________________
than arteries. Two types of specific veins are below:
o ______________________________________ – the largest of veins, these bring
deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body back to the right atrium of the
heart so the blood can pick up oxygen again.
o ______________________________________ - these veins carry oxygenated blood from
the lungs back to the heart (specifically to the left atrium).
How Lymph Circulation Works – Your Immune System
The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and tissues that move and
filter lymph. Lymph is the ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________. Like __________________________,
lymph contains water and proteins. It also contains fats and specialized ____________________
_____________________________________ called lymphocytes. Like white blood cells in the blood,
these cells protect the body against pathogens. Pathogens are _______________________________
_____________________________________________.
1) B cells: B cells multiply when they come in contact with a pathogen. Some B cells
produce ______________________________ to fight the pathogen; others create an
___________________________________________ by preventing a second attack of the same
disease (this is related to how vaccines work)
2) T cells: There are two main types of T cells, Killer cells and Helper cells.
a) ___________________________________ release toxins that prevent infections from
spreading.
b) __________________________________ activate both the B cells and Killer T cells.
They also control the body’s immune system.
Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes – _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________. White blood cells within lymph nodes trap and destroy
the pathogens. This is why you get “swollen glands” when you are sick. It indicates that you
are infected and your immune system is fighting the microorganisms.
Maintaining Your Circulatory Health
You can reduce your risk by making the following behaviors a regular habit.
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Blood Pressure
Pressure in the ____________________________ is created when the _____________________________
contract. As blood is forced into the ____________________________, arterial walls stretch under
the increased pressure. When the __________________________ relax and refill with blood,
arterial pressure ______________________. Blood pressure is ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________, particularly large arteries as it is
pumped through the body. The first number (upper number) measures your
_______________________________________ – the maximum pressure as your heart contracts to push
blood into your arteries. The second number (bottom number) measures your
______________________________________ – the pressure at its lowest point when the ventricles
relax. A healthy blood pressure is within a range of below _________________________. Blood
pressure above ________________________ is considered high and places a strain on the heart.
Disorders of the Heart or Blood
Disorders of the cardiovascular system have wide-ranging effects and varying treatments.
 Congenital Heart Defects – are conditions of the heart that are
________________________________. A __________________________ defect is a hole in the septum
that allows oxygenated blood to mix with oxygen-depleted blood. Medication and
possibly surgery can sometimes repair the affected portion of the heart.
 ________________________________________ – is caused by a hole in the heart, or a leaking or
malfunctioning valve which does not close properly.
 ________________________________________ – are enlarged veins formed as a result of the
valves in veins not closing tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood. The blood
pools in the legs causing pain and discomfort.
 Hemophilia – ___________________________________________________. Occurs when the blood
does not ______________________________ properly. Hemophiliacs must be careful not to
bleed to death.
 _______________________________– A cancer of the white blood cells. are produced
excessively and abnormally. This causes the person to be susceptible to
______________________________, ___________________________________________, and possibly
__________________________________________. Treatments include chemotherapy, radiation,
and _______________________________________ transplants.